Modern Medicine in Digital format

Treatment combo Sessions of Modern Medicine in Digital format - C

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The frequencies used in these sessions are based upon Rife sets for resonant therapy devices masked in Algorithmic piano music.

More information regarding the items in the list is given below the list.

List of Treatment combo Sessions of Modern Medicine in Digital format for problems/products available at us for just Rs. 1,000/- for any 5 sessions  from any one or multiple Treatment combo Sessions for  30 doses per session (2 times a day for 15 days) in max 15 days.

1) Cafe au Lait Spots
2) Calcaneal Apophysitis
3) Caliciviridae Infections
4) Campylobacter Infections
5) Candidiasis Vulvovaginal
6) Capsulitis Adhesive
7) Carcinoid Tumor
8) Carcinoma
9) Carcinoma-Non Small Cell Lung
10) Carcinoma-Small Cell
11) Cardiac Arrhythmias
12) Cardiac Failure
13) Cardiomyopathy Dilated
14) Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic
15) Cardiomyopathy Restrictive
16) Cardiospasm
17) Cardiovascular Diseases
18) Carnitine Diseases
19) Caroli Disease
20) Carotid Stenosis
21) Cartilage Diseases
22) Cataract
23) Catheterization
24) Causalgia
25) Celiac Disease
26) Cellulitis
27) Cellulitis Orbital
28) Cementoma
29) Central Cord Syndrome
30) Central Nervous System Diseases
31) Central Nervous System Infections
32) Central Sleep Apnea
33) Cerclage Cervical
34) Cerebelloretinal Angiomatosis
35) Cerebral Concussion
36) Cerebral Gigantism
37) Cerebral Hemorrhage
38) Cerebro-Vascular Disorders
39) Cervix Incompetence
40) Cestode Infections
41) Chagas Disease
42) Chalazion
43) Chancroid
44) Cheilitis
45) Chest Pain
46) Chilblains
47) Chlamydia Infections
48) Chlamydiaceae Infections
49) Chloasma
50) Cholangitis
51) Cholelithiasis
52) Cholesterol Embolism
53) Chondritis Costal
54) Chondroectodermal Dysplasia
55) Chondroma
56) Chondromalacia Patellae
57) Chondrosarcoma
58) Chorioretinitis
59) Choroideremia
60) Chromosome Disorders
61) Chronic Diseases
62) Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
63) Chronic Obstructive Airways Diseases
64) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
65) Ciliary Dyskinesia Primary
66) Cirrhosis Liver
67) Clostridium Infections
68) Colic
69) Colitis Ulcerative
70) Coloboma
71) Color Vision Defects
72) Coma
73) Common Bile Duct Cyst
74) Common Cold
75) Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-
76) Congenital Abnormalities
77) Conjunctivitis
78) Connective Tissue Diseases
79) Corneal Diseases
80) Corneal Edema
81) Costello Syndrome
82) Cough
83) Coxsackie Virus Infections
84) Cranial Nerve Diseases
85) Craniocerebral Trauma
86) Creeping Eruption
87) Cretinism
88) Creutzfeldt-Jakob New Variant
89) Cross Infection
90) Croup
91) Cryoglobulinemia
92) Cryptogenic Pneumonia
93) Cryptorchidism
94) Cryptosporoidosis
95) Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
96) Currarino Syndrome
97) Cushing Syndrome
98) Cutis Laxa
99) Cyanosis
100) Cyclosporiasis
101) Cystic Fibrosis
102) Cysticercosis
103) Cystinosis
104) Cystinuria
105) Cysts

* Cafe au lait spots, macules of a light brown color on the skin.

* Calcaneal apophysitis, painful inflammation of the heel' s growth plate.

* Caliciviridae is a family of viruses. They are positive-sense, single stranded RNA which is non-segmented. There are currently seven species in this family, divided among 5 genera. Diseases associated with this family include: feline calicivirus: respiratory disease; rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: often-fatal hemorrhages; norwalk group of viruses: gastroenteritis. Caliciviruses naturally infect vertebrates, and have been found in a number of organisms such as humans, cattle, pigs, cats, chickens, reptiles, dolphins and amphibians. The caliciviruses have a simple construction and are not enveloped. Calicivirus infections commonly cause acute gastroenteritis, which is the inflammation of the stomach and intestines (e.g. the Norwalk Virus). Symptoms can include vomiting and diarrhea. These symptoms emerge after an incubation time of 2 days and the symptoms only generally last for 3 days. Most calicivirus infections do not call for medical attention, but those who are immunocompromised may need to be hospitalized for rehydration therapy.

* Campylobacter species are widely distributed in most warm-blooded animals. They are prevalent in food animals such as poultry, cattle, pigs, sheep and ostriches; and in pets, including cats and dogs. The bacteria have also been found in shellfish. The main route of transmission is generally believed to be foodborne, via undercooked meat and meat products, as well as raw or contaminated milk. Contaminated water or ice is also a source of infection. A proportion of cases occur following contact with contaminated water during recreational activities. Campylobacteriosis is a zoonosis, a disease transmitted to humans from animals or animal products. Most often, carcasses or meat are contaminated by Campylobacter from faeces during slaughtering. In animals, Campylobacter seldom causes disease. Every year almost 1 in 10 people fall ill and 33 million of healthy life years are lost. Foodborne diseases can be severe, especially for young children. Diarrhoeal diseases are the most common illnesses resulting from unsafe food, with 550 million people falling ill yearly (including 220 million children under the age of 5 years). Campylobacter is 1 of the 4 key global causes of diarrhoeal diseases. Campylobacter infections are generally mild, but can be fatal among very young children, elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals. The onset of disease symptoms usually occurs 2 to 5 days after infection with the bacteria, but can range from 1 to 10 days. The most common clinical symptoms of Campylobacter infections include diarrhoea (frequently bloody), abdominal pain, fever, headache, nausea, and/or vomiting. The symptoms typically last 3 to 6 days. Complications such as bacteraemia (presence of bacteria in the blood), hepatitis, pancreatitis (infections of liver and pancreas, respectively), and miscarriage have been reported with various degrees of frequency. Post-infection complications may include reactive arthritis (painful inflammation of the joints which can last for several months) and neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, a polio-like form of paralysis that can result in respiratory and severe neurological dysfunction in a small number of cases.

* Cancer and Virus Specific Includes BX Virus Carcinoma, BY Sarcoma, E. coli, Meningitis, Strep & Staph.

* Cancer General Main, based upon the main frequency for all cancers. Regular use.

* Cancer-Comprehensive, Focus on Leukemia, Lymphoma, Brain, Sarcomas, Blood, Bone Cancer.

* Candidal vulvovaginitis is excessive growth of yeast in the vagina that results in irritation. The most common symptom is vaginal itching, which may be severe. Other symptoms include burning with urination, white and thick vaginal discharge that typically does not smell bad, pain with sex, and redness around the vagina. Symptoms often worsen just before a woman's period. Vaginal yeast infections are due to excessive growth of Candida. These yeast are normally present in the vagina in small numbers. It is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection; however, it may occur more often in those who are frequently sexually active. Risk factors include taking antibiotics, pregnancy, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS. The symptoms include vulval itching, vulval soreness and irritation, pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse (superficial dyspareunia), pain or discomfort during urination (dysuria) and vaginal discharge, which is usually odourless. This can be thin and watery, or thick and white, like cottage cheese. As well as the above symptoms vulvovaginal inflammation can also be present. The signs of vulvovaginal inflammation include erythema (redness) of the vagina and vulva, vaginal fissuring (cracked skin), edema (swelling from a build-up of fluid), also in severe cases, satellite lesions (sores in the surrounding area). This is rare, but may indicate the presence of another fungal condition, or the herpes simplex virus (the virus that causes genital herpes).

* Capsulitis adhesive, shoulder stiffness and pain caused by tightening of the joint capsule.

* Carcinoid (also carcinoid tumor) is a slow-growing type of neuroendocrine tumor originating in the cells of the neuroendocrine system. In some cases, metastasis may occur. Carcinoid tumors of the midgut (jejunum, ileum, appendix, and cecum) are associated with carcinoid syndrome. While most carcinoids are asymptomatic through the natural lifetime, all carcinoids are considered to have malignant potential. While most carcinoids are asymptomatic through the natural lifetime and are discovered only upon surgery for unrelated reasons (so-called coincidental carcinoids), all carcinoids are considered to have malignant potential. About 10% of carcinoids secrete excessive levels of a range of hormones, most notably serotonin (5-HT), causing: Flushing (serotonin itself does not cause flushing), potential causes of flushing in carcinoid syndrome include bradykinins, prostaglandins, tachykinins, substance P, and/or histamine, diarrhea, and heart problems. Because of serotonin's growth-promoting effect on cardiac myocytes, a serotonin-secreting carcinoid tumour may cause a tricuspid valve disease syndrome, due to the proliferation of myocytes onto the valve. Diarrhea, wheezing, abdominal cramping, peripheral edema. The outflow of serotonin can cause a depletion of tryptophan leading to niacin deficiency. Niacin deficiency, also known as pellagra, is associated with dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea. Occasionally, haemorrhage or the effects of tumor bulk are the presenting symptoms. The most common originating sites of carcinoid is the small bowel, particularly the ileum; carcinoid tumors are the most common malignancy of the appendix. Carcinoid tumors may rarely arise from the ovary or thymus. They are most commonly found in the midgut at the level of the ileum or in the appendix. The next most common affected area is the respiratory tract, with 28% of all cases. The rectum is also a common site.

* Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells. Specifically, a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that generally arises from cells originating in the endodermal or ectodermal germ layer during embryogenesis. The term carcinoma has also come to encompass malignant tumors composed of transformed cells whose origin or developmental lineage is unknown, but that possess certain specific molecular, cellular, and histological characteristics typical of epithelial cells. Carcinomas occur when the DNA of a cell is damaged or altered and the cell begins to grow uncontrollably and become malignant.

* Cardiomyopathy dilated, when the heart becomes weakened and enlarged.

* Cardiospasm (achalasia) is a failure of smooth muscle fibers to relax, which can cause a sphincter to remain closed and fail to open when needed. Without a modifier, "achalasia" usually refers to achalasia of the esophagus, which is also called esophageal achalasia, achalasia cardiae, cardiospasm, and esophageal aperistalsis. Achalasia can happen at various points along the gastrointestinal tract; achalasia of the rectum, for instance, in Hirschsprung's disease. Esophageal achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). It is characterized by incomplete LES relaxation, increased LES tone, and lack of peristalsis of the esophagus (inability of smooth muscle to move food down the esophagus) in the absence of other explanations like cancer or fibrosis. Achalasia is characterized by difficulty in swallowing, regurgitation, and sometimes chest pain. The most common form is primary achalasia, which has no known underlying cause. It is due to the failure of distal esophageal inhibitory neurons. However, a small proportion occurs secondary to other conditions, such as esophageal cancer or Chagas disease (an infectious disease common in South America). Achalasia affects about one person in 100,000 per year. There is no gender predominance for the occurrence of disease. The main symptoms of achalasia are dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), regurgitation of undigested food, chest pain behind the sternum, and weight loss. Dysphagia tends to become progressively worse over time and to involve both fluids and solids. Some people may also experience coughing when lying in a horizontal position. The chest pain experienced, also known as cardiospasm and non-cardiac chest pain can often be mistaken for a heart attack. It can be extremely painful in some sufferers. Food and liquid, including saliva, are retained in the esophagus and may be inhaled into the lungs (aspiration).

* Cardiovascular diseases, which involve the heart or blood vessels-arteries, capillaries and veins.

* Caroli disease is a rare genetic disorder that affects the bile ducts, which carry bile from the liver to aid in the digestion of fats. Researchers have identified two forms of Caroli disease. The isolated, or simple, form is characterized by a widening of the bile ducts. The complex form, which is also referred to as Caroli syndrome, is similarly characterized by a widening of the bile ducts, but malformations of the smaller bile ducts, congenital hepatic fibrosis (scarring of liver tissue), high blood pressure, and kidney problems are also present. The differences in the causes for the two forms have not yet been discovered. The first symptoms typically include fever, intermittent abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly. Occasionally, jaundice occurs. Caroli disease usually occurs in the presence of other diseases, such as autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, cholangitis, gallstones, biliary abscess, septicemia, liver cirrhosis, renal failure, and cholangiocarcinoma (7% affected). People with Caroli disease are 100 times more at risk for cholangiocarcinoma than the general population.

* Carotid stenosis is a narrowing or constriction of the inner surface (lumen) of the carotid artery, usually caused by atherosclerosis. The carotid artery is the large artery whose pulse can be felt on both sides of the neck under the jaw. On the right side it starts from the brachiocephalic trunk (a branch of the aorta) as the common carotid artery, and on the left side the common carotid artery comes directly off the aortic arch. At the throat it forks into the internal and external carotid arteries. The internal carotid artery supplies the brain, and the external carotid artery supplies the face. This fork is a common site for atherosclerosis, an inflammatory buildup of atheromatous plaque that can narrow the lumen of the common or internal carotid arteries. The plaque can be stable and asymptomatic, or it can be a source of embolization. Emboli break off from the plaque and travel through the circulation to blood vessels in the brain. As the vessel gets smaller, they can lodge in the vessel wall and restrict blood flow to parts of the brain which that vessel supplies. This ischemia can either be temporary, yielding a transient ischemic attack, or permanent resulting in a thromboembolic stroke. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are a warning sign, and are often followed by severe permanent strokes, particularly within the first two days. TIAs by definition last less than 24 hours and frequently take the form of a weakness or loss of sensation of a limb or the trunk on one side of the body, or the loss of sight (amaurosis fugax) in one eye. Less common symptoms are artery sounds (bruits), or ringing in the ears (tinnitus).

* Cataracts, the most common cause of blindness for the elderly.

* Catheterization is the process of inserting a catheter. A catheter is a thin tube made from medical grade materials serving a broad range of functions. Catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat diseases or perform a surgical procedure. By modifying the material or adjusting the way catheters are manufactured, it is possible to tailor catheters for cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic applications. Catheters can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. Functionally, they allow drainage, administration of fluids or gases, access by surgical instruments, and also perform a wide variety of other tasks depending on the type of catheter.

* Causalgia, pain syndrome related to partial peripheral nerve injuries.

* Cavernous hemangioma, also called cavernous angioma, cavernoma, or cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) (when referring to presence in the brain) is a type of blood vessel malformation or hemangioma, where a collection of dilated blood vessels form a benign tumor. Because of this malformation, blood flow through the cavities, or caverns, is slow. Additionally, the cells that form the vessels do not form the necessary junctions with surrounding cells. Also, the structural support from the smooth muscle is hindered, causing leakage into the surrounding tissue. It is the leakage of blood, known as a hemorrhage from these vessels that causes a variety of symptoms known to be associated with this disease. Symptoms vary according to the location.

* Celiac disease, autoimmune disorder which causes gluten intolerance.

* Cellulitis is a bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the skin. It specifically affects the dermis and subcutaneous fat. Signs and symptoms include an area of redness which increases in size over a couple of days. The borders of the area of redness are generally not sharp and the skin may be swollen. While the redness often turns white when pressure is applied this is not always the case. The area of infection is usually painful. Lymphatic vessels may occasionally be involved, and the person may have a fever and feel tired.

* Cellulitis orbital, acute infection of the tissues immediately surrounding the eye, including the eyelids, eyebrow, and cheek.

* Cementoma is an odontogenic tumor of cementum. It usually occurs after root development is finished, found predominantly in African American women older than 40. It is found most commonly in the mandible in the region of the lower molar teeth. It causes distortion of surrounding areas but is a usually painless growth, at least initially. Considerable thickening of the cementum can often be observed. A periapical form is also recognized.

* Central cord syndrome (CCS) is the most common form of cervical spinal cord injury. It is characterized by loss of motion and sensation in arms and hands. It usually results from trauma which causes damage to the neck, leading to major injury to the central grey matter of the spinal cord. The syndrome is more common in people over the age of 50 because osteoarthritis in the neck region causes weakening of the vertebrae. CCS most frequently occurs among older persons with cervical spondylosis, however, it also may occur in younger individuals. CCS is the most common incomplete spinal cord injury syndrome. It accounts for approximately 9% of traumatic SCIs. After an incomplete injury, the brain still has the capacity to send and receive some signals below the site of injury. Sending and receiving of signals to and from parts of the body is reduced, not entirely blocked. CCS gives a greater motor loss in the upper limbs than in the lower limbs, with variable sensory loss. It is generally associated with favorable prognosis for some degree of neurological and functional recovery. However, factors such as age, preexisting conditions, and extent of injury will affect the recovery process. CCS is characterized by disproportionately greater motor impairment in upper compared to lower extremities, and variable degree of sensory loss below the level of injury in combination with bladder dysfunction and urinary retention. This syndrome differs from that of a complete lesion, which is characterized by total loss of all sensation and movement below the level of the injury. In older patients, CCS most often occurs after a hyperextension injury in an individual with long-standing cervical spondylosis. However, this condition is not exclusive to older patients as younger individuals can also sustain an injury leading to CCS. Typically, younger patients are more likely to get CCS as a result of a high-force trauma or a bony instability in the cervical spine.

* Central nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of either the spinal cord or brain, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS). The spinal cord transmits sensory reception from the peripheral nervous system. It also conducts motor information to the body's skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves along the spinal cord, all of which consist of both sensory and motor neurons. The spinal cord is protected by vertebrae and connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain, and it acts as a "minor" coordinating center. The brain serves as the organic basis of cognition and exerts centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain is protected by the skull; however, if the brain is damaged, significant impairments in cognition and physiological function or death may occur. There are many central nervous system diseases and conditions, including infections of the central nervous system such as encephalitis and poliomyelitis, early-onset neurological disorders including ADHD and autism, late-onset neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and essential tremor, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, genetic disorders such as Krabbe's disease and Huntington's disease, as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and adrenoleukodystrophy. Lastly, cancers of the central nervous system can cause severe illness and, when malignant, can have very high mortality rates.

* Central sleep apnea, imbalanced brain's respiratory control centers during sleep.

* Cerebelloretinal Angiomatosis, also Von Hippel–Lindau disease (VHL) is a disease which results from a mutation in the von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3p25.3. VHL disease can be subdivided according to the clinical manifestations, although these groups often correlate with certain types of mutations present in the VHL gene. Signs and symptoms associated with VHL disease include headaches, problems with balance and walking, dizziness, weakness of the limbs, vision problems, and high blood pressure. Conditions associated with VHL disease include angiomatosis, hemangioblastomas, pheochromocytoma, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cysts (pancreatic serous cystadenoma), endolymphatic sac tumor, and bilateral papillary cystadenomas of the epididymis (men) or broad ligament of the uterus (women). Angiomatosis occurs in 37.2% of patients presenting with VHL disease and usually occurs in the retina. As a result, loss of vision is very common. However, other organs can be affected: strokes, heart attacks, and cardiovascular disease are common additional symptoms. Approximately 40% of VHL disease presents with CNS hemangioblastomas and they are present in around 60-80%. Spinal hemangioblastomas are found in 13-59% of VHL disease and are specific because 80% are found in VHL disease. Although all of these tumours are common in VHL disease, around half of cases present with only one tumour type.

* Cerebral concussion, also known as minor head trauma or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of traumatic brain injury. It is typically defined as a head injury with a temporary loss of brain function. Symptoms include a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms, which may not be recognized if subtle. A variety of signs accompany concussion including headache, feeling in a fog, and emotional changeability. Physical signs (such as loss of consciousness or amnesia), behavioral changes (such as irritability), cognitive impairment (such as slowed reaction times), or sleep disturbances. Fewer than 10% of sports-related concussions among children are associated with loss of consciousness. The brain is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid, which protects it from light trauma. More severe impacts, or the forces associated with rapid acceleration, may not be absorbed by this cushion.

* Cerebral gigantism or Sotos-Dodge syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by excessive physical growth during the first years of life. Excessive growth often starts in infancy and continues into the early teen years. The disorder may be accompanied by autism, mild intellectual disability, delayed motor, cognitive, and social development, low muscle tone, and speech impairments. Children with Sotos syndrome tend to be large at birth and are often taller, heavier, and have relatively large skulls than is normal for their age. Signs of the disorder, which vary among individuals, include a disproportionately large skull with a slightly protrusive forehead, large hands and feet, large mandible, an abnormally increased distance between the eyes, large inter-pupillary distance, and downslanting eyes. Clumsiness, an awkward gait, and unusual aggressiveness or irritability may also occur. Although most cases of Sotos syndrome occur sporadically, familial cases have also been reported. It is similar to Weaver syndrome. Sotos syndrome is not a life-threatening disorder and patients may have a normal life expectancy. Developmental delays may improve in the school-age years; however, coordination problems may persist into adulthood, along with any learning disabilities and/ or other physical or mental issues. Incidence is approximately 1 in 14,000 births.

* Cervical cerclage, also known as a cervical stitch, is a treatment for cervical incompetence or insufficiency, when the cervix starts to shorten and open too early during a pregnancy causing either a late miscarriage or preterm birth. Usually the treatment is done in the second trimester of pregnancy, for a woman who had either one or more late miscarriages in the past. In women with a prior spontaneous preterm birth and who are pregnant with one baby, and have shortening of the cervical length less than 25 mm, a cerclage prevents a preterm birth and reduces death and illness in the baby.

* Cervix incompetence, painless spontaneous dilatation of the cervix, is a common cause of 2 nd trimester pregnancy failure.

* Cestode infections are infections with true tapeworms of the helminth subclass Cestoda. All cestodes are parasitic and their life histories vary, but typically they live in the digestive tracts of vertebrates as adults, and often in the bodies of other species of animals as juveniles. Humans are subject to infection by several species of tapeworms if they eat undercooked meat such as pork (Taenia solium), beef (T. saginata), and fish (Diphyllobothrium spp.), or if they live in, or eat food prepared in, conditions of poor hygiene (Hymenolepis or Echinococcus species).

* Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects known as Triatominae or kissing bugs. The human disease occurs in two stages: an acute stage, which occurs shortly after an initial infection, and a chronic stage that develops over many years.

* Chalazion is a common condition affecting the eyelid and is caused by a blockage of a gland in the eyelid. The swelling (cyst) is usually felt as a small lump. Rarely, it can become infected. A chalazion is a small (2-8 mm) fluid-filled swelling (cyst) in the eyelid. It is common and sometimes called a meibomian cyst or tarsal cyst. A chalazion is more common on the upper eyelid. It is possible to have several at once, in more than one eyelid. It is not the same as a stye. Chalazion is more common in people who have the eye condition blepharitis, or skin conditions such as eczema. The usual symptom is a small lump which develops on an eyelid. Sometimes it causes mild pain or irritation, particularly if it has just started - this usually settles. Rarely, it gets infected. It then becomes more swollen, red and painful. Sight is not affected, although very occasionally it can become big enough to press on the eyeball and distort vision.

* Chancroid is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection characterized by painful sores on the genitalia. Chancroid is known to spread from one individual to another solely through sexual contact. Chancroid is a bacterial infection caused by the fastidious Gram-negative streptobacillus Haemophilus ducreyi. It is a disease found primarily in developing countries, most prevalent in low socioeconomic groups, associated with commercial sex workers. Most individuals diagnosed with chancroid have visited countries or areas where the disease is known to occur frequently, although outbreaks have been observed in association with crack cocaine use and prostitution. Chancroid is a risk factor for contracting HIV, due to their ecological association or shared risk of exposure, and biologically facilitated transmission of one infection by the other. H. ducreyi enters skin through microabrasions incurred during sexual intercourse. A local tissue reaction leads to development of erythomatous papule, which progresses to pustule in 4–7 days. It then undergoes central necrosis to ulcerate. About half of infected men have only a single ulcer. Women frequently have four or more ulcers, with fewer symptoms. The initial ulcer may be mistaken as a "hard" chancre, the typical sore of primary syphilis, as opposed to the "soft chancre" of chancroid. Approximately one-third of the infected individuals will develop enlargements of the inguinal lymph nodes, the nodes located in the fold between the leg and the lower abdomen. Half of those who develop swelling of the inguinal lymph nodes will progress to a point where the nodes rupture through the skin, producing draining abscesses. The swollen lymph nodes and abscesses are often referred to as buboes.

* Cheilitis is inflammation of the lips. This inflammation may include the perioral skin (the skin around the mouth), the vermilion border, and/or the labial mucosa. The skin and the vermilion border are more commonly involved, as the mucosa is less affected by inflammatory and allergic reactions. Most cheilitis is caused by exogenous factors such as dryness (chapping) and acute sun exposure. Chapped lips (also cheilitis simplex or common cheilitis) are characterized by cracking, fissuring, and peeling of the skin of the lips, and are one of the most common types of cheilitis. While both lips may be affected, the lower lip is the most common site. There may also be burning or the formation of large, painful cracks when the lips are stretched. If chronic, cheilitis simplex can progress to crusting and bleeding. Perioral dermatitis in a young male with a lip licking habit. Note also deep fissures on lips. Lip licking, biting, or rubbing habits are frequently involved. Paradoxically, constant licking of the lips causes drying and irritation, and eventually the mucosa splits or cracks. The lips have a greater tendency to dry out in cold, dry weather. Digestive enzymes present in saliva may also irritate the lips, and the evaporation of the water in saliva saps moisture from them. Some children have a habit of sucking and chewing on the lower lip, producing a combination of cheilitis and sharply demarcated perioral erythema (redness).

* Chilblains is a medical condition that occurs when a predisposed individual is exposed to cold and humidity, causing tissue damage. It is often confused with frostbite and trench foot. Damage to capillary beds in the skin causes redness, itching, inflammation, and sometimes blisters. Chilblains can be reduced by keeping the feet and hands warm in cold weather, and avoiding extreme temperature changes. Chilblains can be idiopathic (spontaneous and unrelated to another disease), but may also be a manifestation of another serious medical condition that needs to be investigated. A history of chilblains is suggestive of a connective tissue disease (such as lupus).

* Chlamydia infection, often simply known as Chlamydia, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Most people who are infected have no symptoms. When symptoms do develop this can take a few weeks following infection to occur. Symptoms in women may include vaginal discharge or burning with urination. Symptoms in men may include discharge from the penis, burning with urination, or pain and swelling of one or both testicles. The infection can spread to the upper genital tract in women causing pelvic inflammatory disease which may result in future infertility or ectopic pregnancy. Repeated infections of the eyes that go without treatment can result in trachoma, a common cause of blindness in the developing world. Chlamydia can be spread during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth. The eye infections may also be spread by personal contact, flies, and contaminated towels in areas with poor sanitation. Chlamydia trachomatis only occurs in humans.

* Chlamydiaceae are Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria. They are responsible for a broad range of diseases in animals and humans. Chlamydiaceae primary replicate in mucosal epithelial cells of the conjunctivae, the respiratory, urogenital and gastrointestinal tract. They can survive and replicate in monocytes and macrophages and are characterized by distinct extracellular and intracellular forms.

* Chloasma, melasma, facial tan or dark skin discoloration.

* Cholangitis, also known as acute cholangitis or ascending cholangitis, is an infection of the bile duct (cholangitis), usually caused by bacteria ascending from its junction with the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). It tends to occur if the bile duct is already partially obstructed by gallstones. Cholangitis can be life-threatening, and is regarded as a medical emergency. Characteristic symptoms include yellow discoloration of the skin or whites of the eyes, fever, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, low blood pressure and confusion. In the elderly, the presentation may be atypical; they may directly collapse due to sepsis without first showing typical features. Those with an indwelling stent in the bile duct (see below) may not develop jaundice. Bile duct obstruction, which is usually present in acute cholangitis, is generally due to gallstones, 10–30% of cases however, are due to other causes.

* Choledochal cysts (aka bile duct cyst) are congenital conditions involving cystic dilatation of bile ducts. They are uncommon in western countries but not as rare in East Asian nations like Japan and China. Most patients have symptoms in the first year of life. It is rare for symptoms to be undetected until adulthood, and usually adults have associated complications. The classic triad of intermittent abdominal pain, jaundice, and a right upper quadrant abdominal mass is found only in minority of patients. In infants, choledochal cysts usually lead to obstruction of the bile ducts and retention of bile. This leads to jaundice and an enlarged liver. If the obstruction is not relieved, permanent damage may occur to the liver - scarring and cirrhosis - with the signs of portal hypertension (obstruction to the flow of blood through the liver) and ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen). There is an increased risk of cancer in the wall of the cyst. In older individuals, choledochal cysts are more likely to cause abdominal pain and intermittent episodes of jaundice and occasionally cholangitis (inflammation within the bile ducts caused by the spread of bacteria from the intestine into the bile ducts). Pancreatitis also may occur. The cause of these complications may be related to either abnormal flow of bile within the ducts or the presence of gallstones.

* Cholelithiasis is the presence of one or more calculi (gallstones) in the gallbladder. In developed countries, about 10% of adults and 20% of people > 65 yr have gallstones. Gallstones tend to be asymptomatic. The most common symptom is biliary colic; gallstones do not cause dyspepsia or fatty food intolerance. More serious complications include cholecystitis; biliary tract obstruction (by stones in the bile ducts [choledocholithiasis]), sometimes with infection (cholangitis); and gallstone pancreatitis. About 80% of people with gallstones are asymptomatic. The remainder have symptoms ranging from a characteristic type of pain (biliary colic) to cholecystitis to life-threatening cholangitis. Biliary colic is the most common symptom. Stones occasionally traverse the cystic duct without causing symptoms. However, most gallstone migration leads to cystic duct obstruction, which, even if transient, causes biliary colic. Biliary colic characteristically begins in the right upper quadrant but may occur elsewhere in the abdomen. It is often poorly localized, particularly in diabetics and the elderly. The pain may radiate into the back or down the arm. Episodes begin suddenly, become intense within 15 min to 1 h, remain at a steady intensity (not colicky) for up to 12 h (usually < 6 h), and then gradually disappear over 30 to 90 min, leaving a dull ache. The pain is usually severe enough to send patients to the emergency department for relief. Nausea and some vomiting are common, but fever and chills do not occur unless cholecystitis has developed. Mild right upper quadrant or epigastric tenderness may be present; peritoneal findings are absent. Between episodes, patients feel well.

* Cholesterol embolism, small deposits of cholesterol that become lodged inside blood vessels.

* Chondritis costal is an acute and often temporary inflammation of the costal cartilage, the structure that connects each rib to the sternum at the costosternal joint. The condition is a common cause of chest pain. Though costochondritis often resolves on its own, it can be a recurring condition that has little or no signs of onset. Costochondritis symptoms can be similar to the chest pain associated with a heart attack. Unexplained chest pain is considered a medical emergency until life-threatening cardiac issues can be ruled out. Severe cases of costal cartilage inflammation that also involve painful swelling are sometimes referred to as Tietze's syndrome, a term sometimes used interchangeably with costochondritis. However, some physicians view costochondritis and Tietze's syndrome as separate disease states due to the absence of costal cartilage swelling in costochondritis.

* Chondroectodermal dysplasia or Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is an inherited disorder of bone growth that results in very short stature (dwarfism). People with this condition have particularly short forearms and lower legs and a narrow chest with short ribs. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is also characterized by the presence of extra fingers and toes (polydactyly), malformed fingernails and toenails, and dental abnormalities. More than half of affected individuals are born with a heart defect, which can cause serious or life-threatening health problems. The features of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome overlap with those of another, milder condition called Weyers acrofacial dysostosis. Like Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Weyers acrofacial dysostosis involves tooth and nail abnormalities, although affected individuals have less pronounced short stature and typically do not have heart defects. The two conditions are caused by mutations in the same genes.

* Chondroma is a benign cartilaginous tumor, which is encapsulated with a lobular growing pattern. Tumor cells (chondrocytes, cartilaginous cells) resemble normal cells and produce the cartilaginous matrix (amorphous, basophilic material). Characteristic features of this tumor include the vascular axes within the tumor, which make the distinction with normal hyaline cartilage. Based upon location, a chondroma can be described as an enchondroma or ecchondroma. Enchondroma tumor grows within the bone and expands it. Enchondromas are usually found in the small bones of the hand and feet. Most usual symptom is the presence of swelling or the sensation of a lump which is fixed to the underlying bone. Pain may appear as the tumor grows and impinges on the surrounding structures. Ecchondroma grows outward from the bone and this is rare. The tumor is usually seen between the ages of 20 to 40 years. Affects males and females equally. The most common location of the tumor is the upper part of the humerus or arm bone.

* Chondromalacia Patellae, chronic softening and degeneration of the cartilage on the underside of the kneecap.

* Chondrosarcoma is a cancer composed of cells derived from transformed cells that produce cartilage. Chondrosarcoma is a member of a category of tumors of bone and soft tissue known as sarcomas. About 30% of skeletal system cancers are chondrosarcomas. It is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Unlike other primary bone cancers that mainly affect children and adolescents, chondrosarcoma can present at any age. It more often affects the axial skeleton than the appendicular skeleton. The most common sites for chondrosarcoma to grow are the pelvis and shoulder, along with the superior metaphyseal and diaphyseal regions of the arms and legs. However, chondrosarcoma may occur in any bone, and are sometimes found in the skull, particularly at its base. Some symptoms are: Back or thigh pain, Sciatica, Bladder Symptoms, Unilateral edema. The cause is unknown. Patients may have a history of enchondroma or osteochondroma. A small minority of secondary chondrosarcomas occur in patients with Maffucci syndrome and Ollier disease. It has been associated with faulty isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 enzymes, which are also associated with gliomas and leukemias.

* Chorioretinitis is an inflammation of the choroid (thin pigmented vascular coat of the eye) and retina of the eye. It is a form of posterior uveitis. If only the choroid is inflamed, not the retina, the condition is termed choroiditis. Symptoms may include the presence of floating black spots, blurred vision, pain or redness in the eye, sensitivity to light, or excessive tearing. Chorioretinitis is often caused by toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infections (mostly seen in immunodeficient subjects such as people with AIDS or on immunosuppressant drugs). Congenital toxoplasmosis via transplacental transmission can also lead to sequelae such as chorioretinitis along with hydrocephalus and cerebral calcifications. Other possible causes of chorioretinitis are syphilis, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, Behcet's disease, onchocerciasis, or West Nile virus. Chorioretinitis may also occur in presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS).

* Choroideremia is a rare X-linked recessive inherited disorder giving rise to retinal disease and eventual blindness, resulting from degeneration of the choriocapillaris of the choroid and of the retinal pigment epithelium of the retina. The disease results in progressive loss of vision, almost exclusively in males; in childhood, night blindness is the most common first symptom. As the disease progresses, vision loss results, frequently starting as an irregular ring that gradually expands both in toward central vision and out toward the extreme periphery; progression continues throughout the individual's life, where both the rate of change and the degree of visual loss are variable among those affected, even within the same family.

* Chromosome disorders/autosomal chromosome disorders, either from autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive traits.

* Chronic fatigue syndrome, severe and continued tiredness that is not relieved by rest and is not directly caused by other medical conditions.

* Chronic juvenile arthritis is not a disease in itself. Also known as juvenile arthritis, this is an umbrella term used to describe the many autoimmune and inflammatory conditions or pediatric rheumatic diseases that can develop in children under the age of 16. Although the various types of juvenile arthritis share many common symptoms, like pain, joint swelling, redness and warmth, each type of juvenile arthritis is distinct and has its own special concerns and symptoms. Some types of juvenile arthritis affect the musculoskeletal system, but joint symptoms may be minor or nonexistent. Juvenile arthritis can also involve the eyes, skin, muscles and gastrointestinal tract.

* Chronic obstructive airways disease causes chronic breathing problems with occasional flares. It usually results from a combination of factors. Chronic asthma for which the cause has never been found and excluded. Chronic infection: such as bronchitis or bronchiectesis. Chronic lung inflammation: from pollution. Emphysema: this is secondary to chronic inflammation. With emphysema the walls between pulmonary alveoli are destroyed thus reducing the total surface area for oxygen to diffuse. Fluid on the lungs is often a complicating factor if the sufferer also has heart failure. 90% of all cases are usually in people who are (or have been) smokers. Up to 15% of smokers will go on to develop this progressive disease. Other causes include second hand smoke and exposure to environmental pollutants, and certain enzyme deficiencies. COAD is associated with chronic obstruction of the flow of air out of the lungs. This obstruction is generally permanent and progressive over time. This is because cigarette smoke causes an inflammation of the lining of the lungs. Over time, this chronic inflammation destroys the normal elastic tissue that keeps the airways open. Normally when we breathe out, the airways are prevented from collapsing under pressure by this elastic tissue. Without this tissue being present, the airways collapse, leading to trapping of air and mucus, which can get infected and cause more damage. People with this condition often cough up large amounts of sputum for several months of the year because the inflammation stimulates the production of mucus. This mucus further narrows the already inflamed airways. Unlike asthma, where the inflammation and airway narrowing is reversible, in COAD, the degree of reversibility is substantially less. The main symptoms of this condition are being short of breath on exertion, coughing up sputum (usually in the mornings) for more than three months of the year for two or more years in a row. In the long term up to half of all the people who suffer from this condition say that it limits what they can do.

* Chronic or autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic, autoimmune disease of the liver that occurs when the body's immune system attacks liver cells causing the liver to be inflamed. Common initial symptoms include fatigue or muscle aches or signs of acute liver inflammation including fever, jaundice, and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Individuals with autoimmune hepatitis often have no initial symptoms and the disease is detected by abnormal liver function tests. Anomalous presentation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II on the surface of liver cells, possibly due to genetic predisposition or acute liver infection, causes a cell-mediated immune response against the body's own liver, resulting in autoimmune hepatitis. This abnormal immune response results in inflammation of the liver, which can lead to further symptoms and complications such as fatigue and cirrhosis. The disease may occur in any ethnic group and at any age, but is most often diagnosed in patients between age 40 and 50. Though there is a strong female predominance, men are also at risk for the disease. Patients may present with signs of chronic liver disease (abnormal liver function tests, fatigue, aches) or acute hepatitis (fever, jaundice, right upper quadrant abdominal pain). Autoimmune hepatitis usually occurs in women (70 %) between the ages of 15 and 40. Although the term "lupoid" hepatitis was originally used to describe this disease, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus do not have an increased incidence of autoimmune hepatitis and the two diseases are distinct entities. Patients usually present with evidence of moderate to severe hepatitis with elevated serum ALT and AST activities in the setting of normal to marginally elevated alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities. The patient will sometimes present with jaundice, fever and right upper quadrant pain and occasionally systemic symptoms such as arthralgias, myalgias, polyserositis and thrombocytopenia. Some patients will present with mild liver dysfunction and have only laboratory abnormalities as their initial presentation. Others will present with severe hepatic dysfunction.

* Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, which includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agent of botulism and an important cause of diarrhea, Clostridium difficile. Clostridium contains around 100 species that include common free-living bacteria, as well as important pathogens. The main species responsible for disease in humans are: Clostridium botulinum can produce botulinum toxin in food or wounds and can cause botulism. Clostridium difficile can flourish when other gut flora bacteria are killed during antibiotic therapy, leading to superinfection and potentially fatal pseudomembranous colitis (a severe necrotizing disease of the large intestine). Clostridium perfringens causes a wide range of symptoms, from food poisoning to cellulitis, fasciitis, and gas gangrene. Clostridium tetani causes tetanus. Clostridium sordellii can cause a fatal infection in exceptionally rare cases after medical abortions.

* Colic, cyclical cramping abdominal pain either from kidneys or intestines.

* Coloboma is a gap in part of the structures of the eye. This gap can be large or small and is normally in the bottom part of the eye. A coloboma is caused when a baby's eyes do not develop properly during pregnancy. Coloboma can affect one eye (unilateral) or both eyes (bilateral). Coloboma can affect a number of different parts of the eye. A coloboma can affect the iris which is the coloured part at the front of the eye. It can affect the lens, the part of the eye which helps focus light onto the retina. Coloboma can also affect the choroid which is a thin network of blood vessels which help to keep the retina healthy. Finally, it can affect the retina at the back of the eye. Very rarely coloboma can also affect the optic disc or the eyelid. The affect coloboma has on vision depends a lot on which part of the eye is affected and how big the gap is. Normally the gap is at the bottom of the eye and runs from the front to the back of the eye. Most commonly coloboma only affects the iris, this type of coloboma often keeps fairly good vision. The pupil may be shaped a bit like a keyhole. There may have some problems with bright lights because the iris, which usually limit the amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil may not work properly. Too much light entering the eye can cause discomfort and distort the image created.

* Colorectal cancer (also known as colon cancer, rectal cancer, or bowel cancer) is the development of cancer in the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Signs and symptoms may include blood in the stool, a change in bowel movements, weight loss, and feeling tired all the time.

* Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a long term condition that often worsens with time. It is characterized by severe pain and sensitivity, swelling, and changes in the skin. It may initially affect one limb and then spread throughout the body; 35% of people afflicted report symptoms throughout their whole body. Clinical features of CRPS have been found to be neurogenic inflammation, nociceptive sensitisation, vasomotor dysfunction, and maladaptive neuroplasticity. The symptoms of CRPS usually initially manifest near the site of a (typically minor) injury. The most common symptoms are pain sensations, including burning, stabbing, grinding, and throbbing. Moving or touching the limb is often intolerable. The patient may also experience muscle spasms; local swelling; extreme sensitivity to things such as wind and water, touch and vibrations; abnormally increased sweating; changes in skin temperature (usually hot but sometimes cold) and color (bright red or a reddish violet); softening and thinning of bones; joint tenderness or stiffness; changes in nail and hair growth and/or restricted or painful movement. Drop attacks (falls), pre-syncope, and syncope (fainting) are infrequently reported, as are visual problems. The symptoms of CRPS vary in severity and duration. Since CRPS is a systemic problem, potentially any organ can be affected. CRPS types I and II share the common diagnostic criteria. Spontaneous pain or allodynia (pain resulting from a stimulus which would not normally provoke pain, such as a light touch of the skin) is not limited to the territory of a single peripheral nerve and is disproportionate to the inciting event. There is a history of edema, skin blood flow abnormality, or abnormal sweating in the region of the pain since the inciting event. No other conditions can account for the degree of pain and dysfunction. The two types differ only in the nature of the inciting event. Type I CRPS develops following an initiating noxious event that may or may not have been traumatic, while type II CRPS (Causalgia) develops after a nerve injury.

* Congenital abnormalities, a condition present at birth which varies from the norm.

* Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to a group of genetic conditions that affect the adrenal glands. These glands sit on top of the kidneys and are responsible for releasing various types of hormones that the body needs to function. Affected people lack an enzyme the adrenal glands need to make one or more of these hormones and often overproduce androgens (male hormones such as testosterone). The signs and symptoms present in each person depend on many factors including the type of CAH, the age of diagnosis, and the sex of the affected person. Females with a severe form of the condition may have ambiguous genitalia at birth and if not properly diagnosed, develop dehydration, poor feeding, diarrhea, vomiting and other health problems soon after. Males typically appear unaffected at birth even when they have a severe form of CAH and without proper diagnosis, will develop associated health problems within 2-3 weeks after birth. Both genders can experience other symptoms such as early onset of puberty, fast body growth, and premature completion of growth leading to short stature, if they are not treated in early life. People affected by milder forms may not have any signs and symptoms of CAH during childhood. In these cases, a diagnosis may not be made until adolescence or adulthood when the affected person experiences early signs of puberty or fertility problems. Females with this type may have excessive facial or body hair; irregular menstrual periods; and/or acne. There are two main types of CAH: classic CAH, the more severe form, and a milder form called nonclassic CAH.

* Congenital syphilis is a severe, disabling, and often life-threatening infection seen in infants. A pregnant mother who has syphilis can spread the disease through the placenta to the unborn infant. Congenital syphilis is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum, which is passed from mother to child during fetal development or at birth. Nearly half of all children infected with syphilis while they are in the womb die shortly before or after birth. Symptoms in newborns may include: Failure to gain weight or failure to thrive. Fever. Irritability. No bridge to nose (saddle nose). Rash of the mouth, genitals, and anus. Rash: starting as small blisters on the palms and soles, and later changing to copper-colored, flat or bumpy rash on the face, palms, and soles. Watery fluid from the nose. Symptoms in older infants and young children may include: Abnormal notched and peg-shaped teeth, called Hutchinson teeth. Bone pain. Blindness. Clouding of the cornea. Decreased hearing or deafness. Gray, mucus-like patches on the anus and outer vagina. Joint swelling. Refusal to move a painful arm or leg. Saber shins (bone problem of the lower leg). Scarring of the skin around the mouth, genitals, and anus.

* Conjunctivitis, any inflammatory condition of the membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the sclera.

* Connective tissue diseases, auto-immune diseases characterized by cutaneous and systemic manifestations.

* Contagious ecthyma results from infection by the orf virus, a member of the genus Parapoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. Contagious ecthyma is a highly contagious, zoonotic, viral skin disease that affects sheep, goats and some other domesticated and wild ruminants. Goats and sheep can spread the disease to humans - Contagious Ecthyma is a zoonotic disease. If exposed, humans can develop the lesion(s) in 3-7days. A single, red sore is typically seen on a finger, hand or other exposed part of the body. The lesion may be painful but it tends to heal spontaneously without scarring, in 3-6 weeks. People do not infect other people.

* Corneal edema is a swelling of the cornea, the thin transparent covering over the iris of the eye, caused by fluid retention. The cornea is key to clear, crisp vision. In healthy individuals, it is continuously lubricated with fresh tears, and old fluid is drained away to keep the shape of the cornea consistent and even. In people with corneal edema, it starts to swell and vision distortions like halos around lights and blurred vision can develop. Left untreated, pain can emerge in the eye and small blisters may form in and around the cornea. Common causes of corneal edema include eye surgery, particularly on the cornea itself, trauma to the eye, inflammation, infections, increased pressure in the eye, improper contact use, and chronic eye diseases. Glaucoma, for example, can cause edema by increasing pressure inside the eye. Most commonly, this condition is seen in people over age 50, although younger patients can develop corneal edema as well, especially if they have chronic eye problems or experience eye trauma.

* Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a developmental disorder that affects many parts of the body. The features of this disorder vary widely among affected individuals and range from relatively mild to severe. Cornelia de Lange syndrome is characterized by slow growth before and after birth leading to short stature; intellectual disability that is usually moderate to severe; and abnormalities of bones in the arms, hands, and fingers. Most people with Cornelia de Lange syndrome also have distinctive facial features, including arched eyebrows that often meet in the middle (synophrys), long eyelashes, low-set ears, small and widely spaced teeth, and a small and upturned nose. Many affected individuals also have behavior problems similar to autism, a developmental condition that affects communication and social interaction. Additional signs and symptoms of Cornelia de Lange syndrome can include excessive body hair (hypertrichosis), an unusually small head (microcephaly), hearing loss, and problems with the digestive tract. Some people with this condition are born with an opening in the roof of the mouth called a cleft palate. Seizures, heart defects, and eye problems have also been reported in people with this condition.

* Costello syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects various parts of the body. Delayed physical and mental development are the most distinguishing characteristics of the condition. Further complications can develop, such as the development of malignant and nonmalignant tumors, heart defects, and abnormal heart muscle growth. Common heart problems include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is an enlargement of the heart that weakens the heart muscle, abnormal heart beats, or arrhythmia, and other structural defects. Most of the signs of Costello syndrome are not noticeable at birth, but they appear as a child starts to grow. The birth weight of a child with Costello syndrome is usually normal or a little above average, but they will grow at a slower rate than most children. Some of these symptoms are: Short height and slow growth. Cognitive deficiency. Flatter nasal bridge. Curly hair. Difficulty sucking. Large head. Loose skin. Low ears, thick earlobes, or both. Thicker lips than usual. The surface of face feels rough. Squint. Dark pigmentation on skin. Heart problems, including abnormal heart rhythm. Two other genetic conditions that have similar symptoms to Costello syndrome are Noonan syndrome and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC). The overlapping symptoms make it harder to diagnose Costello syndrome during infancy.

* Coxsackievirus is a virus that belongs to a family of nonenveloped, linear, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, Picornaviridae and the genus Enterovirus, which also includes poliovirus and echovirus. Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens, and ordinarily its members are transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Coxsackieviruses share many characteristics with poliovirus. Coxsackieviruses are among the leading causes of aseptic meningitis (the other usual suspects being echovirus and mumps virus). Coxsackieviruses are divided into group A and group B viruses based on early observations of their pathogenicity in neonatal mice. In general, group A coxsackieviruses tend to infect the skin and mucous membranes, causing herpangina, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, and hand, foot, and mouth (HFM) disease. Both group A and group B coxsackieviruses can cause nonspecific febrile illnesses, rashes, upper respiratory tract disease, and aseptic meningitis. Group B coxsackieviruses tend to infect the heart, pleura, pancreas, and liver, causing pleurodynia, myocarditis, pericarditis, and hepatitis (inflammation of the liver not related to the hepatotropic viruses). Coxsackie B infection of the heart can lead to pericardial effusion.

* Cranial nerve disease, an impaired functioning of any of the twelve cranial nerves.

* Craniocerebral trauma, injury to the head whichmay damage the scalp, skull or brain.

* Creeping eruption or Cutaneous larva migrans is a parasitic skin infection caused by hookworm larvae that usually infest cats, dogs and other animals. Humans can be infected with the larvae by walking barefoot on sandy beaches or contacting moist soft soil that have been contaminated with animal faeces. Many types of hookworm can cause cutaneous larva migrans. Common causes are: Ankylostoma braziliense: hookworm of wild and domestic dogs and cats found in central and southern US, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Ankylostoma caninum: dog hookworm found in Australia. Uncinaria stenocephala: dog hookworm found in Europe. Bunostomum phlebotomum: cattle hookworm. A non-specific eruption occurs at the site of penetration of the hookworm larvae. There may be a tingling or prickling sensation within 30 minutes of the larvae penetrating. The larvae can then either lie dormant for weeks or months or immediately begin creeping activity that create 2-3mm wide, snakelike tracks stretching 3-4cm from the penetration site. These are slightly raised, flesh-coloured or pink and cause intense itching. Tracks advance a few millimetres to a few centimetres daily and if many larvae are involved a disorganised series of loops and tortuous tracks may form. Sites most commonly affected by cutaneous larva migrans are the feet, spaces between the toes, hands, knees and buttocks.

* Cretinism is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism) usually due to maternal hypothyroidism. Congenital hypothyroidism can be endemic, genetic, or sporadic. If untreated, it results in mild to severe impairment of both physical and mental growth and development. Poor length growth is apparent as early as the first year of life. Adult stature without treatment ranges from 100 to 160 cm (3 ft 3 in to 5 ft 3 in), depending on severity, sex, and other genetic factors. In adults, Cretinism results in mental deterioration, swelling of the skin, loss of water and hair. Bone maturation and puberty are severely delayed. Ovulation is impeded, and infertility is common. Neurological impairment may be mild, with reduced muscle tone and coordination, or so severe that the person cannot stand or walk. Cognitive impairment may also range from mild to so severe that the person is nonverbal and dependent on others for basic care. Thought and reflexes are slower. Other signs may include thickened skin, enlarged tongue, or a protruding abdomen. Dwarfism may also be caused by malnutrition or other hormonal deficiencies, such as insufficient growth hormone secretion, hypopituitarism, decreased secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone, deficient growth hormone receptor activity and downstream causes, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) deficiency. Around the world, the most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism is iodine deficiency. Cretinism is therefore most probably due to a diet deficient in iodine.

* Croup, or laryngotracheobronchitis, infection that affects mostly younger children (under 5-6). It causes swelling in the child’s vocal cords, which is what causes the barky cough.

* Cryoglobulinemia, systemic disease characterized by presence in blood of immune complexes called cryoglobulins.

* Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is an idiopathic condition in which granulation tissue obstructs alveolar ducts and alveolar spaces with chronic inflammation occurring in adjacent alveoli. COP, a form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, affects men and women equally, usually in their 40s or 50s. Cigarette smoking does not seem to be a risk factor. About one half of patients recall having a community-acquired pneumonia-like syndrome (ie, a nonresolving flu-like illness characterized by cough, fever, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss) at the onset of the illness. It has symptoms that can closely mimic a pneumonia infection, such as fever, tiredness, coughing and breathlessness.

* Cryptorchidism refers to an undescended testicle is a testicle that has not moved into the scrotum, the bag of skin that hangs behind the penis, before a baby is born. It is estimated that 3 percent to 4 percent of full-term boys and 21 percent of male infants born preterm are born with this feature. Usually, only one testicle is affected, but 10 percent of all cases, both testicles are affected. Undescended testicle (UDT) is one of the most common endocrine problems affecting newborn males, and it is the most common genital condition that is identified at birth. It is more likely to affect boys who are born prematurely. Whether it affects one or both testicles, cryptorchidism generally corrects itself within a few months. But testicles won't drop on their own after 3 months of age. Thus, about 1 or 2 out of 100 boys with undescended testicles will need treatment.The testicles (or "testes") are 2 organs that hang in a pouch-like skin sac (the scrotum) below the penis. The testicles are where sperm and testosterone (the male sex hormone) are made. The scrotum keeps the testicles in a cooler setting than the body. This is because sperm can't grow at body temperature. During childhood, sperm in the testicles go through a process that results in mature sperm at puberty. Normal testicles form early in a baby boy's growth. They form in the lower belly (abdomen), but descend, or "drop," into the scrotum toward the end of pregnancy. Normal testicles attach themselves with stretchable tissue in the bottom of the scrotum. This is controlled by the baby's normal hormones. It's important not to confuse undescended testicles with "retractile" testicles. After 6 months of age, a male child has a reflex that temporarily pulls the testicles up to protect them when he's cold or frightened.

* Cryptosporidiosis, also known as crypto, is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a genus of protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. It affects the distal small intestine and can affect the respiratory tract in both immunocompetent (i.e., individuals with a normal functioning immune system) and immunocompromised (e.g., persons with HIV/AIDS) individuals, resulting in watery diarrhea with or without an unexplained cough. In immunocompromised individuals, the symptoms are particularly severe and can be fatal. It is primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water; recent evidence suggests that it can also be transmitted via fomites in respiratory secretions. Cryptosporidium is the organism most commonly isolated in HIV-positive patients presenting with diarrhea. Despite not being identified until 1976, it is one of the most common waterborne diseases and is found worldwide. The parasite is transmitted by environmentally hardy microbial cysts (oocysts) that, once ingested, exist in the small intestine and result in an infection of intestinal epithelial tissue.

* Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is a medical condition that is referred by most medical practitioners as ulnar nerve entrapment. The condition is brought by the increase pressure on the ulnar nerve (nerve that is situated alongside the ulna bone). The path along the cubital tunnel is obstructed, thus causing for the syndrome. The compression can lead to the sensations of pins or needles in a person’s fingers. Cubital tunnel syndrome is a common condition to those people who are exposed to long periods of bending ones elbows. Those who commonly flex their elbows on a hard surface are made prone to such condition. Those who have a clear damage to their elbows are believed to be at risk for developing such condition. According to reports, the condition greatly affects men than women. The presenting symptoms of the disease process truly depend on the nerve that has been affected. Here are the following presenting symptoms of cubital tunnel syndrome: Numbness or tingling sensation of the pinky and some part of the ring ringer. The back of the hand shall also radiate with tingling sensation. Others would describe the sensation as pins and needles being inflicted in the areas or sometimes referred as funny bone. Late stage would present for the curling up of the pinky and ring finger. This is believed to be a sign of a great nerve affectation. Pain may also accompany the discomfort. The condition is primarily caused by the constriction of the ulnar nerve as environmental factors assist in doing so. This is mostly associated with the increase exposure of the elbow from hard surfaces and from its increased flexion and extension movements. Increasing pressure at the ulnar nerve can precipitate to the development of the condition. Frequent bending of the elbow does pave a way for developing cubital tunnel syndrome. Because of this, depletion of the purpose of the ulnar nerve is attained.

* Currarino syndrome refers to failure of formation of all or part of the sacrum (the lowest section of the spine). Currarino syndrome is a condition characterized by the combination of: Partial absence of the sacrum (the lowest portion of spine), Anorectal (anal and rectal) abnormalities, and An abnormal mass in front of the sacrum (due to a meningocoele or teratoma). The malformations in Currarino syndrome are all in tissues that have their embryological origin in the tail bud and may reflect disturbances in its formation during early embryonic life. A mutation (change) in a gene called the HLXB9 homeobox gene has been identified as responsible for autosomal dominant Currarino syndrome, also known as hereditary sacral agenesis.

* Cushing's syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to cortisol. Signs and symptoms may include: high blood pressure, abdominal obesity but with thin arms and legs, reddish stretch marks, a round red face, a fat lump between the shoulders, weak muscles, weak bones, acne, and fragile skin that heals poorly. Women may have more hair and irregular menstruation. Occasionally there may be changes in mood, headaches, and a chronic feeling of tiredness. Cushing's syndrome is caused by either excessive cortisol-like medication such as prednisone or a tumor that either produces or results in the production of excessive cortisol by the adrenal glands. Cases due to a pituitary adenoma are known as Cushing's disease. It is the second most common cause of Cushing's syndrome after medication. A number of other tumors may also cause Cushing's. Some of these are associated with inherited disorders such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Carney complex. Symptoms include rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face with sparing of the limbs (central obesity). Common signs include the growth of fat pads along the collarbone, on the back of the neck ("buffalo hump" or lipodystrophy), and on the face ("moon face"). Other symptoms include excess sweating, dilation of capillaries, thinning of the skin (which causes easy bruising and dryness, particularly the hands) and mucous membranes, purple or red striae (the weight gain in Cushing's syndrome stretches the skin, which is thin and weakened, causing it to hemorrhage) on the trunk, buttocks, arms, legs, or breasts, proximal muscle weakness (hips, shoulders), and hirsutism (facial male-pattern hair growth), baldness and/or extremely dry and brittle hair. In rare cases, Cushing's can cause hypocalcemia. The excess cortisol may also affect other endocrine systems and cause, for example, insomnia, inhibited aromatase, reduced libido, impotence in men, and amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhea and infertility in women due to elevations in androgens. Studies have also shown that the resultant amenorrhea is due to hypercortisolism, which feeds back onto the hypothalamus resulting in decreased levels of GnRH release. Cognitive conditions, including memory and attention dysfunctions, as well as depression, are commonly associated with elevated cortisol, and may be early indicators of exogenous or endogenous Cushing's. Depression and anxiety disorders are also common. Other striking and distressing skin changes that may appear in Cushing's syndrome include facial acne, susceptibility to superficial fungus (dermatophyte and malassezia) infections, and the characteristic purplish, atrophic striae on the abdomen. Other signs include increased urination (and accompanying increased thirst), persistent high blood pressure (due to cortisol's enhancement of epinephrine's vasoconstrictive effect) and insulin resistance (especially common with ACTH production outside the pituitary), leading to high blood sugar and insulin resistance which can lead to diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance is accompanied by skin changes such as acanthosis nigricans in the axilla and around the neck, as well as skin tags in the axilla. Untreated Cushing's syndrome can lead to heart disease and increased mortality.

* Cutis laxa, inelastic, loose skin.

* Cyanosis, appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin.

* Cyclosporias is an infection by a microscopic parasite that can affect the intestinal tract and cause diarrhea. People get infected when they eat or drink food or water contaminated with the parasite. Cyclospora infections can occur in people of all ages. It is associated with foreign travel to tropical or subtropical regions of the world. Cyclosporiasis spread by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. Infection spreading directly from one person to another is unlikely. Watery diarrhea is the most common symptom. It may last a few days to a month or longer. Symptoms may go away and then come back during the course of infection. Other symptoms may include loss of appetite, stomach cramps, weight loss, muscle aches, nausea (a feeling of sickness in the stomach), vomiting, and tiredness. Symptoms appear approximately one week after consuming contaminated food or water.

* Cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division compared to the nearby tissue. Hence, it is a cluster of cells that have grouped together to form a sac (not unlike the manner in which water molecules group together, forming a bubble); however, the distinguishing aspect of a cyst is that the cells forming the "shell" of such a sac are distinctly abnormal (in both appearance and behaviour) when compared to all surrounding cells for that given location. It may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. A collection of pus is called an abscess, not a cyst. Once formed, a cyst may sometimes resolve on its own. Some cysts are neoplastic and are thus called cystic tumors; many types are not neoplastic. Some are dysplastic or metaplastic. Pseudocysts are similar to cysts (having a sac filled with fluid) but lack an epithelial lining.

* Cystic fibrosis, inherited condition that causes severe damage to the lungs and digestive system.

* Cystic kidney disease refers to a wide range of hereditary, developmental, and acquired conditions. With the inclusion of neoplasms with cystic changes, over 40 classifications and subtypes have been identified. Depending on the disease classification, the presentation of disease may be from birth, or much later into adult life. Cystic disease may involve one or both kidneys and may or may not occur in the presence of other anomalies. A higher incidence of cystic kidney disease is found in the male population and prevalence increases with age. Renal cysts have been reported in more than 50% of patients over the age of 50. Typically, cysts grow up to 2.88 mm annually and cause related pain and/or hemorrhage. A renal cyst or kidney cyst, is a fluid collection in or on the kidney. There are several types based on the Bosniak classification. The majority are benign, simple cysts that can be monitored and not intervened upon. However, some are cancerous or are suspicious for cancer and are commonly removed in a surgical procedure called nephrectomy. Numerous renal cysts are seen in the cystic kidney diseases, which include polycystic kidney disease and medullary sponge kidney. Up to 27 percent of individuals greater than 50 years of age may have simple renal cysts that cause no symptoms.

* Cysticercosis is an infection caused by tapeworm eggs. If people consume improperly cooked meat containing the parasite, they can acquire this tapeworm infection. When the eggs enter the body, they form cysts, usually in the brain, but sometimes in the muscles or eyes. The eggs that cause cysticercosis are passed through the bowel movements of a person infected with the tapeworm. If feces get on food, in water, or on the hands, eggs can be swallowed. The eggs then hatch in the stomach, enter the blood through the intestines, and stick in the brain, muscles, or eyes. A specific form called neurocysticercosis, which affects the brain, can cause neurological symptoms. Cysticercosis is a disease that affects the muscles of infected animals. The livestock species that are more commonly impacted are cattle and pigs. Both the tapeworm infection, also known as taeniasis, and cysticercosis occur globally. Taenia solium tapeworm eggs are the cause of 30% of epilepsy cases in many endemic areas where people and roaming pigs live in close proximity. More than 80% of the world’s 50 million people who are affected by epilepsy live in low and lower-middle income countries.

* Cystinosis is a condition characterized by accumulation of the amino acid cystine (a building block of proteins) within cells. Excess cystine damages cells and often forms crystals that can build up and cause problems in many organs and tissues. The kidneys and eyes are especially vulnerable to damage; the muscles, thyroid, pancreas, and testes may also be affected. There are three distinct types of cystinosis. In order of decreasing severity, they are nephropathic cystinosis, intermediate cystinosis, and non-nephropathic or ocular cystinosis. Infants affected by nephropathic cystinosis initially exhibit poor growth and particular kidney problems (sometimes called renal Fanconi syndrome). The kidney problems lead to the loss of important minerals, salts, fluids, and other nutrients. The loss of nutrients not only impairs growth, but may result in soft, bowed bones (hypophosphatemic rickets), especially in the legs. The nutrient imbalances in the body lead to increased urination, thirst, dehydration, and abnormally acidic blood (acidosis). By about age two, cystine crystals may also be present in the cornea. The buildup of these crystals in the eye causes an increased sensitivity to light (photophobia). Without treatment, children with cystinosis are likely to experience complete kidney failure by about age ten. Other signs and symptoms that may occur in untreated patients include muscle deterioration, blindness, inability to swallow, impaired sweating, decreased hair and skin pigmentation, diabetes, and thyroid and nervous system problems. The signs and symptoms of intermediate cystinosis are the same as nephropathic cystinosis, but they occur at a later age. People with non-nephropathic or ocular cystinosis do not usually experience growth impairment or kidney malfunction. The only symptom is photophobia due to cystine crystals in the cornea.

* Cystinuria is an inherited disease that is characterized by high concentrations of the amino acid cystine in the urine, leading to the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys, ureter, and bladder Iinadequate reabsorption of cystine in the proximal convoluted tubules after the filtering of the amino acids by the kidney's glomeruli, results in an excessive concentration of this amino acid in the urine. Cystine may precipitate out of the urine, if the urine is neutral or acidic, and form crystals or stones in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. It is a type of aminoaciduria. Although signs and symptoms are rare, there are some directly and indirectly associated with cystinuria. These sign and symptoms consist of 1) hematuria- blood in the urine, 2) flank pain – pain in the side due to kidney pain, 3) renal colic – intense, cramping pain due to stones in the urinary tract, 4) obstructive uropathy- urinary tract disease due to obstruction, and 5) urinary tract infections.