The most modern format of medicine of the Digital World
Treatment combo Sessions of Modern Medicine in Digital format - H
The frequencies used in these sessions are based upon Rife sets for resonant therapy devices masked in Algorithmic piano music.
More information regarding the items in the list is given below the list.
List of Treatment combo Sessions of Modern Medicine in Digital format for problems/products available at us for just Rs. 1,000/- for any 5 sessions from any one or multiple Treatment combo Sessions for 30 doses per session (2 times a day for 15 days) in max 15 days.
1) Hair Diseases
2) Hair-Loss
3) Halitosis
4) Hallux Valgus
5) Hamartoma
6) Hand Foot And Mouth Syndrome
7) Hantavirus Infections
8) Head Trauma
9) Headache
10) Hearing Disorders
11) Heart Abnormalities
12) Heart Catheterization
13) Heart Disease Plus COPD-Comprehensive
14) Heart Diseases
15) Heart Hypertrophy
16) Heart Septal Defects
17) Heart Valve Diseases
18) Heat-Stress Disorders
19) Helminthiasis
20) Hemangioma Cavernous
21) Hematologic Diseases
22) Hematospermia
23) Hematuria
24) Hemiplegia
25) Hemochromatosis
26) Hemoglobinopathies
27) Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
28) Hemophilia Vascular
29) Hemoptysis
30) Hemorrhage Cranial Epidural
31) Hemorrhage Postpartum
32) Hemorrhagic Shock
33) Hemorrhoids
34) Hemosiderosis
35) Henoch–Schonlein Purpura
36) Hepatic Venous Outflow Obstruction
37) Hepatitis C
38) Hepatitis Chronic
39) Hepatitis Viral Human
40) Hepatitis-A
41) Hepatitis-B
42) Hereditary Sensory-Autonomic Neuropathy Type-1
43) Hereditary Sensory-Autonomic Neuropathy Type-2
44) Hereditary Sensory-Autonomic Neuropathy Type-3
45) Hereditary Sensory-Autonomic Neuropathy Type-4
46) Hermanski-Pudlak Syndrome
47) Hernia
48) Hernia Diaphragmatic
49) Hernia Hiatal
50) Hernia Umbilical
51) Herpes Simplex
52) Herpes Simplex
53) Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
54) Herpes Zoster
55) Herpetic Facial Paralysis
56) Hidradenitis Suppurativa
57) Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
58) Hirsutism
59) Histidinemia
60) Histiocytoma Benign Fibrous
61) Histiocytosis
62) Histiocytosis-X
63) Hodgkin Disease
64) Holmes-Adie Syndrome
65) Holoprosencephaly
66) Homocystinuria
67) Hordeolum
68) Hot Flashes
69) Human Flu
70) Hutchinson Melanotic Freckle
71) Hydatidiform Mole
72) Hydrocephalus
73) Hydronephrosis
74) Hydroxytryptamine Production
75) Hypercalcemia
76) Hypercapnia
77) Hypercholesterolemia
78) Hyperemesis Gravidarum
79) Hyperglycemia Symptoms Only
80) Hyperglycemic H N Coma
81) Hyperhidrosis
82) Hyperimmunoglobulin E-Recurrent Infection Syndrome
83) Hyperinsulinism
84) Hyperkalemia
85) Hyperlipidemia Familial-Combined
86) Hyperopia
87) Hyperostosis
88) Hyperoxaluria
89) Hyperpigmentation Disorders
90) Hyperpituitarism
91) Hyperprolactinemia
92) Hypertension
93) Hypertension Malignant
94) Hypertension Portal
95) Hyperthermia
96) Hyperthyroidism
97) Hyperventilation
98) Hyperventilation
99) Hypervitaminosis-A
100) Hyphema
101) Hypocalcemia
102) Hypoglycemia
103) Hypogonadism
104) Hypokalemia
105) Hyponatremia
106) Hypophosphatasia
107) Hypopituitarism
108) Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
109) Hypospadias
110) Hypotension
111) Hypothermia
112) Hypothyroidism
113) Hypoxia
* H5N1 is a type of influenza virus that causes a highly infectious, severe
respiratory disease in birds called avian influenza (or "bird flu"). Human cases
of H5N1 avian influenza occur occasionally, but it is difficult to transmit the
infection from person to person. When people do become infected, the mortality
rate is about 60%. Almost all cases of H5N1 infection in people have been
associated with close contact with infected live or dead birds, or
H5N1-contaminated environments. The virus does not infect humans easily, and
spread from person to person appears to be unusual. There is no evidence that
the disease can be spread to people through properly prepared and thoroughly
cooked food. The symptoms of H5N1 infection may include fever (often high fever,
> 38°C) and malaise, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches. Other early symptoms
may include abdominal pain, chest pain and diarrhoea. The infection may progress
quickly to severe respiratory illness, difficulty breathing or shortness of
breath, pneumonia, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and neurologic changes
(altered mental status or seizures).
* Halitosis, bad breath produced by poor oral hygiene, sinus infections,
tonsillitis, certain foods, smoking, and other medical disorders.
* Hallux valgus or bunion, deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the
great toe.
* Hamartoma is a mostly benign, focal malformation that resembles a neoplasm in
the tissue of its origin. This is not a malignant tumor; it grows at the same
rate as the surrounding tissue. It is composed of tissue elements normally found
at that site, but they are growing in a disorganized manner. Hamartomas result
from an abnormal formation of normal tissue, although the underlying reasons for
the abnormality are not fully understood. They grow along with, and at the same
rate as, the organ from whose tissue they are made, and, unlike cancerous
tumors, only rarely invade or compress surrounding structures significantly.
Hamartomas, while generally benign, can cause problems due to their location.
For example, when located on the skin, especially on the face or neck, they can
be very disfiguring. Cases have been reported of hamartomas the size of a small
orange. They may obstruct practically any organ in the body, such as the colon,
eye, etc. They are particularly likely to cause major health issues when located
in the hypothalamus, kidneys, lips, or spleen.
* Hantaviruses are single-stranded, enveloped, negative sense RNA viruses in the
Bunyaviridae family which can kill humans. They normally infect rodents and do
not cause disease in these hosts. Humans may become infected with hantaviruses
through contact with rodent urine, saliva, or feces. Some strains of
hantaviruses cause potentially fatal diseases in humans, such as hantavirus
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
(HPS)—also known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS)— while others
have not been associated with known human disease. HPS (HCPS) is a rare
respiratory illness associated with the inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta
(urine and feces) contaminated by hantavirus particles. Human infections of
hantaviruses have almost entirely been linked to human contact with rodent
excrement, but recent human-to-human transmission has been reported with the
Andes virus in South America.
* Head trauma's classification includes neuronal injuries, hemorrhages, vascular
injuries, cranial nerve injuries, and subdural hygromas, among many others. This
classification can be further categorized as open (penetrating) or closed head
injuries. This depends on if the skull was broken or not. Because head injuries
cover such a broad scope of injuries, there are many causes—including accidents,
falls, physical assault, or traffic accidents—that can cause head injuries.
Unlike a broken bone where trauma to the body is obvious, head trauma can
sometimes be conspicuous or inconspicuous. In the case of an open head injury,
the skull is cracked and broken by an object that makes contact with the brain.
This leads to bleeding. Other obvious symptoms can be neurological in nature.
The person may become sleepy, behave abnormally, lose consciousness, vomit,
develop a severe headache, have mismatched pupil sizes, and/or be unable to move
certain parts of the body.
* Hearing disorders, impairment of the sense of hearing.
* Heart abnormalities are structural problems arising from abnormal formation of
the heart or major blood vessels.
* Heart catheterization refers to a group of procedures that are performed using
this method, such as coronary angiography and left ventricle angiography. Once
the catheter is in place, it can be used to perform a number of procedures
including angioplasty, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), balloon
septostomy, electrophysiology study or catheter ablation. Procedures can be
diagnostic or therapeutic.
* Heart hypertrophy is the abnormal enlargement, or thickening, of the heart
muscle, resulting from increases in cardiomyocyte size and changes in other
heart muscle components, such as extracellular matrix. Causes can be
physiological, for example, the amount of exercise performed by an athlete, or
pathological, for example, as a result of hypertension or valvular disease.
* Heart septal defect refers to a congenital heart defect of one of the septa of
the heart, such as Atrial septal defect, Atrioventricular septal defect, and
Ventricular septal defect. Although aortopulmonary septal defects are defects of
the aorticopulmonary septum, which is not technically part of the heart, they
are sometimes grouped with the heart septal defects.
* Helminthiasis, also known as worm infection, is any macroparasitic disease of
humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic
worms, known as helminths. There are numerous species of these parasites, which
are broadly classified into tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. They often live
in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts, but they may also burrow into
other organs, where they induce physiological damage. Soil-transmitted
helminthiasis and schistosomiasis are the most important helminthiases, and are
among the neglected tropical diseases. Helminthiasis has been found to result in
poor birth outcome, poor cognitive development, poor school and work
performance, poor socioeconomic development, and poverty. Chronic illness,
malnutrition, and anemia are further examples of secondary effects.
* Hematospermia is the finding of blood in the semen and is relatively common.
The bleeding is believed to come from either the prostate or congested seminal
vesicals and is invariably self limiting and without consequence. The amount of
blood in semen can vary from a small drop to enough to give semen the look of
blood. The amount of blood in semen will depend on the cause of bleeding. In
addition to having blood in semen, other symptoms are: pain when ejaculating,
pain when urinating, tenderness or swelling in the scrotum, tenderness in the
groin area, pain in the lower back, blood in the urine. Most cases of blood in
the semen are not serious and can be attributed to six causes:
inflammation/infection, obstruction, tumors, vascular abnormalities, systemic
factors, or trauma/medical procedures. The most common cause is prostate biopsy.
* Hematuria is the medical term for red blood cells in the urine. Red blood
cells in the urine can come from the kidney (where urine is made) or anywhere in
the urinary tract. The urinary tract includes the ureters (the tubes that carry
the urine from the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder (where urine is stored),
the prostate (in men), and the urethra (the tube through which urine exits the
body). Although seeing blood in the urine can be frightening, most of the time
hematuria is not life threatening. However, it is important to investigate the
cause of hematuria because, occasionally, it is caused by a serious condition.
There are two main types of hematuria: gross and microscopic. Gross hematuria –
Gross hematuria means that you can see blood with the naked eye because the
urine is pink, red, purplish-red, brownish-red, or tea-colored. Microscopic
hematuria – Microscopic hematuria means that the urine is normal in color, but
there are an increased number of red blood cells seen with a microscope. A
number of conditions can cause hematuria. Bladder infection (also called acute
cystitis), which typically causes burning or pain with urination. Kidney
infection (also called pyelonephritis). Kidney stones, which usually present
with one-sided back or flank pain that can be severe. Certain kidney diseases.
Vigorous exercise or injury (for example, after falling off a bike and bruising
a kidney). Enlargement of the prostate (called benign prostatic hyperplasia),
which is a common problem in older men. Cancer of the bladder, prostate, or
kidney, more often in patients over age 50 years. Sometimes, the urine appears
to have blood in it because there are other red substances (pigments) in the
urine. This can happen if you eat an excessive amount of beets (called
beeturia), food dyes, or certain medications (such as phenazopyridine/Pyridium).
* Hemochromatosis, indicates accumulation of iron in the body from any cause.
The most important causes are hereditary haemochromatosis (HHC), a genetic
disorder, and transfusional iron overload, which can result from repeated blood
transfusions. Organs commonly affected by haemochromatosis are the liver, heart,
and endocrine glands. Haemochromatosis may present with the following clinical
syndromes: Cirrhosis of the liver; varies from zonal iron deposition to fibrosis
(cirrhosis). Diabetes due to selective iron deposition in pancreatic islet beta
cells leading to functional failure and cell death. Cardiomyopathy. Arthritis,
from calcium pyrophosphate deposition in joints;the most commonly affected
joints are those of the hands, particularly the knuckles of the second and third
fingers. Testicular failure. Bronzing of the skin. Joint pain and bone pain.
* Hemoglobinopathies, inherited single-gene disorders which result in structural
abnormalities of the globin proteins themselves and may be cause of diseases.
* Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a condition characterized by destruction of
red blood cells, low platelet count, and kidney failure. There are two types of
HUS. Typical HUS follows a diarrheal infection often caused by E. coli. Atypical
HUS is not associated with an infection of the digestive tract and has a less
favorable outcome. Symptoms of HUS include vomiting and diarrhea (often bloody),
weakness, lethargy, and bruising (purpura). These symptoms are due to a
combination of dehydration, anemia (due to the destruction of red blood cells
and low platelet counts), and uremia (the inability of the kidneys to clear
waste products from the body).
* Hemophilia vascular or Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common
hereditary blood-clotting disorder in humans. An acquired form can sometimes
result from other medical conditions. It arises from a deficiency in the quality
or quantity of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a multimeric protein that is
required for platelet adhesion. vWD type 1 is the most common type of the
disorder which is typically asymptomatic, though mild symptoms such as
nosebleeds may occur, and occasionally more severe symptoms. Blood type can
affect the presentation and severity of symptoms of vWD. The various types of
vWD present with varying degrees of bleeding tendency, usually in the form of
easy bruising, nosebleeds, and bleeding gums. Women may experience heavy
menstrual periods and blood loss during childbirth. Severe internal bleeding and
bleeding into joints are uncommon in all but the most severe type, vWD type 3.
Von Willebrand factor is mainly active in conditions of high blood flow and
shear stress. Deficiency of vWF, therefore, shows primarily in organs with
extensive small vessels, such as skin, gastrointestinal tract, and uterus. In
angiodysplasia, a form of telangiectasia of the colon, shear stress is much
higher than in average capillaries, and the risk of bleeding is increased
concomitantly.
* Hemoptysis is the act of coughing up blood or blood-stained mucus from the
bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs. This can occur with lung cancer, infections
such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, or pneumonia, and certain cardiovascular
conditions. Hemoptysis is considered massive if there is more than 300 mL (11
imp fl oz; 10 US fl oz) of blood lost in 24 hours. In such cases, the primary
danger comes from choking, rather than blood loss. There are many conditions
involving hemoptysis bronchitis and pneumonia most commonly, but also lung
cancers (in smokers, hemoptysis is often persistent), aspergilloma,
tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, coccidioidomycosis, pulmonary embolism, pneumonic
plague, and cystic fibrosis. The origin of blood can be identified by observing
its color. Bright-red, foamy blood comes from the respiratory tract, whereas
dark-red, coffee-colored blood comes from the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes
hemoptysis may be rust-colored. The most common cause of minor hemoptysis is
bronchitis.
* Hemorrhage cranial epidural is a type of intracranial hematoma (blood clot or
clots) that often results from a skull fracture. An epidural hematoma occurs
when a blood clot forms underneath the skull, but on top of the dura, the tough
covering that surrounds the brain. They usually come from a tear in an artery
that runs just under the skull called the middle meningeal artery. They are
usually associated with a skull fracture. The person may have varying degrees of
symptoms associated with the severity of the head injury. The following are the
most common symptoms of a head injury. However, each individual may experience
symptoms differently. Confusion, loss of consciousness, blurred vision, severe
headache, vomiting, loss of short-term memory, such as difficulty remembering
the events that lead right up to and through the traumatic event, slurred
speech, difficult walking, dizziness, weakness in one side or area of the body,
sweating, pale skin color, seizures, behavior changes including irritability,
blood or clear fluid draining from the ears or nose, one pupil (dark area in the
center of the eye) looks larger than the other eye, deep cut or laceration in
the scalp, open wound in the head, foreign object penetrating the head. Head
injury may cause the brain to swell. Since the brain is covered by the skull,
there is only a small amount of room for it to swell. This causes pressure
inside the skull to increase, which can lead to brain damage.
* Hemorrhage postpartum is often defined as the loss of more than 500 ml or
1,000 ml of blood within the first 24 hours following childbirth. Some have
added the requirement that there also be signs or symptoms of low blood volume
for the condition to exist. Signs and symptoms may initially include: an
increased heart rate, feeling faint upon standing, and an increased breath rate.
As more blood is lost the women may feel cold, their blood pressure may drop,
and they may become restless or unconscious. The condition can occur up to six
weeks following delivery.
* Hemorrhagic shock is a condition produced by rapid and significant loss of
blood which lead to hemodynamic instability, decreases in oxygen delivery,
decreased tissue perfusion, cellular hypoxia, organ damage and can be rapidly
fatal. People suffering injuries that involve heavy bleeding may go into
hemorrhagic shock if the bleeding isn’t stopped immediately.
* Hemosiderosis, excessive deposition of hemosiderin in bodily tissues as a
result of the breakdown of red blood cells.
* Henoch–Schonlein purpura, involves purple spots on the skin, joint pain,
gastrointestinal problems, and glomerulonephritis.
* Hepatic venous outflow obstruction (Budd–Chiari syndrome) is a condition
caused by occlusion of the hepatic veins that drain the liver. It presents with
the classical triad of abdominal pain, ascites, and liver enlargement. The
formation of a blood clot within the hepatic veins can lead to hepatic venous
outflow. It occurs in 1 out of a million individuals. The syndrome can be
fulminant, acute, chronic, or asymptomatic. The acute syndrome presents with
rapidly progressive severe upper abdominal pain, yellow discoloration of the
skin and whites of the eyes, liver enlargement, enlargement of the spleen, fluid
accumulation within the peritoneal cavity, elevated liver enzymes, and
eventually encephalopathy. The fulminant syndrome presents early with
encephalopathy and ascites. Liver cell death and severe lactic acidosis may be
present as well. Caudate lobe enlargement is often present. The majority of
patients have a slower-onset form of Budd–Chiari syndrome. This can be painless.
A system of venous collaterals may form around the occlusion which may be seen
on imaging as a "spider's web." Patients may progress to cirrhosis and show the
signs of liver failure. On the other hand, incidental finding of a silent,
asymptomatic form may not be a cause for concern.
* Hepatitis A is an acute infectious disease of the liver caused by the
hepatitis A virus (HAV). Many cases have few or no symptoms, especially in the
young. The time between infection and symptoms, in those who develop them, is
between two and six weeks. When symptoms occur, they typically last eight weeks
and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, fever, and abdominal pain.
Around 10–15% of people experience a recurrence of symptoms during the six
months after the initial infection. Acute liver failure may rarely occur with
this being more common in the elderly. It is usually spread by eating or
drinking food or water contaminated with infected feces. Shellfish which have
not been sufficiently cooked are a relatively common source. It may also be
spread through close contact with an infectious person. While children often do
not have symptoms when infected, they are still able to infect others.
* Hepatitis viral is liver inflammation due to a viral infection. It may present
in acute (recent infection, relatively rapid onset) or chronic forms. The most
common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses
Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, and Hepatitis E. In addition
to the nominal hepatitis viruses, other viruses that can also cause liver
inflammation include Cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and Yellow fever. Up
to 1997 there has been also 52 cases of Viral hepatitis caused by Herpes simplex
virus.
* Hepatomegaly is the condition of having an enlarged liver. It is a
non-specific medical sign having many causes, which can broadly be broken down
into infection, hepatic tumours, or metabolic disorder. Often, hepatomegaly will
present as an abdominal mass. Depending on the cause, it may sometimes present
along with jaundice. Symptoms having to do with hepatomegaly can include
several, among them the individual may experience some weight loss, poor
appetite and lethargy (jaundice and bruising may also be present). The mechanism
of hepatomegaly consists of vascular swelling, inflammation (due to the various
causes that are infectious in origin) and deposition of non-hepatic cells or
increased cell contents (such due to iron in hemochromatosis or hemosiderosis
and fat in fatty liver disease).
* Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I (HSAN I) or hereditary
sensory neuropathy type I (HSN I) is a group of autosomal dominant inherited
neurological diseases that affect the peripheral nervous system particularly on
the sensory and autonomic functions. The hallmark of the disease is the marked
loss of pain and temperature sensation in the distal parts of the lower limbs.
The autonomic disturbances, if present, manifest as sweating abnormalities. HSAN
I is characterized by marked sensory disturbances mainly as the loss of pain and
temperature sensation in the distal parts of the lower limbs. The loss of
sensation can also extend to the proximal parts of the lower limbs and the upper
limbs as the disease progresses. Some affected individuals do not lose
sensation, but instead experience severe shooting, burning, and lancinating
pains in the limbs or in the trunk. Autonomic disturbances, if present, manifest
as decreased sweating. The degree of motor disturbances is highly variable, even
within families, ranging from absent to severe distal muscle weakness and
wasting. The disease progresses slowly, but often disables the affected
individuals severely after a long duration. The onset of the disease varies
between the 2nd and 5th decade of life, albeit congenital or childhood onset has
occasionally been reported. With the progression of the disease, the affected
individuals lose the ability to feel pain in their feet and legs. Minor injuries
in the painless area can result in slow-healing wounds which, if not immediately
recognized, can develop into chronic ulcerations. Once infection occurs, these
ulcerations can result in severe complications that lead to foot deformity, such
as inflammation of the underlying bones, spontaneous bone fractures, and
progressive degeneration of weight-bearing joints. Furthermore, foot deformity
promotes skin changes such as hyperkeratosis at pressure points. These
complications may necessitate amputation of the affected foot.
* Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II (HSAN2) is a condition
that primarily affects the sensory nerve cells (sensory neurons), which transmit
information about sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch. These
sensations are impaired in people with HSAN2. In some affected people, the
condition may also cause mild abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system,
which controls involuntary body functions such as heart rate, digestion, and
breathing. The signs and symptoms of HSAN2 typically begin in infancy or early
childhood. The first sign of HSAN2 is usually numbness in the hands and feet.
Soon after, affected individuals lose the ability to feel pain or sense hot and
cold. People with HSAN2 often develop open sores (ulcers) on their hands and
feet. Because affected individuals cannot feel the pain of these sores, they may
not seek treatment right away. Without treatment, the ulcers can become infected
and may lead to amputation of the affected area. Unintentional self-injury is
common in people with HSAN2, typically by biting the tongue, lips, or fingers.
These injuries may lead to spontaneous amputation of the affected areas.
Affected individuals often have injuries and fractures in their hands, feet,
limbs, and joints that go untreated because of the inability to feel pain.
Repeated injury can lead to a condition called Charcot joints, in which the
bones and tissue surrounding joints are destroyed. The effects of HSAN2 on the
autonomic nervous system are more variable. Some infants with HSAN2 have trouble
sucking, which makes it difficult for them to eat. People with HSAN2 may
experience episodes in which breathing slows or stops for short periods (apnea);
digestive problems such as the backflow of stomach acids into the esophagus
(gastroesophageal reflux); or slow eye blink or gag reflexes. Affected
individuals may also have weak deep tendon reflexes, such as the reflex being
tested when a doctor taps the knee with a hammer. Some people with HSAN2 lose a
type of taste bud on the tip of the tongue called lingual fungiform papillae and
have a diminished sense of taste. Type 2, congenital sensory neuropathy (also
historically known as Morvan's disease), is characterized by onset of symptoms
in early infancy or childhood. Upper & lower extremities are affected with
chronic ulcerations and multiple injuries to fingers and feet. Pain sensation is
affected predominantly and deep tendon reflexes are reduced. Autoamputation of
the distal phalanges is common and so is neuropathic joint degeneration. The NCV
shows reduced or absent sensory nerve action potentials and nerve biopsy shows
total loss of myelinated fibers and reduced numbers of unmyelinated fibers. It
is inherited as an autosomal recessive condition.
* Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV also called Congenital
insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA), is an extremely rare inherited
disorder of the nervous system which prevents the sensation of pain, heat, cold,
or any real nerve-related sensations (including feeling the need to urinate);
however, patients can still feel pressure. CIPA is the fourth type of hereditary
sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN), known as HSAN IV. (It is also referred
to as HSAN Type IV). A person with CIPA cannot feel pain or differentiate even
extreme temperatures. "Anhidrosis" means the body does not sweat, and
"congenital" indicates that the condition is present from birth. People with
this disorder are very likely to injure themselves in ways that would normally
be prevented by feeling pain. For example, a patient could burn themselves
severely and not even notice. The main features of the disorder are lack of pain
sensation, painless injuries of the arms, legs and oral structures, hyperthermia
during hot weather because of inability to sweat, syndromic intellectual
disability as a result of hyperthermia, infection and scarring of the tongue,
lips and gums, chronic infections of bones and joints, bone fractures, multiple
scars, osteomyelitis and joint deformities, which may lead to amputation. Other
common problems are eye related, such as infection due to the sufferers rubbing
them too hard, too frequently or scratching them during sleep. In addition,
patients typically lack unmyelinated and small myelinated nerve fibers in the
dorsal root ganglion. Both are responsible for transmitting pain signals. In
addition, patients' sweat glands are normal in both structure and function,
though they lack innervations by small diameter neurons. CIPA is caused by a
genetic mutation which prevents the formation of nerve cells which are
responsible for transmitting signals of pain, heat, and cold to the brain. The
disorder is autosomal recessive. It does not appear to have any particular
ethnic distribution, though it is more prevalent in cultures in which
intermarriage is an accepted practice. Overheating kills more than half of all
children with CIPA before age 3.
* Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type V (HSAN5) is a condition that
primarily affects the sensory nerve cells (sensory neurons), which transmit
information about sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch. These
sensations are impaired in people with HSAN5. The signs and symptoms of HSAN5
appear early, usually at birth or during infancy. People with HSAN5 lose the
ability to feel pain, heat, and cold. Deep pain perception, the feeling of pain
from injuries to bones, ligaments, or muscles, is especially affected in people
with HSAN5. Because of the inability to feel deep pain, affected individuals
suffer repeated severe injuries such as bone fractures and joint injuries that
go unnoticed. Repeated trauma can lead to a condition called Charcot joints, in
which the bones and tissue surrounding joints are destroyed. Type 5, congenital
insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis, also manifests with congenital
insensitivity to pain & anhidrosis. There is a selective absence of small
myelinated fibers differentiating it from Type IV (CIPA).
* Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is a disorder characterized by a condition called
oculocutaneous albinism, which causes abnormally light coloring (pigmentation)
of the skin, hair, and eyes. Affected individuals typically have fair skin and
white or light-colored hair. People with this disorder have a higher than
average risk of skin damage and skin cancers caused by long-term sun exposure.
Oculocutaneous albinism reduces pigmentation of the colored part of the eye
(iris) and the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina). Reduced
vision, rapid and involuntary eye movements (nystagmus), and increased
sensitivity to light (photophobia) are also common in oculocutaneous albinism.
In Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, these vision problems usually remain stable after
early childhood. People with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome also have problems with
blood clotting (coagulation) that lead to easy bruising and prolonged bleeding.
Some individuals with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome develop breathing problems due
to a lung disease called pulmonary fibrosis, which causes scar tissue to form in
the lungs. The symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis usually appear during an
individual's early thirties and rapidly worsen. Other, less common features of
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome include inflammation of the large intestine
(granulomatous colitis) and kidney failure.
* Hernia hiatal, protrusion of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax
through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm.
* Herpes simplex 1, viral disease from the herpesviridae family caused by Herpes
simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
* Herpes simplex encephalitis, condition caused by infection with a herpes
simplex virus (HSV). The HSV infection can lead to encephalitis, which is brain
swelling.
* Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by the herpes simplex virus. Of the
two types of herpes simplex virus, type 2 (HSV-2) more commonly causes genital
infections. HSV-2 may cause primarily anogenital infections, however, it may
cause infections in all areas. HSV infection causes several distinct medical
disorders. Common infection of the skin or mucosa may affect the face and mouth
(orofacial herpes), genitalia (genital herpes), or hands (herpetic whitlow).
More serious disorders occur when the virus infects and damages the eye (herpes
keratitis), or invades the central nervous system, damaging the brain (herpes
encephalitis). People with immature or suppressed immune systems, such as
newborns, transplant recipients, or people with AIDS, are prone to severe
complications from HSV infections. Many people infected with HSV-2 display no
physical symptoms—individuals with no symptoms are described as asymptomatic or
as having subclinical herpes. However, asymptomatic carriers of the HSV-2 virus
are still contagious. In many infections, the first symptom people will have of
their own infections is the horizontal transmission to a sexual partner or the
vertical transmission of neonatal herpes to a newborn at term. Since most
asymptomatic individuals are unaware of their infection, they are considered at
high risk for spreading HSV. As with almost all sexually transmitted infections,
women are more susceptible to acquiring genital HSV-2 than men. Previous HSV-1
infection appears to reduce the risk for acquisition of HSV-2 infection among
women by a factor of three. Following active infection, herpes viruses establish
a latent infection in sensory and autonomic ganglia of the nervous system. The
double-stranded DNA of the virus is incorporated into the cell physiology by
infection of the nucleus of a nerve's cell body. HSV latency is static; no virus
is produced; and is controlled by a number of viral genes. The frequency and
severity of recurrent outbreaks vary greatly between people. Some individuals'
outbreaks can be quite debilitating, with large, painful lesions persisting for
several weeks, while others experience only minor itching or burning for a few
days. HSV-2-infected individuals are at higher risk for acquiring HIV when
practicing unprotected sex with HIV-positive persons, in particular during an
outbreak with active lesions.
* Herpes zoster, painful, blistering skin rash. It is caused by the
varicella-zoster virus. This is the virus that also causes chickenpox.
* Herpetic facial paralysis (also Bell's palsy) is a type of facial paralysis
that results in an inability to control the facial muscles on the affected side.
Symptoms can vary from mild to severe. They may include muscle twitching,
weakness, or total loss of the ability to move one or rarely both sides of the
face. Other symptoms include drooping of the eyelid, a change in taste, pain
around the ear, and increased sensitivity to sound. Typically symptoms come on
over 48 hours. Bell's palsy is characterized by a one-sided facial droop that
comes on within 72 hours. In rare cases (<1%), it can occur on both sides
resulting in total facial paralysis. The facial nerve controls a number of
functions, such as blinking and closing the eyes, smiling, frowning,
lacrimation, salivation, flaring nostrils and raising eyebrows. It also carries
taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, via the chorda
tympani nerve (a branch of the facial nerve). Because of this, people with
Bell's palsy may present with loss of taste sensation in the anterior 2/3 of the
tongue on the affected side. Although the facial nerve innervates the stapedial
muscles of the middle ear (via the tympanic branch), sound sensitivity and
dysacusis are hardly ever clinically evident. Although defined as a mononeuritis
(involving only one nerve), people diagnosed with Bell’s palsy may have myriad
neurological symptoms including facial tingling, moderate or severe
headache/neck pain, memory problems, balance problems, ipsilateral limb
paresthesias, ipsilateral limb weakness, and a sense of clumsiness that are
unexplained by facial nerve dysfunction.
* Hidradenitis Suppurativa, disease of the sweat glands characterized by
recurrent boil-like lumps (nodules) under the skin.
* Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is caused by mutations in a connexin gene, GJB6
or connexin-30, characterized by scalp hair that is wiry, brittle, and pale,
often associated with patchy alopecia. Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 2, or
Clouston syndrome is characterized by partial or total alopecia, dystrophy of
the nails, hyperpigmentation of the skin (especially over the joints), and
clubbing of the fingers. Sparse scalp hair and dysplastic nails are seen early
in life. In infancy, scalp hair is wiry, brittle, patchy, and pale; progressive
hair loss may lead to total alopecia by puberty. The nails may be milky white in
early childhood; they gradually become dystrophic, thick, and distally separated
from the nail bed. Palmoplantar keratoderma may develop during childhood and
increases in severity with age. The clinical manifestations are highly variable
even within the same family.
* Hirsutism, excessive hairiness.
* Histidinemia, also referred to as histidinuria, is a rare autosomal recessive
metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme histidase. Histidase is
needed for the metabolism of the amino acid histidine. Histidenemia is
characterized by increased levels of histidine, histamine and imidazole in
blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. This also results in decreased levels of
the metabolite urocanic acid in blood, urine, and skin cells. Histidinemia is
considered benign as most patients remain asymptomatic. The combination of
histidinemia and a medical complication during or soon after birth (such as a
temporary lack of oxygen) might increase a person's chances of developing
intellectual disability, behavioral problems, or learning disorders.
* Histiocytosis X is a generic term that refers to an increase in the number of
histiocytes, a type of white blood cell, that act as scavengers to remove
foreign material from the blood and tissues. Since recent research demonstrated
Langerhan cell involvement as well as histiocytes. Histiocytosis X or LCH is
characterized by a distinct inflammatory and proliferative process but differs
from other forms in the parts of the body involved. The least severe of the
histiocytosis X/LCH family is eosinophilic granuloma. Approximately 60-80% of
all diagnosed cases are in this classification, which usually occurs in children
aged 5-10 years. The bones are involved 50-75% of the time, which includes the
skull or mandible, and the long bones. If the bone marrow is involved, anemia
can result. With skull involvement, growths can occur behind the eyes, bulging
them forward. The lungs are involved less than 10% of the time, and this
involvement signals the worst prognosis. symptoms may include painful lumps in
the skull and limbs as well as rashes on the skin. General symptoms may include:
poor appetite, failure to gain weight, recurrent fever, and irritability.
Symptoms from other possible sites of involvement include: gums: swelling,
usually without significant discomfort; ear: chronic discharge; liver or spleen:
abdominal discomfort or swelling; pituitary: This gland at the base of the brain
is affected at some stage in approximately 20%-30% of children causing a
disturbance in water balance to produce thirst and frequent urination; eyes: due
to the bony disease, behind-the-eye bulging may occur (exophthalmos); lungs:
breathing problems.
* Histiocytosis, a condition marked by an abnormal appearance of histiocytes in
the blood.
* Hodgkin's disease, type of lymphoma, a cancer that starts in white blood cells
called lymphocytes.
* Holmes–Adie syndrome or Adie's tonic pupil, is a neurological disorder
characterized by a tonically dilated pupil that reacts slowly to light but shows
a more definite response to accommodation (i.e., light-near dissociation). It is
frequently seen in females with absent knee or ankle jerks and impaired
sweating. It is caused by damage to the postganglionic fibers of the
parasympathethethetic innervation of the eye, usually by a viral or bacterial
infection which causes inflammation, and affects the pupil of the eye and the
autonomic nervous system. Adie syndrome presents with three hallmark symptoms,
namely at least one abnormally dilated pupil (mydriasis) which does not
constrict in response to light, loss of deep tendon reflexes, and abnormalities
of sweating. Other signs may include hyperopia due to accommodative paresis,
photophobia and difficulty reading. Pupillary symptoms of Holmes–Adie syndrome
are thought to be the result of a viral or bacterial infection that causes
inflammation and damage to neurons in the ciliary ganglion, located in the
posterior orbit, that provides parasympathetic control of eye constriction.
Additionally, patients with Holmes-Adie Syndrome can also experience problems
with autonomic control of the body. This second set of symptoms is caused by
damage to the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord.
* Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a complex brain malformation resulting from
incomplete cleavage of the prosencephalon, occurring between the 18th and the
28th day of gestation and affecting both the forebrain and the face. It is
estimated to occur in 1/16,000 live births and 1/250 conceptuses. Three ranges
of increasing severity are described: lobar, semi-lobar and alobar HPE. Another
milder subtype of HPE called middle interhemispheric variant (MIHF) or
syntelencephaly is also reported. In most of the cases, facial anomalies are
observed in HPE, like cyclopia, proboscis, median or bilateral cleft lip/palate
in severe forms, ocular hypotelorism or solitary median maxillary central
incisor in minor forms. These latter midline defects can occur without the
cerebral malformations and then are called microforms. Children with HPE have
many medical problems: developmental delay and feeding difficulties, epilepsy,
instability of temperature, heart rate and respiration. Endocrine disorders like
diabetes insipidus, adrenal hypoplasia, hypogonadism, thyroid hypoplasia and
growth hormone deficiency are frequent.
* Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder of the metabolism of the amino acid
methionine, often involving cystathionine beta synthase. This defect leads to a
multi-systemic disorder of the connective tissue, muscles, central nervous
system (CNS), and cardiovascular system. Homocystinuria represents a group of
hereditary metabolic disorders characterized by an accumulation of the amino
acid homocysteine in the serum and an increased excretion of homocysteine in the
urine. Infants appear to be normal and early symptoms, if any are present, are
vague. Signs and symptoms of homocystinuria that may be seen include a family
history of homocystinuria. Flush across the cheeks. Musculoskeletal anomalies.
Intellectual disability. Seizures. Psychiatric disease. Eye anomalies and
vascular disease.
* Hordeolum is a small red bump which forms on the eyelid as a result of a
clogged sebaceous gland. You might be more familiar with this condition's common
name, “sty.” Whether you call it a hordeolum or a sty, this infection is usually
benign, albeit irritating. The difference between sty and chalazion is that a
chalazion is caused by noninfectious meibomian gland occlusion, whereas a
hordeolum usually is caused by infection.Left untreated, a hordeolum could
burst, spreading bacteria across the eye and contributing to a more serious
infection. The early signs that a hordeolum is on the way include tenderness,
redness, and mild swelling along the eyelid. Shortly after these early symptoms
appear, a small bump emerges, and the eyelid tends to swell more dramatically.
The eye itself may water and develop sensitivity to light, and blinking is
usually painful. In some cases, the eyelid may swell so much that it is
difficult to open the eye fully.
* Hot flashes (also known as hot flushes) are a form of flushing due to reduced
levels of estradiol. Hot flashes are a symptom which may have several other
causes, but which is often caused by the changing hormone levels that are
characteristic of menopause. They are typically experienced as a feeling of
intense heat with sweating and rapid heartbeat, and may typically last from two
to thirty minutes for each occurrence. Hot flashes, a common symptom of
menopause and perimenopause, are typically experienced as a feeling of intense
heat with sweating and rapid heartbeat, and may typically last from two to
thirty minutes for each occurrence, ending just as rapidly as they began. The
sensation of heat usually begins in the face or chest, although it may appear
elsewhere such as the back of the neck, and it can spread throughout the whole
body. Some women feel as if they are going to faint. In addition to being an
internal sensation, the surface of the skin, especially on the face, becomes hot
to the touch. This is the origin of the alternative term "hot flush", since the
sensation of heat is often accompanied by visible reddening of the face.
Excessive flushing can lead to rosacea.
* Hutchinson's melanotic freckle, melanoma 'in situ' that consists of malignant
cells but does not show invasive growth.
* Hydatidiform mole or Molar pregnancy is an abnormal form of pregnancy in which
a non-viable fertilized egg implants in the uterus and will fail to come to
term. A molar pregnancy is a gestational trophoblastic disease which grows into
a mass in the uterus that has swollen chorionic villi. These villi grow in
clusters that resemble grapes. A molar pregnancy can develop when a fertilized
egg does not contain an original maternal nucleus. The products of conception
may or may not contain fetal tissue. It is characterized by the presence of a
hydatidiform mole (or hydatid mole, mola hydatidosa). Molar pregnancies are
categorized as partial moles or complete moles, with the word mole being used to
denote simply a clump of growing tissue, or a growth. Complete hydatidiform
moles have 2.5% risk of developing into choriocarcinoma, but also a 10% chance
of becoming an invasive mole. Incomplete moles can become invasive (<5% risk)
but are not associated with choriocarcinoma. Complete hydatidiform moles account
for 50% of all cases of choriocarcinoma. Molar pregnancies usually present with
painless vaginal bleeding in the fourth to fifth month of pregnancy. The uterus
may be larger than expected, or the ovaries may be enlarged. There may also be
more vomiting than would be expected (hyperemesis). Sometimes there is an
increase in blood pressure along with protein in the urine. Blood tests will
show very high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The cause of this
condition is not completely understood. Potential risk factors may include
defects in the egg, abnormalities within the uterus, or nutritional
deficiencies. Women under 20 or over 40 years of age have a higher risk. Other
risk factors include diets low in protein, folic acid, and carotene. An
hydatidiform mole is a pregnancy/conceptus in which the placenta contains
grapelike vesicles (small sacs) that are usually visible with the naked eye. The
vesicles arise by distention of the chorionic villi by fluid. When inspected in
the microscope, hyperplasia of the trophoblastic tissue is noted. If left
untreated, a hydatidiform mole will almost always end as a spontaneous abortion
(miscarriage). Hydatidiform moles are a common complication of pregnancy,
occurring once in every 1000 pregnancies in the US, with much higher rates in
Asia (e.g. up to one in 100 pregnancies in Indonesia). In rare cases a
hydatidiform mole co-exists in the uterus with a normal, viable fetus. Under
careful surveillance it is often possible for the woman to give birth to the
normal child and to be cured of the mole.
* Hydrocephalus is a medical condition in which there is an abnormal
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain. This causes increased
intracranial pressure inside the skull and may cause progressive enlargement of
the head if it occurs in childhood, potentially causing convulsion, tunnel
vision, and mental disability. It was once informally called "Water on the
brain."
* Hydronephrosis, swelling of the kidneys when urine flow is obstructed in any
of part of the urinary tract.
* Hypercalcemia, too much calcium in the blood, usually symptom of other
disease.
* Hypercapnia is increased CO2 levels as well as high CO2. Those individuals who
suffer with COPD or other respiratory diseases have problems moving air into and
out of the lung. This simply means that it is difficult for their lungs to
exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide, which is an essential process of the overall
process of breathing. Carbon dioxide in the blood can lead to low levels of
oxygen in the blood which is referred to as hypoxemia also with the high levels
of carbon dioxide– or hypercapnia. Hypercapnia develops rather slowly over time
and is very mild to the extent of not even showing any symptoms at all. When
symptoms do develop they might initially include: Headache, Inability to think
straight, Drowsiness or sleepiness. Symptoms of more severe hypercapnia can
eventually lead to what is known as “respiratory failure” as well as possible
death, and these late symptoms include: Skin that is flushed, Rapid breathing,
Dizziness, Blood pressure increase, Heart rate increase, Muscle twitches. The
causes can be many ranging from lungs being in bad shape due to smoking or
breathing chemical at a job to some predisposed condition where problems with
lungs are genetic. All it really means is that for some reason the lungs are
damaged so the individual is not able to inhale or exhale fully so that not
enough oxygen reaches the blood system and instead there is gradually a built up
of CO2. Other examples of conditions that can lead to hypercapnia include: Drug
overdose, Seizures, Skeletal muscle that are weak, Lesions of the brainstem,
Obstructive sleep apnea, Asthma.
* Hypercholesterolemia, high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
* Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a complication of pregnancy that is
characterized by severe nausea and vomiting such that weight loss and
dehydration occur. Signs and symptoms may include vomiting several times a day
and feeling faint. It is more severe than morning sickness. Often symptoms get
better after the 20th week of pregnancy but may last the entire pregnancy.
* Hyperglicemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, or diabetic coma caused by
hyperglicemia and dehydration.
* Hyperglycemia, high glucose levels in the blood.
* Hyperhidrosis or excessive sweating is a common disorder affecting many
people. Palmar hyperhidrosis or sweaty palms is the most common form of
hyperhidrosis, causing excessive sweating of the hands. Hyperhidrosis can also
cause excessive foot, underarm and facial sweating. It is thought that
hyperhidrosis is a result of over activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
Sweating is often uncontrollable, embarrassing and not anticipated . Normal
sweating is needed for thermal regulation however in people suffering from
hyperhidrosis, sweating exceeds the bodys need for physiological thermal
regulation. People don’t get used to living with hyperhidrosis but they continue
to suffer throughout their lives from it. Hyperhidrosis can have severe
physiological consequences such as cold and clammy hands, dehydration, and skin
infections secondary to maceration of the skin. Hyperhidrosis can also have
devastating emotional effects on one’s individual life. Affected people are
constantly aware of their condition and try to modify their lifestyle to
accommodate this problem. This can be disabling in professional, academic and
social life, causing daily embarrassments. Many routine tasks become impossible
chores, which can psychologically drain these individuals on a constant basis.
* Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome (HIES), of which the autosomal dominant
form (AD-HIES) is called Job's syndrome or Buckley syndrome, is a condition that
affects several body systems, particularly the immune system. Recurrent
infections are common in people with this condition. Affected individuals tend
to have frequent bouts of pneumonia, which are caused by certain kinds of
bacteria that infect the lungs and cause inflammation. These infections often
result in the formation of air-filled cysts (pneumatoceles) in the lungs.
Recurrent skin infections and an inflammatory skin disorder called eczema are
also very common in AD-HIES. These skin problems cause rashes, blisters,
accumulations of pus (abscesses), open sores, and scaling. AD-HIES is
characterized by abnormally high levels of an immune system protein called
immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the blood. IgE normally triggers an immune response
against foreign invaders in the body, particularly parasitic worms, and plays a
role in allergies. It is unclear why people with AD-HIES have such high levels
of IgE. AD-HIES also affects other parts of the body, including the bones and
teeth. Many people with AD-HIES have skeletal abnormalities such as an unusually
large range of joint movement (hyperextensibility), an abnormal curvature of the
spine (scoliosis), reduced bone density (osteopenia), and a tendency for bones
to fracture easily. Dental abnormalities are also common in this condition. The
primary (baby) teeth do not fall out at the usual time during childhood but are
retained as the adult teeth grow in. Other signs and symptoms of AD-HIES can
include abnormalities of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
(coronary arteries), distinctive facial features, and structural abnormalities
of the brain, which do not affect a person's intelligence.
* Hyperinsulinism, an above normal level of insulin in the blood of a person or
animal. When liver cells and other cells that remove glucose from the blood
become less sensitive to the insulin, the pancreas increases secretion and the
level of insulin in the blood rises. However, if insulin resistance worsens or
insulin secretion ability declines, the glucose levels will begin to rise.
* Hyperkalemia is an elevated level of the electrolyte potassium (K+) in the
blood. The symptoms of elevated potassium are nonspecific, and the condition is
usually discovered by a blood test performed for another reason. Extreme
hyperkalemia is a medical emergency, due to the risk of potentially fatal
abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia). The symptoms of an elevated potassium level
are nonspecific, and generally include malaise, palpitations, and muscle
weakness. Hyperventilation may indicate a compensatory response to metabolic
acidosis, which is one of the possible causes of hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia
develops when there is excessive production (oral intake, tissue breakdown) or
ineffective elimination of potassium. Ineffective elimination can be hormonal
(in aldosterone deficiency) or due to causes in the kidney parenchyma that
impair excretion. Increased extracellular potassium levels result in
depolarization of the membrane potentials of cells due to the increase in the
equilibrium potential of potassium. This depolarization opens some voltage-gated
sodium channels, but also increases the inactivation at the same time. Since
depolarization due to concentration change is slow, it never generates an action
potential by itself; instead, it results in accommodation. Above a certain level
of potassium the depolarization inactivates sodium channels, opens potassium
channels, thus the cells become refractory. This leads to the impairment of
neuromuscular, cardiac, and gastrointestinal organ systems. Of most concern is
the impairment of cardiac conduction, which can cause ventricular fibrillation,
abnormally slow heart rhythms, or asystole.
* Hyperlipidemia, elevated levels of lipids in the blood.
* Hyperopia, farsightedness.
* Hyperostosis, an excessive growth of bone. It may lead to exostosis. It occurs
in many musculoskeletal disorders.
* Hyperoxaluria, excessive urinary excretion of oxalate.
* Hyperpigmentation disorders, affect the color of the skin.
* Hyperpituitarism, where the pituitary gland does not produce normal amounts of
some or all of its hormones.
* Hyperprolactinemia, is the most common endocrine disorder of the
hypothalamic-pituitary axis. In women may cause hypo-oestrogenism with
anovulatory infertility and a decrease in menstruation. In men, decreased
libido, sexual dysfunction (in both men and women), erectile dysfunction,
infertility and gynaecomastia.
* Hypertension, high blood pressure.
* Hyperthermia, elevated body temperature due to thermoregulation failure,
usually from heat stroke or adverse drug reaction.
* Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of
thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that
occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any cause and therefore includes
hyperthyroidism. Some, however, use the terms interchangeably. Signs and
symptoms vary between people and may include irritability, muscle weakness,
sleeping problems, a fast heartbeat, heat intolerance, diarrhea, enlargement of
the thyroid, and weight loss. Symptoms are typically less in the old and during
pregnancy. An uncommon complication is thyroid storm in which an event such as
an infection results in worsening symptoms such as confusion and a high
temperature and often results in death. Graves' disease is the cause of about
50% to 80% of the cases of hyperthyroidism in the United States. Other causes
include multinodular goiter, toxic adenoma, inflammation of the thyroid, eating
too much iodine, and too much synthetic thyroid hormone. A less common cause is
a pituitary adenoma. Neurological manifestations can include tremors, chorea,
myopathy, and in some susceptible individuals (in particular of Asian descent)
periodic paralysis. Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeball), occurs
specifically and uniquely in hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease (note
that not all exophthalmos is caused by Graves' disease, but when present with
hyperthyroidism is diagnostic of Graves' disease).
* Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease in which a portion of the
myocardium (heart muscle) is enlarged without any obvious cause, creating
functional impairment of the heart. It is the leading cause of sudden death in
young athletes. The occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a significant
cause of sudden cardiac death in any age group and a cause of disabling cardiac
symptoms. HCM is frequently asymptomatic until sudden cardiac death, and for
this reason some suggest routinely screening certain populations for this
disease. In most patients, HCM is associated with little or no disability and
normal life expectancy. A cardiomyopathy is a disease that affects the muscle of
the heart. With HCM, the myocytes (cardiac contractile cells) in the heart
increase in size, which results in the thickening of the heart muscle. In
addition, the normal alignment of muscle cells is disrupted, a phenomenon which
is known as myocardial disarray. HCM also causes disruptions of the electrical
functions of the heart.
* Hyperventilation, a state of breathing faster or deeper than normal.
* Hyperventilation, overbreathing is the state of breathing faster or deeper
than normal.
* Hypervitaminosis A causes blurred vision, softened skull bones in children,
dizziness, vomiting, liver damage, hair and skin problems. Vitamin A (also known
as retinol) is a key nutrient required for the formation and preservation of
healthy bones, skin, teeth, and soft tissues. It is also responsible for
producing certain pigments found in the eye, and aids in reproduction and
breastfeeding. If abnormally excess amounts of vitamin A builds-up in the liver,
due to sudden overdose of the substance, or through accumulation of small doses
over prolonged periods of time, it leads to a toxic condition called
Hypervitaminosis A. Most common cause of Hypervitaminosis A is through excess
supplementation or accidental overdose of vitamin A.
* Hyphema, blood in the front chamber of the eye.
* Hypocalcemia is the presence of low serum calcium levels in the blood. Common
causes of hypocalcemia include hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, and
chronic kidney disease. Symptoms of hypocalcemia include neuromuscular
irritability (including tetany or bronchospasm), electrocardiographic changes,
and seizures. The neuromuscular symptoms of hypocalcemia are due to the
decreased interaction of calcium with sodium channels. Since calcium blocks
sodium channels and inhibits depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers,
diminished calcium lowers the threshold for depolarization. Resulting symptoms
are convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany and numbness/parasthesias in hands, feet,
around mouth and lips.
* Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar, is when blood sugar decreases to
below normal levels. This may result in a variety of symptoms including
clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or
death. A feeling of hunger, sweating, shakiness, and weakness may also be
present. Symptoms typically come on quickly. The most common cause of
hypoglycemia is medications used to treat diabetes mellitus such as insulin and
sulfonylureas. Risk is greater in diabetics who have eaten less than usual,
exercised more than usual, or have drunk alcohol. Other causes of hypoglycemia
include kidney failure, certain tumors, such as insulinoma, liver disease,
hypothyroidism, starvation, inborn error of metabolism, severe infections,
reactive hypoglycemia, and a number of drugs including alcohol. Low blood sugar
may occur in babies who are otherwise healthy who have not eaten for a few
hours.
* Hypogonadism, diminished functional activity of the gonads – the testes and
ovaries in males and females, respectively – that may result in diminished sex
hormone biosynthesis and impaired gamete production and/or regulation.
* Hypokalemia, potentially fatal condition in which the body fails to retain
sufficient potassium to maintain health.
* Hyponatremia, is a low sodium level in the blood. Symptoms can vary from none
to severe. Mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think, headaches,
nausea, and poor balance. Severe symptoms include confusion, seizures, and coma.
Hyponatremia is one of the most commonly seen water–electrolyte imbalances. It
occurs in about 20% of those admitted to hospital and 10% of people during or
after an endurance sporting event. Among those in hospital hyponatremia is
associated with an increased risk of death. Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
include nausea and vomiting, headache, short-term memory loss, confusion,
lethargy, fatigue, loss of appetite, irritability, muscle weakness, spasms or
cramps, seizures, and decreased consciousness or coma.
* Hypophosphatasia is a rare, and sometimes fatal, metabolic bone disease.
Clinical symptoms are heterogeneous, ranging from the rapidly fatal, perinatal
variant, with profound skeletal hypomineralization and respiratory compromise,
to a milder, progressive osteomalacia later in life. There is a remarkable
variety of symptoms that depends, largely, on the age of the patient at initial
presentation, ranging from death in utero to relatively mild problems with
dentition in adult life. Although several clinical sub-types of the disease have
been characterized, based on the age at which skeletal lesions are discovered,
the disease is best understood as a single continuous spectrum of severity.
* Hypopituitarism, deficiency in any of the pituitary hormones production.
* Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a medical condition that involves the
under-development of the structures of the left side of the heart. The degree of
under-development can vary from baby to baby but the structures involved usually
include the following: The left ventricle —This is the large lower left-hand
chamber of the heart that pumps oxygen-rich blood out to the body. In this
syndrome, this chamber is very small and poorly developed, and therefore is
unable to provide enough blood flow to meet the body’s needs. The mitral and
aortic valves —The mitral valve is the valve that controls the amount of blood
that flows from the left atrium (the upper left-hand chamber of the heart) into
the left ventricle. The aortic valve is the valve between the left ventricle and
the aorta. In this syndrome, the valves can be narrowed or closed, hindering the
flow of oxygenated blood out to the body. The aorta —This is the largest artery
in the body. It receives the oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and
distributes it to the body. In this syndrome, the aorta is small and very
narrowed, which can block the flow of oxygenated blood out of the heart and to
the body. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome occurs in four to 16 out of every
10,000 live births, and accounts for about 8 percent of congenital heart disease
in babies. Under-development of the heart structures occurs during the first
eight weeks of pregnancy. There is often no clear reason for the development of
congenital heart defects. In some cases, there might be a genetic link or an
environmental exposure that makes the defects occur more often in some families.
In other cases, there is simply no known cause. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
occurs more often (55 percent to 70 percent) in males than females. Babies with
this syndrome tend to also have other cardiovascular and neurologic organ
defects. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome can be detected while the baby is still
in the uterus (see next question). However, once born, symptoms usually appear
within a few days after birth. Symptoms, which might vary from baby to baby,
include: Pale skin color, Blue hue to skin, lips, and nailbeds (called cyanosis)
Difficulty breathing, Difficulty feeding, Rapid heart beat, Sweaty, clammy, or
cool skin.
* Hypospadias is a birth defect of the urethra in the male where the urinary
opening is not at the usual location on the head of the penis. It is the second
most common birth abnormality in boys, affecting approximately 1 of every 250.
In approximately 90% of cases, the opening (meatus) is on or near the head of
the penis (glans), referred to as distal hypospadias, while the remainder have
proximal hypospadias with a meatus near or within the scrotum. Shiny tissue seen
extending from the meatus to the tip of the glans, which would have made the
urinary channel, is referred to as the urethral plate. In most cases the
foreskin is also underdeveloped and does not wrap completely around the penis,
leaving the underside of the glans penis uncovered. There may also be downward
bending of the penis. The scrotum may be higher than usual to either side of the
penis, adding to the abnormal overall appearance. The most common associated
defect is an undescended testicle.
* Hypotension, low blood pressure.
* Hypothermia, state in which the body's mechanism for temperature regulation is
overwhelmed in the face of a cold stressor.
* Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid, is a common
disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce
enough thyroid hormone. It can cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability
to tolerate cold, a feeling of tiredness, constipation, depression, and weight
gain. Occasionally there may be swelling of the front part of the neck due to
goitre. Untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to delays in growth
and intellectual development in the baby, which is called cretinism. Worldwide,
too little iodine in the diet is the most common cause of hypothyroidism.
Hypothyroidism is more common in women than men. People over the age of 60 are
more commonly affected. Dogs are also known to develop hypothyroidism and in
rare cases cats and horses can also have the disorder. People with
hypothyroidism often have no or only mild symptoms. Numerous symptoms and signs
are associated with hypothyroidism, and can be related to the underlying cause,
or a direct effect of having not enough thyroid hormones.
* Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived
of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. Hypoxia may be classified as
either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region of
the body. Although hypoxia is often a pathological condition, variations in
arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for
example, during hypoventilation training or strenuous physical exercise.
Generalized hypoxia occurs in healthy people when they ascend to high altitude,
where it causes altitude sickness leading to potentially fatal complications:
high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE).
Hypoxia also occurs in healthy individuals when breathing mixtures of gases with
a low oxygen content, e.g. while diving underwater especially when using
closed-circuit rebreather systems that control the amount of oxygen in the
supplied air. Hypoxia is also a serious consequence of preterm birth in the
neonate. The main cause for this is that the lungs of the human fetus are among
the last organs to develop during pregnancy.