Modern Medicine in Digital format

Treatment combo Sessions of Modern Medicine in Digital format - P

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The frequencies used in these sessions are based upon Rife sets for resonant therapy devices masked in Algorithmic piano music.

More information regarding the items in the list is given below the list.

List of Treatment combo Sessions of Modern Medicine in Digital format for problems/products available at us for just Rs. 1,000/- for any 5 sessions  from any one or multiple Treatment combo Sessions for  30 doses per session (2 times a day for 15 days) in max 15 days.

1) Pachygyria
2) Paget Disease
3) Paget Disease Of Bone
4) Pain
5) Pancreatic Diseases
6) Pancreatic Insufficiency
7) Pancreatitis
8) Panniculitis
9) Pantothenate Kinase-Neurodegeneration
10) Papillitis Optic
11) Papilloma
12) Paraganglioma
13) Paralysis
14) Paralysis Bulbar
15) Paramyxoviridae Infections
16) Paraneoplastic Syndromes-Nervous System
17) Paraproteinemias
18) Parapsoriasis
19) Parasite General-Comprehensive
20) Parathyroid Diseases
21) Paronychia
22) Paroxysmal Hemoglobinuria
23) Pellagra
24) Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
25) Pemphigus
26) Penile Diseases
27) Penile Induration
28) Peptic Ulcer
29) Pericardial Cyst
30) Pericardial Effusion
31) Pericardial Tamponade
32) Pericarditis
33) Perineurial Cysts
34) Periodontal Diseases
35) Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
36) Peripheral Vascular Diseases
37) Periphlebitis
38) Peroneal Muscular Atrophy
39) Peroxisomal Disorders
40) Perthes Disease
41) Peter Anomaly
42) Pharyngeal Diseases
43) Pharyngeal Diverticulum
44) Pharyngitis
45) Phenylketonurias
46) Phimosis
47) Phlebitis
48) Phlebotomus Fever
49) Pilonidal Sinus
50) Pituitary Diseases
51) Pityriasis
52) Platelet Disorders
53) Platelet Pool Deficiency
54) Pleural Diseases
55) Pleural Effusion
56) Pleurisy
57) Pneumonia
58) Pneumothorax
59) POEMS Syndrome
60) Poland Syndrome
61) Poliodystrophia Cerebri
62) Poliomyelitis
63) Polyarteritis Nodosa
64) Polychondritis Relapsing
65) Polycystic Kidney Diseases
66) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
67) Polyendocrinopathies Autoimmune
68) Polyhydramnios
69) Polymyalgia Rheumatica
70) Polymyositis
71) Polyneuropathies
72) Polyomavirus Infections
73) Polyradiculoneuropathy Acute Inflammatory
74) Polyradiculopathy
75) Popliteal Cyst
76) Porphyria Erythropoietic
77) Porphyrias
78) Post-Cosmetic Reconstruction
79) Proctocolitis
80) Prognathism
81) Progressive Intracranial Occlusive Arteriopathy
82) Progressive Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia
83) Prostate–Enlarged
84) Prostatic Diseases
85) Prosthesis Implantation
86) Prosthodontics
87) Proteinuria
88) Proteus Syndrome
89) Protozoan Infections
90) Pruritus
91) Pruritus Vulvae
92) Pseudomelia
93) Pseudomonas Infections
94) Pseudosclerosis
95) Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
96) Psoriasis
97) Pterygium
98) Ptosis Eyelid
99) Puerperal Disorders
100) Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
101) Pulmonary Atresia
102) Pulmonary Diseases
103) Pulmonary Edema
104) Pulmonary Embolism
105) Pulmonary Fibrosis
106) Pulmonary Hypertension
107) Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
108) Pupil Disorders
109) Purpura
110) Purpura Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
111) Purpura-Thrombocytopenic
112) Pyelonephritis

* Pachygyria is a developmental condition due to abnormal migration of nerve cells (neurons) in the developing brain and nervous system. With pachygyria, there are few gyri (the ridges between the wrinkles in the brain), and they are usually broad and flat. The condition is also known as incomplete lissencephaly. Pachygyria may occur alone (isolated) or as part of various underlying syndromes. Symptoms vary among affected people and may include moderate to severe developmental delay, seizures, poor muscle tone and control, feeding or swallowing difficulties, and small head size (microcephaly).

* Paget disease of bone, another set. See above Osteitis deformans.

* Paget's disease of the breast is a type of cancer that outwardly may have the appearance of eczema, with skin changes involving the nipple of the breast. The condition is an uncommon disease accounting for 1 to 4.3% of all breast cancers. The condition in itself often appears innocuous, limited to a surface appearance and it is sometimes dismissed, although actually indicative of underlying breast cancer. Paget's disease of the breast can affect the nipple and areola. Symptoms typically only affect one breast. Symptoms may include: Skin. The first symptom is usually an eczema-like rash. The skin of the nipple and areola may be red, itchy and inflamed. After a period of time, the skin may become flaky or scaly. Discharge. A discharge, which may be straw-colored or bloody, may ooze from the area. Sensation. Some women have a burning sensation. These symptoms usually occur in more advanced stages, when serious destruction of the skin often prompts the patient to consult. Lumps or masses in the breast occur in 50% of the patients. In more advanced stages, the disease may cause tingling, increased sensitivity and pain. Nipple changes. The nipple may turn inwards (be inverted). Breast changes. There may or may not be a lump in the breast, and there may be redness, oozing and crusting, and a sore that does not heal. The symptoms usually affect the nipple and then spread to the areola and then the breast. It is common for the symptoms to wax and wane.

* Pancreatic insufficiency is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. Pancreatic insufficiency is found in humans afflicted with cystic fibrosis and Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome, and is common in dogs. It is caused by a progressive loss of the pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes; loss of digestive enzymes leads to maldigestion and malabsorption of nutrients from normal digestive processes. Loss of Pancreatic enzymes leads to maldigestions and malabsorption which may lead to: Steatorrhea, weight loss, fatigue, flatulence and abdominal distention(bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed food), edema (hypoalbuminemia), anemia (B-12, Iron, folic acid deficiency), bleeding disorders (vitamin K malabsorption), Metabolic bone disease (Vitamin D deficiency), neurologic manifestation, and hypocalcemia.

* Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes. There are two main types, acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting. The pain often goes into the back and is usually severe. In acute pancreatitis a fever may occur and symptoms typically resolve in a few days. In chronic pancreatitis weight loss, fatty stool, and diarrhea may occur. Complications may include infection, bleeding, diabetes mellitus, or problems with other organs. The most common symptoms of pancreatitis are severe upper abdominal or left upper quadrant burning pain radiating to the back, nausea, and vomiting that is worse with eating. Blood pressure may be elevated by pain or decreased by dehydration or bleeding. Heart and respiratory rates are often elevated. The abdomen is usually tender but to a lesser degree than the pain itself. As is common in abdominal disease, bowel sounds may be reduced from reflex bowel paralysis. Fever or jaundice may be present. Chronic pancreatitis can lead to diabetes or pancreatic cancer. Unexplained weight loss may occur from a lack of pancreatic enzymes hindering digestion.

* Panniculitis, inflammation of the subcutaneous fat.

* Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a degenerative disease of the brain that can lead to parkinsonism, dystonia, dementia, and ultimately death. Neurodegeneration in PKAN is accompanied by an excess of iron that progressively builds up in the brain. Symptoms typically begin in childhood and are progressive, often resulting in death by early adulthood. Symptoms of PKAN begin before middle childhood, and most often are noticed before ten years of age. Symptoms include: Dystonia (repetitive uncontrollable muscle contractions that may cause jerking or twisting of certain muscle groups). Dysphagia & dysarthria due to muscle groups involved in speech being involved. Rigidity/stiffness of limbs. Tremor. Writhing movements. Dementia. Spasticity. Weakness. Seizures (rare). Toe walking. Retinitis pigmentosa, another degenerative disease that affects the individual’s retina, often causing alteration of retinal color and progressive deterioration of the retina at first causing night blindness and later resulting in a complete loss of vision. 25% of individuals experience an uncharacteristic form of PKAN that develops post-10 years of age and follows a slower, more gradual pace of deterioration than those pre-10 years of age. These individuals face significant speech deficits as well as psychiatric and behavioral disturbances. Being a progressive, degenerative nerve illness, PKAN leads to early immobility and often death by early adulthood. Death occurs prematurely due to infections such as pneumonia, as the disease in itself is technically not life limiting.

* Papillitis optica, characterized by inflammation and deterioration of the portion of the optic nerve known as the optic disk.

* Papilloma, benign epithelial tumor growing exophytically (outwardly projecting) in finger-like fronds.

* Paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that may develop at various body sites (including the head, neck, thorax and abdomen). About 97% are benign and cured by surgical removal; the remaining 3% are malignant because they are able to produce distant metastases. Paragangliomas originate from cells of the orthosympathetic system, they are closely related to pheochromocytomas, which however are chromaffin-positive. Most paragangliomas are either asymptomatic or present as a painless mass. While all contain neurosecretory granules, only in 1–3% of cases is secretion of hormones such as catecholamines abundant enough to be clinically significant; in that case manifestations often resemble those of pheochromocytomas (intra-medullary paraganglioma). About 75% of paragangliomas are sporadic; the remaining 25% are hereditary (and have an increased likelihood of being multiple and of developing at an earlier age). The paragangliomas appear grossly as sharply circumscribed polypoid masses and they have a firm to rubbery consistency. They are highly vascular tumors and may have a deep red color. About 85% of paragangliomas develop in the abdomen; only 12% develop in the chest and 3% in the head and neck region (the latter are the most likely to be symptomatic). While most are single, rare multiple cases occur (usually in a hereditary syndrome).

* Paralysis bulbar is an acute or chronic disease of middle age, due to involvement of the motor nuclei of the medulla oblongata, and characterized by paralysis of the lips, tongue, larynx, and pharynx, resulting in impairment of speech, phonation, mastication, and deglutition. Paralysis bulbar is more frequent in men than in women. It may be due to hemorrhage, embolism or softening, exposure to cold, trauma, or diphtheria. Lead-poisoning and syphilis have also been named as possible causes. Muscular atrophy is limited to the lips, tongue, palate, and muscles of the larynx, and if spinal atrophy be associated, the muscles of the neck, shoulders, or arms are involved in the process. The acute form symptoms is the onset is sudden, and may be attended by nausea and vomiting. The symptoms of the chronic form are very gradual in their development, the first noticeable feature being a difficulty in controlling the tongue and articulating sounds that depend upon it. As the disease progresses, the paralysis of the tongue becomes more pronounced; it can not be protruded, and lies on the floor of the mouth. Death usually results from exhaustion, inanition, choking, inspiration pneumonia, or circulatory disturbances.

* Paramyxoviridae is a family of viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Humans, vertebrates, and birds serve as natural hosts. There are currently 38 species in this family, divided among 7 genera. Diseases associated with this negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus family include: measles, mumps, respiratory tract infections. Transmission route is air borne particles. A number of important human diseases are caused by paramyxoviruses. These include mumps, measles, which caused around 733,000 deaths in 2000, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is the major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and children. The human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are the second most common causes of respiratory tract disease in infants and children. There are four types of HPIVs, known as HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3 and HPIV-4. HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 may cause cold-like symptoms, along with croup in children. HPIV-3 is associated with bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. HPIV-4 is less common than the other types, and is known to cause mild to severe respiratory tract illnesses. Paramyxoviruses are also responsible for a range of diseases in other animal species, for example canine distemper virus (dogs), phocine distemper virus (seals), cetacean morbillivirus (dolphins and porpoises), Newcastle disease virus (birds), and rinderpest virus (cattle). Some paramyxoviruses such as the henipaviruses are zoonotic pathogens, occurring naturally in an animal host, but also able to infect humans. Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) in the genus Henipavirus have emerged in humans and livestock in Australia and Southeast Asia. Both viruses are contagious, highly virulent, and capable of infecting a number of mammalian species and causing potentially fatal disease. Due to the lack of a licensed vaccine or antiviral therapies, HeV and NiV are designated as biosafety level (BSL) 4 agents. The genomic structure of both viruses is that of a typical paramyxovirus.

* Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system, disease or symptom that is the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body, but is not due to the local presence of cancer cells.

* Paraproteinemias, presence in the blood of large amounts of any abnormal protein involved in the immune system.

* Parapsoriasis refers to one of a group of skin disorders that are characterized primarily by their resemblance to psoriasis (red, scaly lesions), rather than by their underlying etiology. Neoplasms can develop from parapsoriasis. For example, it can develop into cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The parapsoriasis groups, described and debated for nearly a century, has spawned a confusing nomenclature. There are some authors who prefer to limit the term "parapsoriasis" to large- and small-plaque variants only. However, the following classification scheme is now generally accepted: Large-plaque parapsoriasis. Small-plaque parapsoriasis. Pityriasis lichenoides: Pityriasis lichenoides chronica, Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta. Lymphomatoid papulosis.

* Parathyroid diseases, cause of hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism.

* Paronychia is a soft tissue infection around a fingernail. It is from injury to the area, such as biting off or picking a hangnail or from trimming or pushing back the cuticle.

* Paroxysmal hemoglobinuria is a condition characterized by the recurrence of hemoglobinuria, the presence of free hemoglobin in the urine, which may make the urine look dark, caused by intravascular hemolysis, the rupture of erythrocytes with release of hemoglobin into the plasma. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.

* Pellagra is a nutritional wasting illness caused by a deficiency of niacin (Vitamin B3) and tryptopan, in the body. Niacin plays an important part in cell respiration, where both nutrients and oxygen are absorbed by the body for the storage and production of energy. Niacin can be found in yeast, meat, fish, liver, breads, legumes and whole grain cereals. An adult requires at least 15 - 20mg of niacin daily. Tryptopan, meanwhile, is an essential amino acid that can also be found in meat, fish, poultry, fish, eggs and some dairy products, like milk. Pellagra is prevalent among regions whose primary food source is untreated maize, which is a poor source of niacin and tryptopan. Areas in rural South America, whose staple food is corn, and Africa, with its cases of malnutrition, are examples of these places. Pellagra is also seen in regions where sorghum, or millet is a staple in the diet. This type of grain contains large amounts of leucine, which prevent tryptophan from metabolizing, which in turn interferes with the synthesis of niacin in the body. Some accompanying symptoms are: diarrhea, dermatitis (a scaly skin rash), dementia, and if left untreated, death. Symptoms of the disease are more pronounced in adults than they are in infants and very young children. Other symptoms of Pellagra include a high sensitivity when exposed to sunlight; irritability and aggression; red skin lesions and rashes; mouth ulcers; poor appetite, nausea and vomiting; restlessness, anxiety and insomnia; tremors, delusions and mental confusion; seizures; weakness; ataxia (a balance disorder); headaches; depression; stupor, and glossitis (a tongue infection accompanied by inflamation).

* Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. Signs and symptoms, when present may include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever, burning with urination, pain with sex, irregular menstruation, cerrvical motion tenderness, new or different discharge, uterine tenderness, or adnexal tenderness may be noted. Other complications include endometritis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic peritonitis, periappendicitis, and perihepatitis. A number of other causes may produce similar symptoms including appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, hemorrhagic or ruptured ovarian cysts, ovarian torsion, and endometriosis and gastroenteritis, peritonitis, and bacterial vaginosis among others. Pelvic inflammatory disease is more likely to reoccur when there is a prior history of the infection, recent sexual contact, recent onset of menses, or an IUD (intrauterine device) in place or if the partner has a sexually transmitted infection. PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive system, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy (the leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths in adult females), and other complications of pregnancy. Occasionally, the infection can spread to in the peritoneum causing inflammation and the formation of scar tissue on the external surface of the liver (Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome).

* Pemphigus is a group of rare autoimmune diseases that cause blistering of the skin and mucous membranes (mouth, nose, throat, eyes, and genitals). Some forms of the disease, including the most common form, may be fatal if left untreated. Normally, our immune system produces antibodies that attack viruses and harmful bacteria to keep us healthy. In people with pemphigus, however, the immune system mistakenly attacks the cells in the epidermis, or top layer of the skin, and the mucous membranes. The immune system produces antibodies against proteins in the skin known as desmogleins. These proteins form the glue that keeps skin cells attached and the skin intact. When desmogleins are attacked, skin cells separate from each other and fluid can collect between the layers of skin, forming blisters that do not heal. In some cases, these blisters can cover a large area of skin. It is unclear what triggers the disease, although it appears that some people have a genetic susceptibility.

* Penile induration, medical condition that produces a bent penis during erection.

* Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), also known as a peptic ulcer or stomach ulcer, is a break in the lining of the stomach, first part of the small intestine, or occasionally the lower esophagus.

* Pericardial cysts are an uncommon benign congenital anomaly of the anterior and middle mediastinum. In their vast majority pericardial cysts are caused by congenital abnormalities. The cyst wall is composed of connective tissue and a single layer of mesothelial cells, and usually contains clear fluid.They are preferentially found in the right anterior cardiophrenic angle, but can be found almost anywhere adjacent to the heart. They occur more commonly on the right side. Most patients have no symptoms. A small number of patients may have chest tightness, chest expansion, chest pain or ascites, edema of the body. If the cyst is too large, they can have shortness of breath, coughing, occasional palpitations, paroxysmal tachycardia or difficulty swallowing. Life-threatening emergencies such as cardiac tamponade, obstruction of right main stem bronchus, and sudden death may occur. A few pericardial cysts resolve spontaneously, likely from rupture into the pleural space. When the cyst is located in the anterior mediastinum, just before the heart, it can produce symptoms of oppression, shortness of breath, fatigue and chest pain.

* Pericardial effusion ("fluid around the heart") is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. Because of the limited amount of space in the pericardial cavity, fluid accumulation leads to an increased intrapericardial pressure which can negatively affect heart function. A pericardial effusion with enough pressure to adversely affect heart function is called cardiac tamponade. Pericardial effusion usually results from a disturbed equilibrium between the production and re-absorption of pericardial fluid, or from a structural abnormality that allows fluid to enter the pericardial cavity. Normal levels of pericardial fluid are from 15 to 50 mL. Chest pain or pressure are common symptoms. A small effusion may be asymptomatic. Larger effusions may cause cardiac tamponade, a life-threatening complication; signs of impending tamponade include dyspnea, low blood pressure, and distant heart sounds. The so-called "water-bottle heart" is a radiographic sign of pericardial effusion, in which the cardiopericardial silhouette is enlarged and assumes the shape of a flask or water bottle. It can be associated with dullness to percussion over the left subscapular area due to compression of the left lung base. This phenomenon is known as Ewart's sign. Possible causes may include: Pericarditis. Long term usage of cabergoline ingredient (dopamine agonists). Viral infection (coxsackie virus). Infection including tuberculosis. Drug Eluting Stents. Inflammatory disorders, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and post myocardial infarction pericarditis (Dressler's syndrome). Cancer that has spread to the pericardium. Trichinosis. Kidney failure with excessive blood levels of urea nitrogen. Minoxidil. Hypothyroidism. Heart surgery (postpericardotomy syndrome). Clogged Chest tube after heart surgery, leading to retained blood complications.

* Pericardial tamponade, also known as Cardiac tamponade, is when fluid in the pericardium (the sac around the heart) builds up and results in compression of the heart. Onset may be rapid or more gradual. Symptoms typically include those of cardiogenic shock including shortness of breath, weakness, lightheadedness, and cough. Other symptoms may relate to the underlying cause. Common causes include cancer, kidney failure, chest trauma, and pericarditis. Other causes include connective tissue diseases, hypothyroidism, aortic rupture, and following cardiac surgery. In Africa, tuberculosis is a relatively common cause. Onset may be rapid or more gradual. Symptoms typically include those of cardiogenic shock including shortness of breath, weakness, lightheadedness, and cough. Other symptoms may relate to the underlying cause. Cardiac tamponade is caused by a large or uncontrolled pericardial effusion, i.e. the buildup of fluid inside the pericardium. This commonly occurs as a result of chest trauma (both blunt and penetrating), but can also be caused by myocardial rupture, cancer, uremia, pericarditis, or cardiac surgery, and rarely occurs during retrograde aortic dissection, or while the person is taking anticoagulant therapy. The effusion can occur rapidly (as in the case of trauma or myocardial rupture), or over a more gradual period of time (as in cancer). The fluid involved is often blood, but pus is also found in some circumstances. Causes of increased pericardial effusion include hypothyroidism, physical trauma (either penetrating trauma involving the pericardium or blunt chest trauma), pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium), iatrogenic trauma (during an invasive procedure), and myocardial rupture. The outer layer of the heart is made of fibrous tissue which does not easily stretch, so once fluid begins to enter the pericardial space, pressure starts to increase. If fluid continues to accumulate, each successive diastolic period leads to less blood entering the ventricles. Eventually, increasing pressure on the heart forces the septum to bend in towards the left ventricle, leading to a decrease in stroke volume. This causes the development of obstructive shock, which if left untreated may lead to cardiac arrest (often presenting as pulseless electrical activity).

* Pericarditis, inflammation of the pericardium -around the heart.

* Perineurial cysts, also known as Tarlov cysts, are type II innervated meningeal cysts, cerebrospinal-fluid-filled (CSF) sacs most frequently located in the spinal canal of the S1-to-S5 region of the spinal cord (much less often in the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spine), and can be distinguished from other meningeal cysts by their nerve-fiber-filled walls. Tarlov cysts are defined as cysts formed within the nerve-root sheath at the dorsal root ganglion. Since Tarlov cysts are cysts of the spinal meninges, symptomatic Tarlov cysts by definition cause myelopathy. Common symptoms specific to sacral Tarlov cysts are: Back pain, perineal pain, secondary Sciatica, secondary piriformis muscle dysfunction with tertiary sciatica, Cauda equina syndrome, neurogenic claudication (pain caused by walking), neurogenic bladder, dysuria, urinary incontinence, coccygodynia, sacral radiculopathy, radicular pain, headaches, retrograde ejaculation, paresthesia, hypesthesia, secondary pelvic floor dysfunction, vaginismus, motor disorders in lower limbs and the genital, perineal, or lumbosacral areas, sacral or buttocks pain, vaginal or penile paraesthesia, sensory changes over buttocks, perineal area, and lower extremity; difficulty walking; severe lower abdominal pain, bowel dysfunction, intestinal motility disorders like constipation or bowel incontinence.

* Periodontal diseases, infections of the gums and bone that surround and support the teeth.

* Peripheral nervous system diseases, affect the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord.

* Peripheral vascular disorders, obstruction of large arteries other than the coronary, aortic arch vasculature, or brain.

* Periphlebitis, inflammation of tissues around a vein, or of the external coat of a vein.

* Pernicious anemia is a type of Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, a disease in which not enough red blood cells are present due to a lack of vitamin B12. The most common initial symptom is feeling tired. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, pale skin, chest pain, numbness in the hands and feet, poor balance, a smooth, red tongue, poor reflexes, and confusion. If treatment is not provided, some of these problems may become permanent. Although pernicious anemia technically refers to cases resulting from not enough intrinsic factor, it is often used to describe all cases of anemia due to not enough vitamin B12. Lack of intrinsic factor is most commonly due to an autoimmune attack on the cells that make it in the stomach. It can also occur following the surgical removal of part of the stomach or from an inherited disorder. Intrinsic factor (IF), also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) later on in the small intestine. In pernicious anemia, which is usually an autoimmune disease, autoantibodies directed against intrinsic factor or parietal cells themselves lead to an intrinsic factor deficiency, malabsorption of vitamin B12, and subsequent megaloblastic anemia. Atrophic gastritis can also cause intrinsic factor deficiency and anemia through damage to the parietal cells of the stomach wall. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency can interfere with normal dissociation of vitamin B12 from its binding proteins in the small intestine, preventing its absorption via the intrinsic factor complex. Other risk factors contributing to pernicious anemia are anything that damages or removes a portion of the stomach's parietal cells, including bariatric surgery, gastric tumors, gastric ulcers, and excessive consumption of alcohol. Mutations in the GIF gene are responsible for a rare inheritable disease called intrinsic factor deficiency which results in malabsorption of vitamin B12. Other causes of low vitamin B12 include a poor diet, celiac disease, and a tapeworm infection. When suspected, diagnosis is made by blood and, occasionally, bone marrow tests. Blood tests may show fewer but larger red blood cells, low numbers of young red blood cells, low levels of vitamin B12, and antibodies to intrinsic factor. Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition. It more commonly affects people of northern European descent. Women are more commonly affected than men.

* Peroneal muscular atrophy, group of inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system characterised by progressive loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation across various parts of the body.

* Peroxisomal disorders, caused by defects in peroxisome functions.

* Perthes disease is a childhood hip disorder initiated by a disruption of blood flow to the ball of the femur called the femoral head. Due to the lack of blood flow, the bone dies (osteonecrosis or avascular necrosis) and stops growing. Over time, healing occurs by new blood vessels infiltrating the dead bone and removing the necrotic bone which leads to a loss of bone mass and a weakening of the femoral head. The bone loss leads to some degree of collapse and deformity of the femoral head and sometimes secondary changes to the shape of the hip socket. It is also referred to as idiopathic avascular osteonecrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis of the femoral head since the cause of the interruption of the blood supply of the head of the femur in the hip joint is unknown. The main long-term problem with this condition is that it can produce a permanent deformity of the femoral head, which increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis in adults. Perthes is a form of osteochondritis which only affects the hip, although other forms of osteochondritis can affect elbows, knees, ankles, and feet. Bilateral Perthes, which means both hips are affected, should always be investigated thoroughly to rule out multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.

* Peter's Anomaly, abnormality of ocular development which causes corneal opacity.

* Pharingeal diseases. Pain in the throat/ (sore throat) is a very common phenomenon. Like this, there are many other common symptoms prevails which are caused by various pharyngeal diseases. Common symptoms of of pharyngeal diseases are the following: Pain in the throat/ sore throat. (Tonsillitis, pharyngitis, quinsy, ulcer, tumours). Pain in the EAR (Referred otalgia) (tonsillitis, pharyngitis, quinsy, post tonsillectomy). Trismus (due to quinsy or extension of tumours to pterygoid muscles). Dysphagia: Three types of dysphagia exists. a. True dysphagia: real difficulty in swallowing food, resulting in food coming back, slow eating, loss of weight, food sticks in the throat. (Carcinoma oesophagus, stricture oesophagus). b. Feeling of lump in the throat due to spasms of cricopharyngeus secondary to stress, acid reflux, pharyngeal pouch, pressure from big thyroid, cervical osteophytes or an early synmptom of throat cancer. c. Odynophagia (painful deglutition). Regurgitation of recently eaten food (Pharyngeal pouch, achalasia)Muffled speech (quinsy, retropharyngeal abscess, acute epiglottitis). Nasal speech (nasopharyngeal mass). Neck lumps (any metastatic neck nodes).

* Pharyngeal diverticulum, also pharyngeal pouch, also hypopharyngeal diverticulum, and Zenker's diverticulum, is a diverticulum of the mucosa of the pharynx, just above the cricopharyngeal muscle (i.e. above the upper sphincter of the esophagus). It is a pseudo diverticulum (not involving all layers of the esophageal wall). In simple words, when there is excessive pressure within the lower pharynx, the weakest portion of the pharyngeal wall balloons out, forming a diverticulum which may reach several centimetres in diameter. While it may be asymptomatic, Zenker diverticulum can present with the following symptoms: Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), and sense of a lump in the throat. Food might get trapped in the outpouching, leading to: Regurgitation, reappearance of ingested food in the mouth. Cough, due to food regurgitated into the airway. Halitosis, smelly breath, as stagnant food is digested by microorganisms. Infection. It rarely, if ever, causes any pain. Zenker's diverticulum mainly affects older adults. It has an incidence of 2 per 100,000 per year in the UK, but there is significant geographical variation around the world.

* Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism that results in decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. Untreated PKU can lead to intellectual disability, seizures, behavioral problems, and mental disorder. It may also result in a musty smell and lighter skin. The damage done to the brain if PKU is untreated during the first months of life is not reversible. It is critical to control the diet of infants with PKU very carefully so that the brain has an opportunity to develop normally. Affected children who are detected at birth and treated are much less likely to develop neurological problems or have seizures and intellectual disability.

* Phimosis, non-retractability of either the foreskin of the penis or the clitoral hood.

* Phlebitis or venitis is the inflammation of a vein, usually in the legs. It most commonly occurs in superficial veins. Phlebitis often occurs in conjunction with thrombosis and is then called thrombophlebitis or superficial thrombophlebitis. Unlike deep vein thrombosis, the probability that superficial thrombophlebitis will cause a clot to break up and be transported in pieces to the lung is very low. Signs and symptoms include: Localized redness and swelling. Pain or burning along the length of the vein. Vein being hard and cord-like. Phlebitis is typically caused by local trauma to a vein, usually from the insertion of an intravenous catheter. However, it can also occur due to a complication of connective tissue disorders such as lupus, or of pancreatic, breast, or ovarian cancers. Phlebitis can also result from certain medications and drugs that irritate the veins, such as desomorphine. Superficial phlebitis often presents as an early sign in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), a vasculitis that affects small and medium-sized arteries and veins in distal extremities often associated with cigarette smoking.

* Phlebotomus fever is a vector-borne febrile arboviral infection caused by three serotypes of Phlebovirus. It occurs in the subtropical zone of the Eastern Hemisphere between 20°N and 45°N, particularly in Southern Europe, North Africa, the Balkans, Eastern Mediterranean, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and India. The disease is transmitted by the bites of phlebotomine sandflies of the Genus Phlebotomus, in particular, Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi. The sandfly becomes infected when biting an infected human in the period between 48 hours before the onset of fever and 24 hours after the end of the fever, and remains infected for its lifetime. Besides this «horizontal» virus transmission from man to sandfly, the virus can be transmitted in insects transovarially, from an infected female sandfly to its offspring. A few days after the infective bite, a feeling of lassitude, abdominal distress and chills develop followed by fever of 39 °C to 40 °C, severe frontal headaches, muscle and joint aches, flushing of the face and a fast heart rate. After two days the fever begins to subside and the temperature returns to normal. Fatigue, a slow heart rate and low blood pressure may persist from few days to several weeks but complete recovery is the rule.

* Pilonidal sinus, is a cyst or abscess near or on the natal cleft of the buttocks that often contains hair and skin debris.

* Pityriasis refers to any of various skin diseases of humans and animals, characterized by epidermal shedding of flaky scales.

* Platelet disorders. Platelets are a natural source of growth factors. Platelets are involved in stopping bleeding and subsequent formation of blood cloths.

* Platelet pool deficiency, a type of coagulopathy characterized by defects in the granules in platelets.

* Pleural disease is a generic term for a number of conditions that can impact the pleura – the membrane that covers both the outside of the lungs and that lines the chest cavity wall. Pleural mesothelioma is a lethal form of pleural disease, but it is only one example. It is caused by the presence of asbestos fibers embedded in the pleural membranes, which eventually cause the development of abnormal cells. Pleural Effusion is a relatively common medical condition, estimated to be diagnosed up to one million times annually in the United States. It is the accumulation of excessive fluid in the chest cavity, specifically the area between the pleura, which puts pressure on the lungs causing chest pain and reduced breathing capacity. It can be caused by a thickened or inflamed pleura or by the development of other diseases such as congestive heart failure, mesothelioma, pneumonia, a pulmonary embolism or cirrhosis. Pneumothorax is the accumulation of air in the pleural cavity, generally caused by trauma or some sort of respiratory failure that allows leakage of air into the chest. Pleural plaques are fibrous, benign tumors that develop on the pleura, often caused by the presence of asbestos. Over time these fibrous growths calcify. While it is possible for people who develop this condition to later develop mesothelioma cancer, in many cases pleural plaques go unnoticed. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the pleura most often brought on by an infection. When the inflamed and thickened membranes rub together as the lungs expand it can be a very painful condition. Pleural effusion is by far the most common pleural affliction. For some people this condition at least initially, is asymptomatic. However it is often a symptom of its own, and as it worsens can manifest several additional conditions. A dry, persistent cough may develop along with shortness of breath, caused by the pressure on the lungs. If there is congestive heart failure or a thickening pleura caused by mesothelioma, those conditions may contribute to the breathing difficulty as well.

* Pleural effusion is a collection of fluid next to the lung. There are various causes. The effusion may cause you to become breathless. A pleural effusion means that there is a build-up of fluid between a lung and the chest wall. The pleura is a thin membrane that lines the inside of the chest wall and covers the lungs. There is normally a tiny amount of fluid between the two layers of pleura. This acts like lubricating oil between the lungs and the chest wall as they move when you breathe. A pleural effusion develops when this fluid builds up and separates the lung from the chest wall. Common causes of a pleural effusion: Lung infection (pneumonia), tuberculosis, and cancers may cause inflammation of the lung and pleura. This may cause fluid to build up into a pleural effusion. Some arthritic conditions may cause inflammation of the pleura in addition to joint inflammation. For example, pleural effusion is an uncommon complication of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE). Heart failure causes 'back pressure' in the veins (blood vessels) that take blood back to the heart. Some fluid may seep out of the blood vessels. Swelling of the legs with fluid is typical with heart failure, but a pleural effusion may also develop. A low level of protein in the blood also tends to allow fluid to seep out of the blood vessels. For example, cirrhosis of the liver and some kidney diseases may cause a low level of blood protein which allows a pleural effusion to develop. Chest pain is a common symptom though a pleural effusion is often painless. The amount of fluid varies. As the effusion becomes larger, it presses on the lung, which cannot expand fully when you breathe. You may then become breathless. You may also have symptoms of the condition that is causing the effusion. There is a large range of other symptoms that may occur, depending on the underlying cause. One example is you may have a cough and a high temperature (fever) if the cause is lung infection (pneumonia).

* Pleural empyema, also known as pyothorax or purulent pleuritis, is empyema (an accumulation of pus) in the pleural cavity that can develop when bacteria invade the pleural space, usually in the context of a pneumonia. It is one of various kinds of pleural effusion. There are three stages: exudative, when there is an increase in pleural fluid with or without the presence of pus; fibrinopurulent, when fibrous septa form localized pus pockets; and the final organizing stage, when there is scarring of the pleura membranes with possible inability of the lung to expand. Simple pleural effusions occur in up to 40% of bacterial pneumonias. Most cases present themselves in the setting of a pneumonia, although up to one third of patients do not have clinical signs of pneumonia and as many as 25% of cases are associated with trauma (including surgery). Typical symptoms include cough, chest pain, shortness of breath and fever.

* Pleurisy, inflammation of the pleura, the lining surrounding the lungs.

* Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space that causes an uncoupling of the lung from the chest wall. Symptoms typically include sudden onset of sharp, one sided, chest pain and shortness of breath. In a minority of cases the amount of air in the chest increases when a one-way valve is formed by an area of damaged tissue, leading to a tension pneumothorax. This condition can cause a steadily worsening oxygen shortage and low blood pressure. Unless reversed by effective treatment, it can result in death. Very rarely both lungs may be affected by a pneumothorax. A primary pneumothorax is one that occurs without an apparent cause and in the absence of significant lung disease, while a secondary pneumothorax occurs in the presence of existing lung disease. Smoking increases the risk as do lung diseases including COPD, asthma, and tuberculosis. A pneumothorax can also be caused by physical trauma to the chest (including a blast injury), or as a complication of a healthcare intervention. The symptoms of pneumothorax can be vague and inconclusive, especially in those with a small collapsed area. In contrast, tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency which may present symptoms such as severe hypoxia, very low blood pressure, or an impaired level of consciousness.

* POEMS syndrome is an extremely rare multisystem disorder. POEMS is an acronym that stands for (P)olyneuropathy, disease affecting many nerves; (O)rganomegaly, abnormal enlargement of an organ; (E)ndocrinopathy, disease affecting certain hormone-producing glands that help to regulate sexual function, and certain metabolic functions; (M)onoclonal gammopathy or M proteins; and (S)kin abnormalities. Common symptoms include progressive weakness of the nerves in the legs and arms, an abnormally enlarged liver and/or spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), enlarged lymph nodes, abnormally darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation), thickening of the skin and excessive hair growth (hypertrichosis). Endocrine abnormalities such as failure of the ovaries and testes (gonads) to function properly (primary gonadal failure) and diabetes mellitus may be present. Specific endocrine abnormalities associated with POEMS syndrome vary from case to case. Other important features of the disease include swelling around the optic nerve (papilledema), abnormal fluid retention, which may occur in the ankles (edema), the abdominal cavity (ascites), or around the lungs (pleural effusions), painless scars on bone x-ray (osteosclerosis), and an elevated platelet count (a blood cell responsible for clotting). Some patients may also have abnormalities in the lung function tests, which may not be noticed because of their inability to walk well due to their neuropathy.

* Poland syndrome is a disorder in which affected individuals are born with missing or underdeveloped muscles on one side of the body, resulting in abnormalities that can affect the chest, shoulder, arm, and hand. The extent and severity of the abnormalities vary among affected individuals. Mild cases of Poland syndrome without hand involvement may not be evident until puberty, when the differences (asymmetry) between the two sides of the chest become more apparent. By contrast, severely affected individuals have abnormalities of the chest, hand, or both that are apparent at birth. In rare cases, severely affected individuals have abnormalities of internal organs such as a lung or a kidney, or the heart is abnormally located in the right side of the chest (dextrocardia). Rarely, chest and hand abnormalities resembling those of Poland syndrome occur on both sides of the body, but researchers disagree as to whether this condition is a variant of Poland syndrome or a different disorder.

* Poliodystrophia cerebri or Alpers' disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the central nervous system that occurs mostly in infants and children. First signs of the disease, which include intractable seizures and failure to meet meaningful developmental milestones, usually occur in infancy, after the first year of life, but sometimes as late as the fifth year. Primary symptoms of the disease are developmental delay, progressive intellectual disability, hypotonia (low muscle tone), spasticity (stiffness of the limbs) possibly leading to quadriplegia, and progressive dementia. Seizures may include epilepsia partialis continua, a type of seizure that consists of repeated myoclonic (muscle) jerks. Optic atrophy may also occur, often leading to blindness. Deafness may also occur. And, although physical signs of chronic liver dysfunction may not be present, many patients suffer liver impairment leading to liver failure. Pathologically, there is status spongiosus of the cerebral grey matter. Alpers' disease is caused by an underlying mitochondrial metabolic defect of POLG gene.

* Polyarteritis nodosa, autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the small and medium arteries of the body.

* Polychondritis relapsing is a rare disease in which cartilage in many areas of the body becomes inflamed. Cartilages that may develop inflammation at various times include nose, ears, joints, windpipe and spine. The heart, blood vessels and eye that all have a biochemical composition that is similar to cartilage, may also be affected. Note that early involvement of the throat is usually severe and can be life threatening. An emergency tracheostomy may be needed due to obstruction of the airway. Inflammation of the joints is known as arthritis and causes pain, stiffness of all the joints in the knees, hands, wrist, ankles as well as feet. With the eye inflammation, it can either be mild to severe and may damage the vision. Cataracts may be triggered by the inflammation. Other areas of tissues that may develop inflammation can include the aorta (leads to aortic valve weakness or aneurysm), tissues around or in the heart (leads to myocarditis and pericarditis), and the skin and the nerves from the brain, (leads to cranial nerve palsies). The cause is not known, and it occurs most often in people in their 50s or 60s.

* Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder in which abnormal cysts develop and grow in the kidneys. Cystic disorders can express themselves at any point, infancy, childhood, or adulthood. The disease occurs in humans and some other animals. PKD is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts (hence, "polycystic") typically in both kidneys; however, 17% of cases initially present with observable disease in one kidney, with most cases progressing to bilateral disease in adulthood. Signs and symptoms include high blood pressure, headaches, abdominal pain, blood in the urine, and excessive urination. Other symptoms include pain in the back, and cyst formation (renal and other organs).

* Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a set of symptoms due to elevated androgens (male hormones) in women. Signs and symptoms of PCOS include irregular or no menstrual periods, heavy periods, excess body and facial hair, acne, pelvic pain, difficulty getting pregnant, and patches of thick, darker, velvety skin. Associated conditions include type 2 diabetes, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, heart disease, mood disorders, and endometrial cancer.

* Polyendocrinopathies autoimmune or autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterised by autoimmune activity against more than one endocrine organs, although non-endocrine organs can be affected. There are three "autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes", and a number of other diseases which have endocrine autoimmunity as one of their features.

* Polyhydramnios is the excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid — the fluid that surrounds the baby in the uterus during pregnancy. Polyhydramnios occurs in about 1 percent of pregnancies. Most cases of polyhydramnios are mild and result from a gradual buildup of amniotic fluid during the second half of pregnancy. Severe polyhydramnios may cause shortness of breath, preterm labor, or other signs and symptoms.

* Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a syndrome with pain or stiffness, usually in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips, but which may occur all over the body. The pain can be very sudden, or can occur gradually over a period. Most people with PMR wake up in the morning with pain in their muscles; however, cases have occurred in which the person has developed the pain during the evenings or has pain and stiffness all day long.

* Polymyositis, inflammatory disease that leads to muscle weakness, swelling (inflammation), tenderness, and damage.

* Polyneuropathies, simultaneous malfunction of many peripheral nerves throughout the body.

* Polyomaviridae is a family of viruses whose natural hosts are primarily mammals and birds. Most of these viruses, such as BK virus and JC virus, are very common and typically asymptomatic in most human populations studied. However, some polyomaviruses are associated with human disease, particularly in immunocompromised individuals; BK virus is associated with nephropathy in renal transplant and non-renal solid organ transplant patients, JC virus with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and Merkel cell virus with Merkel cell cancer. Some members of the family are oncoviruses, meaning they can cause tumors; they often persist as latent infections in a host without causing disease, but may produce tumors in a host of a different species, or in individuals with ineffective immune systems.

* Polyradiculoneuropathy acute inflammatory, causes progressive muscle weakness and paralysis -the complete inability to use a particular muscle or muscle group.

* Polyradiculopathy, damage to multiple nerve roots sufficient to produce neurologic symptoms and signs such as pain, weakness, and sensory loss.

* Popliteal cyst also known as a Baker's cyst, is a benign swelling of the semimembranosus or more rarely some other synovial bursa found behind the knee joint.

* Porphyria is a group of diseases in which substances called porphyrins build up, affecting the skin or nervous system. The types that affect the nervous system are also known as acute porphyria. Symptoms of acute porphyria include abdominal pain, chest pain, vomiting, confusion, constipation, fever, and seizures. These symptoms typically come and go with attacks that last for days to weeks. Attacks may be triggered by alcohol, smoking, stress, or certain medications. If the skin is affected, blisters or itching may occur with sunlight exposure. Acute porphyrias primarily affect the nervous system, resulting in episodic crises known as acute attacks. The major symptom of an acute attack is abdominal pain, often accompanied by vomiting, hypertension (elevated blood pressure), and tachycardia (an abnormally rapid heart rate). The most severe episodes may involve neurological complications: typically motor neuropathy (severe dysfunction of the peripheral nerves that innervate muscle), which leads to muscle weakness and potentially to quadriplegia (paralysis of all four limbs) and central nervous system symptoms such as seizures and coma. Occasionally, there may be short-lived psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, confusion, hallucinations, and, very rarely, overt psychosis. All these symptoms resolve once the acute attack passes. Chronic porphyrias are not associated with acute attacks; their primary manifestation is with skin disease. Skin disease is encountered where excess porphyrins accumulate in the skin. Porphyrins are photoactive molecules, and exposure to light results in promotion of electrons to higher energy levels. When these return to the resting energy level or ground state, energy is released. This accounts for the property of fluorescence typical of the porphyrins. This causes local skin damage. Two distinct patterns of skin disease are seen in porphyria, immediate photosensitivity and vesiculo-erosive skin disease.

* Portal hypertension is hypertension (high blood pressure) in the hepatic portal system, which are the portal vein and its branches, which draining from most of the intestines to the liver. Portal hypertension is defined as a hepatic venous pressure gradient equal to or greater than 6 mmHg. Cirrhosis (a form of chronic liver failure) is the most common cause of portal hypertension; other, less frequent causes are therefore grouped as non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Signs and symptoms of portal hypertension include ascites (free fluid in the peritoneal cavity). Abdominal pain or tenderness (when bacteria infect the ascites, as in Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis). Increased spleen size (Splenomegaly), which may lead to lower platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) Swollen veins of the oesophagus (Oesophageal varices), which may bleed and cause vomiting of blood (haematemesis). Swollen veins on the anterior abdominal wall (sometimes referred to as Caput medusae). Hemorrhoids (swollen or dilated hemorrhoidal veins).

* Primary ciliary dyskinesia, is a rare, ciliopathic, autosomal recessive genetic disorder that causes defects in the action of cilia lining the respiratory tract (lower and upper, sinuses, Eustachian tube, middle ear) and fallopian tube, as well as in the flagella of sperm cells. The phrase "immotile ciliary syndrome" is no longer favored as the cilia do have movement, but may be inefficient or unsynchronized. The main consequence of impaired ciliary function is reduced or absent mucus clearance from the lungs, and susceptibility to chronic recurrent respiratory infections, including sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and otitis media.

* Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a rare neuromuscular disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles. PLS belongs to a group of disorders known as motor neuron diseases. Motor neuron diseases develop when the nerve cells that control voluntary muscle movement degenerate and die, causing weakness in the muscles they control. PLS only affects upper motor neurons. There is no evidence of the degeneration of spinal motor neurons or muscle wasting (amyotrophy) that occurs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Onset of PLS usually occurs spontaneously after age 50 and progresses gradually over a number of years, or even decades. The disorder usually begins in the legs, but it may start in the tongue or the hands. Symptoms may include difficulty with balance, weakness and stiffness in the legs, and clumsiness. Other common symptoms are spasticity (involuntary muscle contraction due to the stretching of muscle. Muscle contraction is dependent on the velocity of the stretch) in the hands, feet, or legs, foot dragging, and speech and swallowing problems due to involvement of the facial muscles. Breathing may also become compromised in the later stages of the disease, causing those patients who develop ventilatory failure to require noninvasive ventilatory support. Hyperreflexia is another key feature of PLS as seen in patients presenting with the Babinski's sign. Some people present with emotional lability and bladder urgency, and occasionally people with PLS experience mild cognitive changes detectable on neuropsychological testing, particularly on measures of executive function. The issue of whether PLS exists as a different entity from ALS is not clear, as some patients initially diagnosed as having PLS ultimately develop lower motor neuron signs. Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) usually presents with gradual-onset, progressive, lower-extremity stiffness and pain due to muscle spasticity. Onset is often asymmetrical. Although the muscles do not appear to atrophy as in ALS (at least initially), the disabling aspect of PLS is muscle spasticity and cramping, and intense pain when those muscles are stretched, resulting in joint immobility. A normal walking stride may become a tiny step shuffle with related instability and falling.

* Proctocolitis is a general term for inflammation of the rectum and colon. Proctocolitis has many possible causes. Common infectious causes of proctocolitis include Chlamydia trachomatis, LGV (Lymphogranuloma Venereum), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, HSV, and Campylobacter species. It can also be idiopathic (see colitis), vascular (as in ischemic colitis), or autoimmune (as in inflammatory bowel disease).

* Prognathism, abnormal protrusion of the jaw.

* Progressive intracranial occlusive arteriopathy or Moyamoya disease is a disease in which certain arteries in the brain are constricted. Blood flow is blocked by the constriction, and also by blood clots (thrombosis). A collateral circulation develops around the blocked vessels to compensate for the blockage, but the collateral vessels are small, weak, and prone to bleeding, aneurysm and thrombosis. Moyamoya disease can be either congenital or acquired. Patients with Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia, neurofibromatosis type 1, congenital heart disease, fibromuscular dysplasia, activated protein C resistance, or head trauma can develop moyamoya malformations. It is more common in women than in men, although about a third of those affected are male. Once it begins, the vascular occlusion tends to continue despite any known medical management. In some people this leads to transient ischemic attacks or repeated strokes with severe functional impairment or even death. In others, the blockage may not cause any symptoms. The disease causes constrictions primarily in the internal carotid artery, and often extends to the middle and anterior cerebral arteries, branches of the internal carotid artery inside the skull. When the internal carotid artery becomes completely blocked, the fine collateral circulation that it supplies is obliterated. Patients often survive on the collateral circulation from the back (posterior) of the circle of Willis, arising from the basilar artery. The arterial constrictions in moyamoya disease are unlike the constrictions in atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, the walls of arteries are damaged, leading to the deposition of fat and immune cells, and ultimately the accumulation of immune cells laden with fat. In moyamoya, the inner layer of the carotid artery proliferates within the arterial lumen. The artery also fills with blood clots, which may cause strokes. The clinical features are strokes, recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), sensorimotor paralysis (numbness and paralysis of the extremities), convulsions and/or migraine-like headaches. Moreover, following a stroke, secondary bleeding may occur. Such bleeding, called hemorrhagic strokes, may also stem from rupture of the weak neovascular vessel walls.

* Progressive supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, also Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a degenerative disease involving the gradual deterioration and death of specific volumes of the brain. Males and females are affected approximately equally and there is no racial, geographical or occupational predilection. Approximately 6 people per 100,000 population have PSP. It has been described as a tauopathy. The initial symptoms in two-thirds of cases are loss of balance, lunging forward when mobilizing, fast walking, bumping into objects or people, and falls. Other common early symptoms are changes in personality, general slowing of movement, and visual symptoms. Later symptoms and signs are dementia (typically including loss of inhibition and ability to organize information), slurring of speech, difficulty swallowing, and difficulty moving the eyes, particularly in the vertical direction. The latter accounts for some of the falls experienced by these patients as they are unable to look up or down. Some of the other signs are poor eyelid function, contracture of the facial muscles, a backward tilt of the head with stiffening of the neck muscles, sleep disruption, urinary incontinence and constipation.

* Prosthodontics, also known as dental prosthetics or prosthetic dentistry, is the area of dentistry that focuses on dental prostheses. It is the dental specialty pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment planning, rehabilitation and maintenance of the oral function, comfort, appearance and health of patients with clinical conditions associated with missing or deficient teeth and/or oral and maxillofacial tissues using biocompatible substitutes. A prosthodontist is a dentist who restores optimum appearance and function to your smile. The planning and restoration of implants, treatment of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ), and rehabilitation of occlusion with prostheses all fall under the field of prosthodontics.

* Proteus syndrome is a rare condition characterized by overgrowth of the bones, skin, and other tissues. Organs and tissues affected by the disease grow out of proportion to the rest of the body. The overgrowth is usually asymmetric, which means it affects the right and left sides of the body differently. Newborns with Proteus syndrome have few or no signs of the condition. Overgrowth becomes apparent between the ages of 6 and 18 months and gets more severe with age. In people with Proteus syndrome, the pattern of overgrowth varies greatly but can affect almost any part of the body. Bones in the limbs, skull, and spine are often affected. The condition can also cause a variety of skin growths. Blood vessels (vascular tissue) and fat (adipose tissue) can also grow abnormally in Proteus syndrome. Some people with Proteus syndrome have neurological abnormalities, including intellectual disability, seizures, and vision loss. Other potential complications of Proteus syndrome include an increased risk of developing various types of noncancerous (benign) tumors and a type of blood clot called a deep venous thrombosis (DVT). DVTs occur most often in the deep veins of the legs or arms. If these clots travel through the bloodstream, they can lodge in the lungs and cause a life-threatening complication called a pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism is a common cause of death in people with Proteus syndrome.

* Protozoan infections are parasitic diseases caused by organisms formerly classified in the Kingdom Protozoa. They include organisms classified in Amoebozoa, Excavata, and Chromalveolata. Examples include Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium (some of which cause malaria), and Giardia lamblia. Trypanosoma brucei, transmitted by the tsetse fly and the cause of African sleeping sickness, is another example.

* Pruritus vulvae, itching of the external female genitalia.

* Pruritus, itching.

* Pseudomelia is the perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful.

* Pseudomonas infection refers to a disease caused by one of the species of the genus Pseudomonas. "Pseudomonas sp. KUMS3" could be considered as an opportunistic pathogen, which can survive on the fish surface or in water or in the gut and may cause disease when unfavorable conditions develop. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen, most commonly affecting immunocompromised patients, such as those with cystic fibrosis or AIDS. Infection can affect many different parts of the body, but infections typically target the respiratory tract (e.g. patients with CF or those on mechanical ventilation), causing bacterial pneumonia. In a surveillance study between 1986 and 1989, P. aeruginosa was the third leading cause of all nosocomial infections, and specifically the number one leading cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia and third leading cause of hospital-acquired UTI. P. oryzihabitans can also be a human pathogen, although infections are rare. It can cause peritonitis, endophthalmitis, septicemia and bacteremia. Similar symptoms although also very rare can be seen by infections of P. luteola. P. plecoglossicida and P. anguilliseptica are fish pathogenic species. Due to their hemolytic activity, even non-pathogenic species of Pseudomonas can occasionally become a problem in clinical settings, where they have been known to infect blood transfusions.

* Pseudosclerosis or Wilson's disease is a rare genetic condition that affects about one in 30,000 people. Wilson disease causes a person's body to store too much of the mineral copper. Many foods contain copper, and it is important for people to have a small amount of copper in the body. However, high levels of copper can damage organs in the body. In Wilson disease, copper builds up in the liver, brain, eyes and other organs. Over time, the extra copper can lead to organ damage that may cause death. Wilson disease may affect several of the body's systems. Either the liver or the brain can be harmed first, with signs as early as 4 years, or as late as 70 years of age. Symptoms of liver disease include: Jaundice, which is when the skin or the white part of the eye turns yellow. Fatigue. Loss of appetite. Swelling in the abdomen. Easy bruising.Nervous system or mental health problems can develop in children or young adults who have Wilson disease. These problems include: Clumsiness. Trembling. Difficulty walking. Problems with speech. Problems with school work. Depression. Anxiety. Mood swings. Eye changes and vision problems may also occur. These include: Kayser-Fleischer rings, which are green-to-brownish rings around the iris of the eye. Difficulties with eye movement, particularly in looking upwards. In addition, people who have Wilson disease may experience: A low level of red blood cells, which is called anemia. Low levels of white blood cells. Low levels of clotting factors called platelets. Slow clotting of blood. High levels of protein, amino acids and uric acid in the urine. Early onset of arthritis and bone loss.

* Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a progressive disorder that is characterized by the accumulation of deposits of calcium and other minerals (mineralization) in elastic fibers. Elastic fibers are a component of connective tissue, which provides strength and flexibility to structures throughout the body. In PXE, mineralization can affect elastic fibers in the skin, eyes, and blood vessels, and less frequently in other areas such as the digestive tract. People with PXE may have yellowish bumps called papules on their necks, underarms, and other areas of skin that touch when a joint bends (flexor areas). They may also have abnormalities in the eyes, such as a change in the pigmented cells of the retina (the light-sensitive layer of cells at the back of the eye) known as peau d'orange. Another eye abnormality known as angioid streaks occurs when tiny breaks form in the layer of tissue under the retina called Bruch's membrane. Bleeding and scarring of the retina may also occur, which can cause vision loss. Mineralization of the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body (arteries) may cause other signs and symptoms of PXE. For example, people with this condition can develop narrowing of the arteries (arteriosclerosis) or a condition called claudication that is characterized by cramping and pain during exercise due to decreased blood flow to the arms and legs. Rarely, bleeding from blood vessels in the digestive tract may also occur.

* Pterygium, membrane like growth in response to exposure to ultraviolet light.

* Ptosis is a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid. The drooping may be worse after being awake longer, when the individual's muscles are tired. This condition is sometimes called "lazy eye", but that term normally refers to amblyopia. If severe enough and left untreated, the drooping eyelid can cause other conditions, such as amblyopia or astigmatism. This is why it is especially important for this disorder to be treated in children at a young age, before it can interfere with vision development. Ptosis occurs due to dysfunction of the muscles that raise the eyelid or their nerve supply (oculomotor nerve for levator palpebrae superioris and sympathetic nerves for superior tarsal muscle). It can affect one eye or both eyes and is more common in the elderly, as muscles in the eyelids may begin to deteriorate. One can, however, be born with ptosis.

* Puerperal disorders, associated with the six-to-eight-week period immediately following labor and delivery.

* Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (abbreviated PAP), is a rare lung disease in which abnormal accumulation of pulmonary surfactant occurs within the alveoli, interfering with gas exchange. PAP can occur in a primary form or secondarily in the settings of malignancy (especially in myeloid leukemia), pulmonary infection, or environmental exposure to dusts or chemicals. The symptoms of PAP include: dyspnea (shortness of breath), cough, low grade fever, weight loss. The clinical course of PAP is unpredictable. Spontaneous remission is recognized; some patients have stable symptoms. Death may occur due to progression of PAP or due to the underlying disease associated with PAP. Individuals with PAP are more vulnerable to infection of the lung by bacteria or fungi. The disease is more common in males and in tobacco smokers. In a recent epidemiologic study from Japan, Autoimmune PAP has an incidence and prevalence higher than previously reported and is not strongly linked to smoking, occupational exposure, or other illnesses. Endogenous lipoid pneumonia and non-specific interstitial pneumonitis has been seen prior to the development of PAP in a child.

* Pulmonary atresia is a congenital heart defect in which the pulmonary valve of the infant is missing. The pulmonary valve regulates the flow of blood from the right ventricle in the heart to the lungs, taking blood low in oxygen and passing it on to the lungs to make it oxygen rich. In an infant born with pulmonary atresia, the pulmonary valve does not develop. Instead, a solid sheet of tissue exists where the valve should be. This effectively blocks the flow of blood. As a result of this birth defect, the infant suffers from a lack of oxygen-rich blood, which can be fatal. Noticeable symptoms in a newborn with pulmonary atresia can become evident within a few hours of birth or they may be delayed for several days, depending on the type and severity of the condition. The symptoms could include: Cyanosis or bluish gray tinged skin, lips or nails. Shortness of breath or quick breathing. Getting tired easily or being lethargic. Not feeding well or getting fatigued while nursing. Clammy and sweaty skin that is cool to the touch. A number of complications may arise from this condition. The baby will be at risk for seizures, strokes, or heart failure. The baby may also experience delayed growth and development, or infectious endocarditis. It is imperative that pulmonary atresia is identified as soon as possible for the baby to survive. If not treated the condition will prove fatal.

* Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs. It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause respiratory failure. It is due to either failure of the left ventricle of the heart to remove blood adequately from the pulmonary circulation (cardiogenic pulmonary edema), or an injury to the lung parenchyma or vasculature of the lung (noncardiogenic pulmonary edema). The symptoms for long-term pulmonary edema include: shortness of breath when being physically active, difficulty breathing when lying down, wheezing, waking up at night with a breathless feeling that goes away when you sit up, rapid weight gain, especially in the legs, swelling in the lower part of the body, fatigue. Pulmonary edema due to high altitude sickness, or not getting enough oxygen in the air, has symptoms that include: headaches, irregular, rapid heartbeats, shortness of breath after exertion and during rest, coughing, fever, difficulty walking uphill and on flat surfaces.

* Pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that occurs in the lungs. It can damage part of the lung due to restricted blood flow, decrease oxygen levels in the blood, and affect other organs as well. Large or multiple blood clots can be fatal. The blockage can be life-threatening. Blood clots can form for a variety of reasons. Pulmonary embolisms are most often caused by deep vein thrombosis, a condition in which blood clots form in veins deep in the body. The blood clots that most often cause pulmonary embolisms begin in the legs or pelvis. Symptoms of a pulmonary embolism depend on the size of the clot and where it lodges in the lung. The most common symptom of a pulmonary embolism is shortness of breath. This may be gradual or sudden. Symptoms of a PE may include shortness of breath, chest pain particularly upon breathing in, and coughing up blood. Symptoms of a blood clot in the leg may also be present such as a red, warm, swollen, and painful leg. Signs of a PE include low blood oxygen levels, rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, and sometimes a mild fever. Severe cases can lead to passing out, abnormally low blood pressure, and sudden death. Occurrence rates are similar in males and females. They become more common as people get older.

* Pulmonary fibrosis, or scarring of the lung, is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in the lungs.

* Pulmonary hypertension is a condition that happens when the small- and medium-sized blood vessels in the lungs become stiff and thick or blocked. This causes blood pressure in the lungs to rise, and forces the right side of the heart to work harder to get blood to the lungs. Over time, the disease can cause serious damage to the lungs, heart and arteries. It also increases the risk of blood clots in the lungs. When the walls of the blood vessels are too thick, oxygen and carbon dioxide cannot properly flow in and out of the blood stream. Less oxygen in the blood causes arteries to narrow even more, making the high blood pressure worse. Over time, damage to the heart occurs. The muscles of the lower right chamber (the right ventricle) become thicker and larger (a condition called cor pulmonale). They are not able to pump blood efficiently. This can cause heart failure. Early symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are often mistaken for being out of shape, such as: Shortness of breath when active, Lightheadedness, Tiring easily, Chest pain like angina, Achy joints. Patients who have an underlying cause for the condition may have coughing and wheezing. When the heart has been damaged by the condition, a person may have swelling in their legs. Pulmonary hypertension has no known cause in most cases. Women are twice as likely as men to develop pulmonary hypertension. Half of people with the disease are diagnosed after age 35. Other lung conditions may cause pulmonary hypertension. Diseases that interfere with the flow of blood in the lungs or the amount of oxygen that gets into the blood may cause pulmonary hypertension. Diseases that are sometimes linked with pulmonary hypertension include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis or occupational lung diseases.

* Pulmonary sarcoidosis is a disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps known as granulomas. The disease usually begins in the lungs, skin, or lymph nodes. Less commonly affected are the eyes, liver, heart, and brain. Any organ, however, can be affected. The signs and symptoms depend on the organ involved. Often there are no, or only mild, symptoms. When it affects the lungs there may be wheezing, cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain. Some may have Löfgren syndrome in which there is fever, large lymph nodes, arthritis, and a rash known as erythema nodosum. The cause of pulmonary sarcoidosis is unknown. Some believe it may be due to an immune reaction to a trigger such as an infection or chemicals in those who are genetically predisposed. Those with affected family members are at greater risk. Findings that make it likely include large lymph nodes at the root of the lung on both sides, high blood calcium with a normal parathyroid hormone level, or elevated levels of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the blood. In 2013 pulmonary sarcoidosis and interstitial lung disease affected 595,000 people globally. These two diseases resulted in 471,000 deaths globaly between 1990 and 2013. It is most common in Scandinavians but occurs in all parts of the world. In the United States risk is greater among black as opposed to white people. It usually begins between the ages of 20 and 50. It occurs more often in women than men. Common symptoms, which tend to be vague, include fatigue (unrelieved by sleep; occurs in 66% of cases), lack of energy, weight loss, joint aches and pains (which occur in about 70% of cases), arthritis (14–38% of persons), dry eyes, swelling of the knees, blurry vision, shortness of breath, a dry, hacking cough, or skin lesions. Less commonly, people may cough up blood. The cutaneous symptoms vary, and range from rashes and noduli (small bumps) to erythema nodosum, granuloma annulare, or lupus pernio.

* Pupillary disorders are conditions which affect the structure or function of the pupil of the eye, including disorders of innervation to the pupillary constrictor or dilator muscles, and disorders of pupillary reflexes.

* Purpura-thrombocytopenic, purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets.

* Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the kidney tissue, calyces, and renal pelvis. It is commonly caused by bacterial infection that has spread up the urinary tract or travelled through the bloodstream to the kidneys. A similar term is "pyelitis" which means inflammation of the pelvis and calyces. In other words, pyelitis together with nephritis is collectively known as pyelonephritis. Severe cases of pyelonephritis can lead to pyonephrosis (pus accumulation around the kidney), sepsis (a systemic inflammatory response of the body to infection), kidney failure and even death. Pyelonephritis presents with fever, accelerated heart rate, painful urination, abdominal pain radiating to the back, nausea, and tenderness at the costovertebral angle on the affected side. Pyelonephritis that has progressed to urosepsis may be accompanied by signs of septic shock, including rapid breathing, decreased blood pressure, violent shivering, and occasionally delirium.Signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis generally develop rapidly over a few hours or a day. It can cause high fever, pain on passing urine, and abdominal pain that radiates along the flank towards the back. There is often associated vomiting. Chronic pyelonephritis causes persistent flank or abdominal pain, signs of infection (fever, unintentional weight loss, malaise, decreased appetite), lower urinary tract symptoms and blood in the urine. Chronic pyelonephritis can in addition cause fever of unknown origin. Furthermore, inflammation-related proteins can accumulate in organs and cause the condition AA amyloidosis. Physical examination may reveal fever and tenderness at the costovertebral angle on the affected side.