Modern Medicine in Digital format

* ABCD1 factor is a protein that transfers fatty acids into peroxisomes. Defects in this gene have been identified as the underlying cause of adrenoleukodystrophy, an X-chromosome recessively inherited demyelinating disorder of the nervous system.

* Abdominal Obesity-Metabolic Syndrome 1, also known as metabolic syndrome x, is related to abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome quantitative trait locus 2 and abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome 3, and has symptoms including hypertension, abdominal obesity and edema. An important gene associated with Abdominal Obesity-Metabolic Syndrome 1 is MTTP (Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Regulation of lipid metabolism by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and Common Cytokine Receptor Gamma-Chain Family Signaling Pathways. The drugs Ezetimibe and Simvastatin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, liver and brain, and related phenotypes are adipose tissue and cardiovascular system. A condition characterized by clustering of certain factors that increase an individual's susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and diabetes. These factors include abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and a prothrombotic and proinflammatory state.

* ABT-263 (Navitoclax) is an experimental anti-cancer drug, which is similar in action to obatoclax, except that unlike obatoclax, it does not have off-target effects. Navitoclax inhibits not only Bcl-2, but also Bcl-XL and Bcl-w proteins. Because ABT-263 inhibits Bcl-XL, it reduces platelet lifespan, causing thrombocytopenia, and this makes it dose-limiting. In animal studies, ABT-263 was found to be a senolytic agent, inducing apoptosis in senescent, but not non-senescent cells. ABT263 reduced senescent cells in mice, including senescent bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and senescent muscle stem cells. This depletion mitigated total-body irradiation-induced premature aging of the hematopoietic system and rejuvenated the aged hematopoietic stem cells and muscle stem cells in normally aged mice.

* ABT-737 is a small molecule drug that inhibits Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, two members of the Bcl-2 family of evolutionarily-conserved proteins that share Bcl-2 Homology (BH) domains. First developed as a potential cancer chemotherapy, it was subsequently identified as a senolytic (a drug that selectively induces cell death in senescent cells). ABT-737 exhibits anticancer chemotherapeutic and antithrombotic activities. ABT-737 is currently in clinical trials as one component of a combination therapy in the treatment of various cancers such as acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). This compound inhibits growth of AML cells in vitro and increases survival rates and lifespan in animal models of AML. In vitro, ABT-737 induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization in platelets, inducing apoptosis and clearance.

* Acacetin-Indole3-Carbinol for estrogen inhibition, estrogen modulation and, hormonal balance. Acacetin is an anti-aromatase and estrogenic activity blocker that is derived from the Damiana Plant. This has been shows as the most effective natural substance to block the synthesis of estrogenic activity. Acacetin is used for weight loss, reduction of estrogen synthesis, relief from menopause symptoms, and prevention in tumor growth. Acacetin is an effective weight loss measure as it blocks the estrogen synthesis in the body and forces the body to seek contractile protein from the synthesis of estrogen receptor fat cells. In men when aromatase creates too much estrogen in the body, it can cause problems like low testosterone levels, estrogen dominance, and even the dreadful gynecomastia, meaning breast growth in males. In postmenopausal women, it is used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Acacetin provides cardioprotection. Inhibiting glutathione reductase may prevent reductive stress that may lead to heart damage. Neuroprotection thanks to the COX- and AChE-inhibiting properties of this compound. Anti-inflammatory effects on the body. Studies show acacetin pre-treatment may prevent sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Antidiabetic. Research suggests that acacetin may help in improving diabetes complications such as Endothelial Dysfunction. This is thanks to its AR- and XO-blocking properties. Antibacterial. One study found that acacetin is the main antibacterial compound present in the leaves of the Combretum vendae plant. Anticancer. A study on mice reported that acacetin may have antitumor potential against prostate cancer. In this matter, acatein works by targeting the Akt and nuclear factor (NF)-kb signaling pathways. Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C) is a naturally occurring phytochemical found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbageand kale. Indole-3-carbinol is converted in the gut to diindolylmethane (DIM). Indole-3-Carbinol can help to maintain healthy hormonal balance for both men and women and therefore may support the health of the breast, prostate, and other reproductive organs. Data from clinical trials show that Indole-3-Carbinol is effective in treatment of precancerous cervical dysplasia and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. DIM, a phytonutrient found in cruciferous vegetables, has been shown in animal studies to help maintain normal levels of a potentially damaging estrogen called 4-hydroxyestrone. Human reproductive cancers may be affected by estrogen levels, and Indole-3-Carbinol may prevent these by both reducing estrogen levels and blocking estrogen receptors. Studies indicate that Indole-3-Carbinol has potential value as a chemopreventive agent for breast cancer through its estrogen receptor modulating effect. Indole-3-Carbinol helps to regulate cell growth rates, and helps to change a strong and inflammatory form of estrogen into a safer, less aggressive form. Indole-3-carbinol is also known to support the liver’s detoxification processes as well as normal cellular reproduction. Since the liver is the only organ in the body capable of regeneration, Indole-3-carbinol also encourages healing and repair when a part of the liver endures damage. Reports indicate that Indole-3-carbinol supports the natural elimination of toxins from the liver, increases the body’s natural metabolism of hormones and helps maintain normal hormone levels.

* Acarbose inhibits enzymes (glycoside hydrolases) needed to digest carbohydrates, specifically, alpha-glucosidase enzymes in the brush border of the small intestines and pancreatic alpha-amylase. Pancreatic alpha-amylase hydrolyzes complex starches to oligosaccharides in the lumen of the small intestine, whereas the membrane-bound intestinal alpha-glucosidases hydrolyze oligosaccharides, trisaccharides, and disaccharides to glucose and other monosaccharides in the small intestine. Inhibition of these enzyme systems reduces the rate of digestion of complex carbohydrates. Less glucose is absorbed because the carbohydrates are not broken down into glucose molecules. In diabetic patients, the short-term effect of these drugs therapies is to decrease current blood glucose levels; the long-term effect is a reduction in HbA1c level. This reduction averages an absolute decrease of 0.7%, which is a decrease of about 10% in typical HbA1c values in diabetes studies. Since acarbose prevents the degradation of complex carbohydrates into glucose, some carbohydrate will remain in the intestine and be delivered to the colon. In the colon, bacteria digest the complex carbohydrates, causing gastrointestinal side-effects such as flatulence (78% of patients) and diarrhea (14% of patients). If a patient using acarbose suffers from a bout of hypoglycemia, the patient must take something containing monosaccharides, such as glucose. Hepatitis has been reported with acarbose use. It usually goes away when the medicine is stopped. Therefore, liver enzymes should be checked before and during usage. A study on acarbose showed it increased male median lifespan by 22%, but increased female median lifespan by only 5%. This sexual dimorphism in acarbose lifespan effect could not be explained by differences in effects on weight. Maximum lifespan (90th percentile) increased 11% in males and 9% in females.

* ACE-083 is a locally acting follistatin-based therapeutic that binds myostatin and other muscle regulators and has been shown to increase muscle mass and force in neuromuscular disease mouse models. In humans, ACE-083 was well tolerated and resulted in significant targeted muscle growth. ACE-083 may have the potential to increase muscle mass in a wide range of neuromuscular disorders.

* Acetyl Tetrapeptide-2 triggers reparative processes and cellular reactions usually seen in younger skin (compensates for loss of thymopoietin).

* Acetyl-trans-resveratrol from Resveratrol is an antioxidant commonly found in red wine and many plants, may offer protection against radiation exposure. When altered with acetyl, resveratrol administered before radiation exposure proved to protect cells from radiation in mouse models. Acetylated analogs of resveratrol exhibit the same or higher inhibitory effects on various tumor cell lines than resveratrol itself while being absorbed faster and resisting cellular breakdown. Since the acetylated resveratrol is being absorbed more quickly, plasma levels in the body reach a higher level and at a faster rate. Through ester hydrolysis enzymes in the body actually break down acetylated resveratrol back to its natural phenolic form.

* Aclidinium bromide is a long-acting, inhaled muscarinic antagonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

* Acoustic Neuroma, also known as vestibular schwannoma, is related to neuroma and facial paralysis, and has symptoms including back pain, coughing and headache. An important gene associated with Acoustic Neuroma is NF2 (Neurofibromin 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are DNA Double-Strand Break Repair and Transcription-Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair (TC-NER). The drugs Anti-Bacterial Agents and Anti-Infective Agents have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and bone, and related phenotypes are Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor) and Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor). A benign tumor that develops on the nerve that connects the ear to the brain.

* Acquired Metabolic Disease is related to hypotelorism cleft palate hypospadias and scleredema adultorum. An important gene associated with Acquired Metabolic Disease is INS (Insulin), and among its related pathways are Signaling events mediated by PTP1B and Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption. Affiliated tissues include bone, liver and heart, and related mouse phenotypes are neoplasm and renal/urinary system. A disease of metabolism that has material basis in enzyme deficiency or accumulation of enzymes or toxins which interfere with normal function due to an endocrine organ disease, organ malfunction, inadequate intake, dietary deficiency, or malabsorption.

* Acromegaly, also known as growth hormone excess, is related to functioning pituitary adenoma and pituitary adenoma, prolactin-secreting, and has symptoms including macroglossia, acne and broad jaw. An important gene associated with Acromegaly is AIP (Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein), and among its related pathways/superpathways are TGF-Beta Pathway and Peptide ligand-binding receptors. The drugs Octreotide and lanreotide have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include pituitary, bone and testes, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and endocrine/exocrine gland. A disease of metabolism that has material basis in excessive growth hormone production which results_in enlargement located in limb.

* ACTH (1-39) or adrenocorticotropic hormone peptide is a key component in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, often produced in response to exogenous biological stress along with corticotropin-releasing hormone. Its effects include increased production and release of corticosteroids and, as its name suggests, cortisol from the adrenal cortex. (Top Ten Most Expensive Meds - ACTH)

* ACTH cosyntropin or tetracosactrin is a synthetic peptide and analogue of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is the natural cleavage product from POMC (pro-opimelanocortin) processing; however, the first 24-amino acid sequence from the carboxyl end, ACTH (1-24) has full biological activity of the (1-39) peptide. Both ACTH (1-24) and (1-39) possess neurotropic activity. Tetracosactide stimulates the release of corticosteroids such as cortisol from the adrenal glands. The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), causes the adrenal cortex to produce and release glucocorticoids as one branch in the fight-or-flight reaction. Sensing a dangerous or stressful situation causes the hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH ) directly into the vasculature leading to the anterior pituitary. In response to CRH the anterior pituitary releases ACTH into circulation. Binding of ACTH to its G-protein receptor initiates a signaling cascade leading to glucocorticoid release. These corticosteroids increase blood sugar and brain metabolism, as well as slowing other systems not essential for emergencies. ACTH has been proposed as a therapy to treat refractory autoimmune diseases, refractory nephrotic syndrome due to a variety of glomerular diseases, and infantile spasms, seizures that often affect infants 4 to 6 months of age. Primary adrenal insufficiency, also called Addison's disease, occurs when adrenal gland production of cortisol is chronically deficient, resulting in chronically elevated ACTH levels; when a pituitary tumor is the cause of elevated ACTH (from the anterior pituitary) this is known as Cushing's disease and the constellation of signs and symptoms of the excess cortisol (hypercortisolism) is known as Cushing's syndrome. Conversely, deficiency of ACTH is a cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency, often as a result of hypopituitarism. ACTH is also related to the circadian rhythm in many organisms.(Among the top most expensive meds - ACTH)

* ACT1 peptide is a new compound that could shield heart tissue before a heart attack, as well as preserve healthy cells when administered after a heart attack. AlphaCT1, also has other unexpected and beneficial effects, particularly in relation to skin wound healing -it helps reduce inflammation and heal chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers.

* Actinic keratosis gene therapy. Actinic keratosis (also called "solar keratosis" and "senile keratosis") is a premalignant condition of thick, scaly, or crusty patches of skin. It is more common in fair-skinned people and it is associated with those who are frequently exposed to the sun, as it is usually accompanied by solar damage. The recording emphasizes factors that affect maturation of keratinocytes.
In playing order, MMP12 (1m), HRAS iso 2 (1m), SDHD (1m), TLR7 (3m), TP53 (2m), PARP1 (1m), NADP (2m), NAD (2m), TYMS iso1 (1m), Afamelanotide (2m), TYMS iso 2 (1m), TYMS iso 3 (1m), GSTM1 iso 1 (1m), NFE2L2 iso 1 (1m), EDN1 (1m), NFE2L2 iso 2 (1m), NFE2L2 iso 3 (1m), BAK1 (2m), HRAS iso 1 (1m), GSTM1 iso 2 (1m), Fluorouracil (3m), Nicotinamide (2m).

* Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis vaccine is E-peptide 14-ANTVESEIKAELGVI-28. Enterovirus 70 (EV70) is the causative agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC).

* Acute Insulin Response, also known as air, is related to apnea, obstructive sleep and hyperinsulinism. An important gene associated with Acute Insulin Response is AIR (Acute Insulin Response (2)), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Aldosterone synthesis and secretion and Glucose / Energy Metabolism. The drugs Liraglutide and Zinc have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lung, testes and liver, and related phenotypes are Increased cell death in breast cancer cell lines (MCF10A, MDA-MB-435) and Reduced mammosphere formation. Impaired insulin secretion, in response to a glucose challenge.

* Acute Mountain Sickness, also known as high altitude pulmonary edema, is related to chronic mountain sickness and pulmonary edema, and has symptoms including apnea, cheyne-stokes respiration and coughing. An important gene associated with Acute Mountain Sickness is ACE (Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cellular Senescence (REACTOME) and Pathways in cancer. The drugs Acetazolamide and Ibuprofen have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lung, endothelial and heart, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and behavior/neurological. The negative health effect of high altitude, caused by rapid exposure to low amounts of oxygen at high elevation.

* ACVR2B. When this particular peptide binds with proteins such as myostatin, it prevents the proteins from interacting with the ActRIIB receptors. The result of this blockage takes away the regulatory process behind muscular development; this removal of the regulatory process allows the muscles to grow more freely. What’s more, it has been shown that ACVR2B also inhibits the expression of several other proteins that are typically linked to the regulation and control of muscle growth within animal test subjects.

* Adalimumab is an human monoclonal antibody which binds to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alfa). TNF-alfa normally binds to TNF-alfa receptors, which leads to the inflammatory response of autoimmune diseases. By binding to TNF-alfa, adalimumab reduces this inflammatory response. It is used for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, moderate to severe chronic psoriasis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

* Adapalene is a third-generation topical retinoid primarily used in the treatment of mild-moderate acne, and is also used off-label to treat keratosis pilaris as well as other skin conditions. It is effective against acne conditions where comedones are predominant. Adapalene has the unique ability to inhibit keratinocyte differentiation and decrease keratin deposition. This property makes adapalene an effective treatment for keratosis pilaris and callus. It may be used by men undergoing foreskin restoration to reduce excess keratin that forms a layer on the exterior of the human penis after circumcision. Other non-FDA approved indications that have been reported in the literature include treatment of verruca vulgaris, molluscum contagiosum, Darier disease, photoaging, pigmentary disorders, actinic keratoses and alopecia areata. A study has concluded that adapalene gel 0.1% under occlusion is an effective, safe and easy to use treatment for plantar warts and may help clear lesions faster than cryo-therapy.

* Adenosine 5′-monophosphate disodium salt is clinically used for disseminated sclerosis, porphyria, itching, liver disease, varicose ulcer complications. Compound eye drops containing mainly AMP can be used for the corneal surface diseases of asthenopia, central retinitis,pannus and herpes. This product can be used as nutrition enhancer. It can be added to the milk to increase the amount of nucleotides ,make them closer to human milk ingredients ,so as to enhance infant’s resistance against bacterial diseases.

* ADH factor or Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals. In most species it contains arginine and is thus also called arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin. Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and to constrict blood vessels. Vasopressin increases peripheral vascular resistance, which in turn increases arterial blood pressure. It plays a key role in homeostasis, by the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood. It is derived from a preprohormone precursor that is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in vesicles at the posterior pituitary. Most of it is stored in the posterior pituitary to be released into the bloodstream. However, some AVP may also be released directly into the brain, and accumulating evidence suggests it plays an important role in social behavior, sexual motivation and pair bonding, and maternal responses to stress. Decreased AVP release (neurogenic - i.e. due to alcohol intoxication or tumour) or decreased renal sensitivity to AVP (nephrogenic, i.e. by mutation of V2 receptor or AQP) leads to diabetes insipidus, a condition featuring hypernatremia (increased blood sodium concentration), polyuria (excess urine production), and polydipsia (thirst). High levels of AVP secretion may lead to hyponatremia.

* Adipotide polypeptide is an experimental weight loss peptidomimetic developed by researchers in an effort to fight obesity. Peptidomimetics are small protein-like chains designed to mimic a peptide. This treatment has reduced by 11% the weight of the treated monkeys by reducing fatty tissue, the BMI, and waist circumference.

* ADoPep1 peptide exhibits significant angiogenic properties under hypoxic conditions as determined by cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. In a mouse hind limb ischemia model, a single injection of the peptide restored blood perfusion. ADoPep1 was found to activate GRP78 on endothelial cell membrane and siRNA directed against the GRP78 mRNA interfered with induction of angiogenesis by the peptide. The peptide binding induced a decrease in heat shock protein GRP78 that is overexpressed under hypoxic conditions. The mechanism of peptide-induced angiogenic activity involves inhibition of apoptosis as well as increased Akt phosphorylation and ERK 1/2 activation. ADoPep1 does not induce VEGF receptor-2 protein synthesis and phosphorylation, suggesting a VEGF-independent mechanism of angiogenesis.

* Adrenal Gland Disease, also known as adrenal gland diseases, is related to adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46,xy sex reversal, partial or complete and corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency. An important gene associated with Adrenal Gland Disease is POMC (Proopiomelanocortin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Myometrial Relaxation and Contraction Pathways and Aldosterone synthesis and secretion. The drugs Hydrocortisone acetate and Hydrocortisone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include adrenal gland, testes and pituitary, and related phenotypes are Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) and Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2). An endocrine system disease that is located in the adrenal gland.

* Adrenomodullin peptide has hypotensive effect, lowers blood pressure.

* Adrenomodullin-2 peptide is a potent cardiovasucular and renal regulator, also a suppressor for food intake and gastric emptying.

* Aducanumab is a human monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

* Adult-Onset Myasthenia Gravis, also known as adult-onset autoimmune myasthenia gravis, is related to myasthenia gravis and myasthenia gravis congenital. An important gene associated with Adult-Onset Myasthenia Gravis is TNFRSF11A (TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 11a), and among its related pathways/superpathways are NF-kappaB Signaling and ICos-ICosL Pathway in T-Helper Cell. Related phenotypes are Increased number of mitotic cells and endocrine/exocrine gland. A long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of the eyes, face, and swallowing.

* AEOL-10150 is a superoxide dismutase mimetics for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and acute radiation syndrome (ARS). AEOL 10150 significantly improves survival by reducing inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs after exposure to a range of chemical insults and radiation exposure. AEOL 10150 has the potential to be used as a medical countermeasure for sulfur mustard gas exposure, as well as mechanistic insights into how the drug protects the lungs from other insults such as radiation and in clinical applications such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and radiation and chemotherapy for cancer patients. Pulmonary fibrosis, which is a hardening of the tissues of the lung that prevents its proper functioning is one of the long-term effects that Covid-19 could leave.

* AF-16 peptide from Antisecretory factor AF may help treat disorders associated with abnormal fluid distribution in the brain and spinal cord as well as intracranial hypertension. The peptide also decreases high interstitial fluid pressure in solid tumors.

* AFN-1252 (Debio 1452) is designed to inhibit an enzyme called FabI in Staphylococcus species only. FabI controls the rate of fatty acid synthesis, a process required for bacterial cell membrane production and cell division. Although some other bacterial groups use FabI, Debio1452 targets an active site unique to the staphylococcal (Staphylococcus aureus) version of the enzyme. Historically, antibiotics have been designed to kill off many different species of bacteria, giving clinicians an efficient and inexpensive way to treat a range of infections. But these broad-spectrum drugs can wreak havoc on a patient’s gut microbiome. Disrupting gut microbiota can lead to complications such as an overgrowth of resident species like Clostridium difficile, one major cause of healthcare-related infection. AFN-1252 is a pathogen-selective antibiotic which minimizes disturbance to the microbiome.

* AGO4 factor encodes the protein argonaut 4. The protein is directly related to mammal cellular sensitivity to viral infection. Mass General researchers have recently uncovered this novel potential antiviral drug target that could lead to treatments protecting against a host of infectious diseases – creating a universal treatment. Their work suggests that the protein Argonaute 4 (AGO4) is an “Achilles heel” for viruses. Researchers suggest that boosting levels of AGO4 could shore up the immune system to protect against multiple viruses. When working with mice, the researchers found that only AGO4-deficient cells were hypersensitive to infections, such as the influenza virus - more commonly known as the flu.

* AG-490 peptide is beneficial to suppress immunopathological states. It possesses therapeutic potential for T cell-derived pathologies such as graft-versus-host disease, allergy, and autoimmune disorders.

* Aggressive Periodontitis, also known as periodontitis, juvenile, is related to rheumatoid arthritis and susceptibility to localized juvenile periodontitis. An important gene associated with Aggressive Periodontitis is IL1B (Interleukin 1 Beta), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. The drugs Estradiol and Ethinyl Estradiol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, neutrophil and monocytes, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and homeostasis/metabolism. A periodontitis that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as dental plaque and dental calculus resulting in inflammation and a loss of periodontium.

* Aging is related to werner syndrome and atypical werner syndrome. An important gene associated with Aging is LMNA (Lamin A/C), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Endometrial cancer and TNFR1 Pathway. The drugs Acetylcholine and Dopamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, bone and heart, and related phenotypes are Decreased viability and Decreased viability. Biological aging is the gradual deterioration of function.

* Aging (update to RT-MB-33 items) is related to huntington disease and atypical werner syndrome. An important gene associated with Aging is BCYRN1 (Brain Cytoplasmic RNA 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cellular Senescence (REACTOME) and Endometrial cancer. The drugs Acetylcholine and Metformin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, skin and heart, and related phenotypes are Decreased viability and Decreased viability. Senescence or biological aging.

* Agmatine is a chemical substance which is naturally created from the chemical arginine. Agmatine has been shown to exert modulatory action at multiple molecular targets, notably: neurotransmitter systems, ion channels, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and polyamine metabolism. Agmatine was discovered in 1910 but it took more than 100 years to find the exact functions of the chemical. A year after its discovery, it was found that Agmatine could increase blood flow in rabbits. In the 1920s, researchers showed that agmatine can exert mild hypoglycemic effects. In 1994, the discovery of endogenous agmatine synthesis in mammals occurred. Potential medical uses for agmatine are in cardiovascular health, glucose regulation, kidney functions, neurotransmission and, opioid liability.

* AH90 peptide is a potential wound healing-promoting peptide was identified from the frog skin of Odorrana grahami. It showed potential wound healing-promoting activity in a murine model with full thickness dermal wound. AH90 promoted release of transforming growth factor beta1 through activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways, while inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappaB and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase inhibited the process. In addition, the effects of AH90 on Smads family proteins, key regulators in transforming growth factor beta1 signaling pathways, could also be inhibited by transforming growth factor beta1 antibody. Altogether, this indicated that AH90 promoted wound healing by inducing the release of transforming growth factor beta1.

* AICAR peptide-1 may be responsible for increased endurance as it boosts energy conversion and makes the entire process happen more efficiently. It also promotes an elevated rate of fat burning because AICAR causes cells to convert energy on a significantly elevated basis. It has an ability to enhance a proper cellular response to insulin secretions. AICAR is thought to be able to reduce the risk of cardiac arrest from occurring, or at the very least, minimizing the resultant damage if it does occur.

* AIPL-1 factor is needed for the proper functioning and survival of cone photoreceptors. Aipl-1 has been associated with the most severe form of LCA or Leber congenital amaurosis leading to the degeneration of photoreceptor cells.

* Alcaftadine is used to prevent eye irritation brought on by allergic conjunctivitis. It is a H1 histamine receptor antagonist. This effect on histamine receptors seems to show lower rates of itching, eosinophil recruitment and redness after exposure to an allergen.

* Alcohol Dependence, also known as aerodigestive tract cancer, squamous cell, alcohol-related, protection against, is related to alcohol abuse and psychotic disorder. An important gene associated with Alcohol Dependence is ADH1B (Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1B (Class I), Beta Polypeptide), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Alcoholism and Peptide ligand-binding receptors. The drugs Ethanol and Gabapentin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, liver and testes, and related phenotypes are abnormality of the nervous system and alcoholism. A previous psychiatric diagnosis in which an individual is physically or psychologically dependent upon alcohol.

* Alcoholic Hepatitis, also known as acute alcoholic liver disease, is related to hepatitis and hepatitis a. An important gene associated with Alcoholic Hepatitis is F2 (Coagulation Factor II, Thrombin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are TGF-Beta Pathway and Cytokine Signaling in Immune system. The drugs Ethanol and Metformin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, brain and neutrophil, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and liver/biliary system. Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) due to excessive intake of alcohol. It is usually found in association with fatty liver, an early stage of alcoholic liver disease, and may contribute to the progression of fibrosis, leading to cirrhosis.

* Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis, also known as portal cirrhosis, is related to antipyrine metabolism and peritonitis, and has symptoms including icterus An important gene associated with Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis is ADH1B (Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1B (Class I), Beta Polypeptide), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Metabolism and Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type. The drugs Angiotensin II and Losartan have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Liver, liver and skin, and related phenotype is homeostasis/metabolism. A condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long-term damage. This damage is characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue by scar tissue.

* Alemtuzumab is a drug used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), T-cell lymphoma, and in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. It is also used in some conditioning regimens for bone marrow transplantation, kidney transplantation and islet cell transplantation.

* Alendronate administration reduced bone resorption and increased mineralized tissue formation inside the bone tunnel. Thus, the capacity of alendronate to protection from tendon deterioration and also reduce of bone loss may act synergistically to improve tendon-bone integration.

* Alexithymia is related to antisocial personality disorder and personality disorder. An important gene associated with Alexithymia is ANKK1 (Ankyrin Repeat And Kinase Domain Containing 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are cAMP signaling pathway and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Pathway, Pharmacodynamics. The drugs Sertraline and Serotonin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and breast, and related phenotype is Weakly decreased NFAT1-GFP nuclear translocation. A personality construct characterized by the subclinical inability to identify and describe emotions in the self. The core characteristics of alexithymia are marked dysfunction in emotional awareness, social attachment, and interpersonal relating. Furthermore, people with alexithymia have difficulty in distinguishing and appreciating the emotions of others, which is thought to lead to unempathic and ineffective emotional responding. Alexithymia occurs in approximately 10% of the population and can occur with a number of psychiatric conditions.

* Alfa (right channel) and Beta (left channel) neoendorphins are endogenous opioid peptides. Alpha and beta neoendorphins are derived from prodynorphin. Neoendorphins might influence sensory functions due to its heterogeneous presence throughout the body. They also regulate the release of anti-diuretic hormone which when released in the blood helps in water re-absorption from kidneys and when released in the brain affects the social behavior. Neoendorphins decrease dorsal root ganglion neuron calcium-dependent action potential duration, their action is antagonized by naloxone.

* Alfa Beta and Gamma endorphins are endogenous opioid peptides. Endorphins belong to a class of biochemicals commonly referred to as neurohormones that act by modifying the way in which nerve cells respond to transmitters. The modification of neural transmissions by these biochemicals now appears to be responsible for the insensitivity to pain that is experienced by individuals under conditions of great stress or shock. Endorphins are most heavily released in the human body during stressful events or in moments of great pain. The rush of endorphins into the system at such times is often felt as a queasy or nervous feeling in the stomach. However, the amount of endorphins released by individuals varies so that an occurrence that stimulates significant neurohormone secretion in some people will not necessarily do so in others. In addition to stress and pain, endorphin secretion may be triggered by the consumption of certain foods, such as chocolate and chili peppers. Certain kinds of physical activity have been associated with endorphin secretion in recent years as well. Perhaps the most unusual activity believed to be able to stimulate the body's secretion of endorphins is laughter.

* Alfatradiol or 17-alfa-estradiol is a 5-alfa-reductase inhibitor used as an androgen, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of androgenic alopecia (hair loss) in men and women. In contrast to 17-beta-estradiol, 17-alfa-estradiol, while it still binds to the estrogen receptor, has less or no feminizing estrogen activity depending on its dosage and the tissue it is affecting. 17-alfa-estradiol has been researched as a therapeutic with potential to treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and other patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. A study on alfatradiol showed it increased male median lifespan by 12%, though it did not lead to a significant effect on maximum lifespan. The benefits of alfatradiol were much stronger at one test site than at the other two and were not explained by effects on body weight. Alfatradiol did not alter female lifespan.

* Alirocumab is an human monoclonal antibody PCSK9 inhibitor designed for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

* Allantoin, trichostatin A, sirolimus and LY-294002. A mix of compounds that may extended lifespan in a way expected from calorie restriction, and help to stay healthier longer, according to research. Allantoin is frequently present in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Further molecular analysis of allantoin suggests it acts by a different mechanism from rapamycin (sirolimus), a well-known longevity drug. Trichostatin A is an organic compound that serves as an antifungal antibiotic and selectively inhibits the class I and II mammalian histone deacetylase (HDAC) families of enzymes, but not class III HDACs (i.e., Sirtuins). TSA inhibits the eukaryotic cell cycle during the beginning of the growth stage. TSA can be used to alter gene expression by interfering with the removal of acetyl groups from histones (histone deacetylases, HDAC) and therefore altering the ability of DNA transcription factors to access the DNA molecules inside chromatin. It is a member of a larger class of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs or HDACIs) that have a broad spectrum of epigenetic activities. Sirolimus is a macrolide antibiotic with immunosuppressant properties used to prevent organ rejection. Sirolimus inhibits early activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and inhibits cell cycle progression at a later stage. It was used as a kind of original antifungal antibiotic. LY294002 is a morpholine-containing chemical compound that is a potent inhibitor of numerous proteins, and a strong inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks). LY294002 causes a substantial acceleration of MEPP frequency at the neuromuscular junction through a perturbation of synaptotagmin function.

* Allergic Conjunctivitis, also known as conjunctivitis, allergic, is related to lymphoma and asthma. An important gene associated with Allergic Conjunctivitis is RNASE3 (Ribonuclease A Family Member 3), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and TGF-Beta Pathway. The drugs Alcaftadine and Ephedrine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, testes and skin, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and homeostasis/metabolism. A chronic conjunctivitis that is an inflammation of the conjunctiva involing red, itchy, and watery eyes a resulting from an exposure to an allergen or an irritant.

* Allergic Contact Dermatitis, also known as dermatitis, allergic contact, is related to 1,4-phenylenediamine allergic contact dermatitis and nickel allergic contact dermatitis. An important gene associated with Allergic Contact Dermatitis is IL31 (Interleukin 31), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and ERK Signaling. The drugs Parthenolide and Hydrocortisone acetate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, skin and t cells, and related phenotypes are Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor) and Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor). A contact dermititis that is an allergic skin reaction to foreign chemical or substances leading to red, itchy, weepy reaction where the skin has come into contact with a substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign.

* Allergic Hypersensitivity Disease, also known as hypersensitivity, is related to neonatal jaundice and asthma, and has symptoms including coughing, exanthema and pruritus. An important gene associated with Allergic Hypersensitivity Disease is IL5 (Interleukin 5), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. The drugs Alcaftadine and Histamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, skin and eye, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and immune system. An immune system disease that is an exaggerated immune response to allergens, such as insect venom, dust mites, pollen, pet dander, drugs or some foods.

* Allergic rhinitis and nasal blockage.
In order,
- Pranlukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) used as antagonist of bronchospasm caused, principally in asthmatics, by an allergic reaction to accidentally or inadvertently encountered allergens (4m)
- Seratrodast a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor (TP receptor) antagonist indicated for asthma, perennial allergic rhinitis, chronic bronchitis and chronic pulmonary emphysema (4m)
- Vitamin C gene GULOP (2m)
- Pranlukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) used as antagonist of bronchospasm caused, principally in asthmatics, by an allergic reaction to accidentally or inadvertently encountered allergens (4m)
- Seratrodast a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor (TP receptor) antagonist indicated for asthma, perennial allergic rhinitis, chronic bronchitis and chronic pulmonary emphysema (4m)
- Vitamin C gene GULOP (3m 18s)

* Allergic Rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is related to keratoconjunctivitis and atopy, and has symptoms including history of seasonal allergies, conjunctival hyperemia and rhinorrhea. An important gene associated with Allergic Rhinitis is IL13 (Interleukin 13), and among its related pathways are Cytokines and Inflammatory Response and OX40 Pathway. The drugs phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride and flunisolide have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, eye and skin, and related mouse phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and hematopoietic system. A rhinitis that is an allergic inflammation and irritation of the nasal airways involving sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, itching and tearing of the eyes caused by exposure to an allergen such as pollen, dust, mold, animal dander and droppings of cockroaches or house dust mites.

* Allergy-Antihistamines Mix plays the sound frequencies of fexofenadine, desloratadine and levoceterizine. Fexofenadine is used in the treatment of allergy symptoms, such as hay fever and urticaria. Therapeutically, fexofenadine is a selective peripheral H1-blocker. Desloratadine is a tricyclic H1 antagonist used to treat allergic rhinitis, nasal congestion and chronic idiopathic urticaria (hives). Levoceterizine acts as an inverse agonist that decreases activity at histamine H1 receptors. It is used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and long term hives of unclear cause.

* Alopecia Areata, also known as alopecia circumscripta, is related to aplastic anemia and vitiligo-associated multiple autoimmune disease susceptibility 1, and has symptoms including pruritus and exanthema. An important gene associated with Alopecia Areata is TRPS1 (Transcriptional Repressor GATA Binding 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. The drugs Clobetasol and Acitretin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lung, breast and t cells, and related phenotypes are Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor) and Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor). An autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the hair follicles.

* Alopecia, Androgenetic, 1, also known as androgenetic alopecia, is related to prostate cancer and alopecia, androgenetic, 3, and has symptoms including alopecia An important gene associated with Alopecia, Androgenetic, 1 is AFA1 (Alopecia, Androgenetic), and among its related pathways are Nongenotropic Androgen signaling and Transcription_Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis. Affiliated tissues include testes, prostate and skin, and related mouse phenotypes are endocrine/exocrine gland and muscle. Androgenetic alopecia is a common form of hair loss in both men and women. In men, this condition is also known as male-pattern baldness. Hair is lost in a well-defined pattern, beginning above both temples. Over time, the hairline recedes to form a characteristic "M" shape. Hair also thins at the crown (near the top of the head), often progressing to partial or complete baldness. Mutations in the AR gene have also been associated with androgenetic alopecia.

* Alpha 1-antitrypsin factor is also referred to as alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) because it inhibits a wide variety of proteases. It protects tissues from enzymes of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophil elastase. In its absence, neutrophil elastase is free to break down elastin, which contributes to the elasticity of the lungs, resulting in respiratory complications such as emphysema, or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in adults and cirrhosis in adults or children.

* Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency, also known as alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, is related to liver disease and pulmonary emphysema, and has symptoms including hemoptysis, snoring and coughing. An important gene associated with Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency is SERPINA1 (Serpin Family A Member 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Complement and coagulation cascades and Lung fibrosis. The drugs Serine and HIV Protease Inhibitors have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Liver, liver and lung, and related phenotypes are hepatomegaly and emphysema. A genetic disorder that may result in lung disease or liver disease. Onset of lung problems is typically between 20 and 50 years old. This may result in shortness of breath, wheezing, or an increased risk of lung infections. Complications may include COPD, cirrhosis, neonatal jaundice, or panniculitis.

* Alpha-1-microglobulin recombinant protein (A1M) helps to prevent development of arteriosclerosis by inhibiting the oxidation of LDL (low-density lipoproteins) that is induced by the combination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and hydrogen peroxide.

* Alpha-MSH peptide works in a region of the brain known as the hypothalamus to suppress appetite. It is anti-inflammatory, anti-fever and antimicrobial.

* Alveolar Periostitis, also known as dry socket, is related to ampulla of vater adenosquamous carcinoma and ectopic cushing syndrome, and has symptoms including oral manifestations An important gene associated with Alveolar Periostitis is SLC9C1 (Solute Carrier Family 9 Member C1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Hepatitis C and Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Notch-mediated HES/HEY network. The drugs Chlorhexidine and Anti-Infective Agents have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Related phenotype is liver/biliary system. An inflammation of the alveolar bone (i.e., the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible). Classically, this occurs as a postoperative complication of tooth extraction.

* Alzheimer Disease, also known as alzheimer's disease, is related to alzheimer disease-4 and parkinson disease 1, and has symptoms including sleeplessness, sleeplessness and equilibration disorder. An important gene associated with Alzheimer Disease is APP (Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein), and among its related pathways are Neuroscience and Alzheimers Disease Pathway. The drugs dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate and tocopherol acetate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and cortex, and related mouse phenotypes are mortality/aging and immune system. A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dementia, loss of cognitive abilities, and deposition of fibrillar amyloid proteins as intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid plaques and vascular amyloid deposits.

* AM-111 peptide is used for the treatment of acute inner ear (sensorineural) hearing loss. Acute sensorineural hearing loss may be the consequence of various insults to the cochlea. It may result e.g. from overexposure to noise, bacterial or viral infections, inflammation, vascular compromise, or a variety of other factors.

* AM-679 is a drug which acts as a selective inhibitor of 5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). This protein is involved in the production of cysteinyl leukotrienes which are involved in inflammation, and AM-679 has anti-inflammatory effects in animal studies. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of viral respiratory disease in children, and RSV bronchiolitis has been associated with the development of asthma in childhood. RSV spreads from the eye and nose to the human respiratory tract. Correlative studies of humans and direct infection studies of BALB/c mice have established the eye as a significant pathway of entry of RSV to the lung. At the same time, RSV infection of the eye produces symptoms resembling allergic conjunctivitis. In a BALB/c mouse eye RSV infection model AM679 markedly reduced the RSV-driven ocular pathology as well as the synthesis of CysLTs in the eye. In addition, AM679 decreased the production of the Th2 cell cytokine interleukin-4 but did not increase the viral load in the eye or the lung. These results suggest that FLAP inhibitors may be therapeutic for RSV-driven eye disease and possibly other inflammatory eye indications.

* Ambroxol acts on mucus membranes, restoring the physiological clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract (which play an important role in the body’s natural defence mechanisms) through several mechanisms, including breaking up phlegm, stimulating mucus production, and stimulating synthesis and release of surfactant by type II pneumocytes. Surfactant acts as an anti-glue factor by reducing the adhesion of mucus to the bronchial wall, in improving its transport and in providing protection against infection and irritating agents. Ambroxol is a potent inhibitor of the neuronal Na+ channels. Many state-of-the-art clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ambroxol in relieving pain in acute sore throat, with a rapid onset of action, with its effect lasting at least three hours. Ambroxol is also anti-inflammatory, reducing redness in a sore throat. Ambroxol has recently been shown to increase activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Because of this it may be a useful therapeutic agent for both Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease. It was also recently shown that ambroxol triggers exocytosis of lysosomes by releasing calcium from acidic cellular calcium stores. This occurs by diffusion of ambroxol into lysosomes and lysosomal pH neutralization. This mechanism is most likely responsible for the mucolytic effects of the drug, but may also explain the reported activity in Gaucher and Parkinson's disease. Both ambroxol and its parent drug bromhexine have been shown to induce autophagy in several cell types, and ambroxol was shown to potentiate rifampicin therapy in a model of tuberculosis through host directed effects. Ambroxol also enhances lung levels of a wide range of antibiotics.

* AMG7905 is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 modulator. Antagonists of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1) have been reported to produce antihyperalgesic effects in animal models of pain. TRPV1 antagonists cause hypothermia by an on-target action: on TRPV1 channels on abdominal sensory nerves. These channels are tonically activated by protons and drive the reflectory inhibition of thermogenesis and tail-skin vasoconstriction. Those TRPV1 antagonists that cause hypothermia further inhibit these cold defences, thus decreasing body temperature.

* Amitriptyline is a medicine primarily used to treat a number of mental illnesses. These include major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders, and less commonly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder. Other uses include prevention of migraines, treatment of neuropathic pain such as fibromyalgia and postherpetic neuralgia, and less commonly insomnia. It is in the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) class and its exact mechanism of action is unclear. Common side effects include blurred vision, dry mouth, low blood pressure on standing, sleepiness, and constipation. Serious side effects may include seizures, an increased risk of suicide in those less than 25 years of age, urinary retention, glaucoma, and a number of heart issues. It should not be taken with MAO inhibitors or the medication cisapride. Amitriptyline may cause problems if taken during pregnancy. Use during breastfeeding appears to be relatively safe. It is TGA-labeled in Australia for migraine prevention, also in cases of neuropathic pain disorders, fibromyalgia and nocturnal enuresis. Amitriptyline is a popular off-label treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), although it is most frequently reserved for severe cases of abdominal pain in patients with IBS because it needs to be taken regularly to work and has a generally poor tolerability profile, although a firm evidence base supports its efficacy in this indication. Amitriptyline can also be used as an anticholinergic drug in the treatment of early-stage Parkinson's disease if depression also needs to be treated. Amitriptyline is the most widely researched agent for prevention of frequent tension headaches.

* Amnestic Disorder, also known as amnesia, is related to transient global amnesia and retrograde amnesia, and has symptoms including other amnesia, memory loss and forgetful. An important gene associated with Amnestic Disorder is CHAT (Choline O-Acetyltransferase), and among its related pathways are Biogenic Amine Synthesis and Acetylcholine Synthesis. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and breast, and related mouse phenotypes are Increased transferrin (TF) endocytosis and adipose tissue. A cognitive disorder where the memory is disturbed or lost and involves the loss of memories previously established, loss of the ability to create new memories, or loss of the ability to learn new information.

* Amphetamine Abuse, also known as amphetamine-related disorders, is related to myocardial infarction and acute myocardial infarction. An important gene associated with Amphetamine Abuse is SLC6A3 (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 3), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Circadian entrainment and Phospholipase D signaling pathway. The drugs Dopamine and Amphetamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain and colon, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and cellular. A substance abuse that involves the recurring use of amphetamines despite negative consequences.

* Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug often used intravenously for systemic fungal infections (e.g. in critically ill, comorbidly infected, or immunocompromised patients), including cryptococcal meningitis. It is the only effective treatment for some infections. Another use is as a drug of last resort in otherwise-untreatable parasitic protozoan infections such as visceral leishmaniasis and primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. It's spectrum of susceptibility on common fungal contaminants and medically significant fungi includes: Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Fusarium oxysporum.

* Amyloid-beta production inhibitor or gamma-Secretase Modulators is an Amyloid-beta production inhibitor. Gamma-Secretase Modulators are useful for Alzheimer's disease.

* Amyloidosis, also known as amyloid disease, is related to amyloidosis, hereditary, transthyretin-related and al amyloidosis. An important gene associated with Amyloidosis is TTR (Transthyretin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Activated PKN1 stimulates transcription of AR (androgen receptor) regulated genes KLK2 and KLK3. The drugs Simvastatin and Pramlintide have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, heart and liver, and related phenotypes are facial palsy and corneal dystrophy. A group of diseases in which abnormal proteins, known as amyloid fibrils, build up in tissue.

* Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is related to frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 and motor neuron disease, and has symptoms including back pain, headache and pain. An important gene associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1 is SOD1 (Superoxide Dismutase 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Neuroscience. The drugs Riluzole and Mexiletine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Bone and Limb, and related phenotypes are emotional lability and depressivity. A motor neuron disease that is characterized by muscle spasticity, rapidly progressive weakness due to muscle atrophy, difficulty in speaking, swallowing, and breathing.

* AN-2728 is a boron-containing drug for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema). It is a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, mainly acting on phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B). Inhibition of PDE4B appears to suppress the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalfa), interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-23 and other cytokines, proteins believed to be involved in the immune response and inflammation. May be of use for the treatment of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, anxiety, enhancing cognitive function, preventing and/or helping people overcome PTSD, and possibly offsetting likelihood of neurodegenerative diseases.

* AN2728 plus RPTPsigma factor or receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (right channel), is highly expressed on the surface of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, specialized cells that line the inside of joints providing lubrication and repairing joint injuries. Normally, RPTPsigma sits quietly on the surface of synoviocytes. It is kept inactive through its interaction with specialized carbohydrate-protein assemblies called proteoglycans, which are studding the cells' surface at high density. When freed from the proteoglycans' grip, RPTPsigma snaps into action and weakens the ability of arthritic synoviocytes to aggressively invade the joint's cartilage. See above details for AN2728 (left channel). Biologics that target synoviocytes in combination with treatments that suppress the immune system, such as methotrexate or anti-TNF, may address all three aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: swollen joints as a result of inflammation, cartilage damage and bone damage.

* Anandamide is an endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter. It is degraded primarily by the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme, which converts anandamide into ethanolamine and arachidonic acid. As such, inhibitors of FAAH lead to elevated anandamide levels and are being pursued for therapeutic use to help treat anxiety and depression.

* Androgenic Alopecia, also known as androgenetic alopecia, is related to alopecia, androgenetic, 1 and ulceroglandular tularemia. An important gene associated with Androgenic Alopecia is SHBG (Sex Hormone Binding Globulin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Transcription Androgen Receptor nuclear signaling and Coregulation of Androgen receptor activity. The drugs Finasteride and Minoxidil have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, prostate and bone. A hair loss that primarily affects the top and front of the scalp. In males the hair loss often presents as a receding hairline while in females it typically presents as a thinning of the hair.

* Andropause, addresses common manopause issues such as osteoarthritis, arthritis rheumatoid, enlarged prostate, knee problems, graying hair or diabetes. Immunosuppressants, omega 3 acids, superoxide dismutases, antioxidants and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Unless stated otherwise each item plays for 3m.
Left channel: Golimumab, Etanercept, Certolizumab pegol, SOD 1, SOD 3, SOD 2, DHA, AA, EPA, ALA.
Right channel: SHBG glycoprotein (6m), Catalase, 3,4-Divanillyltetrahydrofuran (6m), SDA, Alpha Lipoic acid, Indole-3-Carbinol (6m), Zinc.

* Angiogenesis gene therapy. Angiogenesis is the growth of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature. Angiogenic therapies, designed to control the growth and regression of blood capillaries, are used to improve the survival of poorly perfused tissues that are essential to the body and to rid the body of unwanted tissues. Each frequency plays for 1m.
In order, NOS3, PLAU, FGF1, PDGFR, SERPINE1, TGF-Beta1, ID1, EPHB2, ITGAV, ITGA5, EPHB3, EPHB1, EPHB4, EPHA2, NRP1, PROM1, ID3, PLG, ITGB5, CDH5, Urokinase, FGF2, PECAM1, CCL2, PDGFB, VEGF, ENG, MT-CO2, EFNA1, FGF10, PLAT, FGF7, ANG1, ANG2, TGFBR1, VEGFR, Histamine.

* Angiolipoma is related to liposarcoma and neurilemmoma. An important gene associated with Angiolipoma is ACTC1 (Actin Alpha Cardiac Muscle 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cardiac conduction and Interleukin-4 and 13 signaling. The drugs Sirolimus and Miconazole have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include breast, colon and spinal cord, and related phenotype is Reduced mammosphere formation. A lipoma that is a painful subcutaneous nodule, having all other features of a typical lipoma.

* Angiotensin (1-7) peptide for antihypertensive effect by stimulating synthesis and release of vasodilator prostaglandins, and nitric oxide and potentiating the hypotensive effects of bradykinin.

* Anidulafungin is a semisynthetic echinocandin used as an antifungal drug. Anidulafungin has proven efficacy against esophageal candidiasis, but its main use will probably be in invasive Candida infection; it may also have application in treating invasive Aspergillus infection. It is a member of the class of antifungal drugs known as the echinocandins; its mechanism of action is by inhibition of (1→3)-beta-D-glucan synthase, an enzyme important to the synthesis of the fungal cell wall. Anidulafungin significantly differs from other antifungals in that it undergoes chemical degradation to inactive forms at body pH and temperature. Because it does not rely on enzymatic degradation or hepatic or renal excretion, the drug is safe to use in patients with any degree of hepatic or renal impairment.

* Ankylosis is related to fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and auriculocondylar syndrome 1, and has symptoms including joint symptom, hyperextension and joint stiffness. An important gene associated with Ankylosis is ANKH (ANKH Inorganic Pyrophosphate Transport Regulator), and among its related pathways are Cardiomyocyte Differentiation through BMP Receptors and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Pathway, Pharmacodynamics. Affiliated tissues include bone, endothelial and t cells, and related mouse phenotypes are Decreased IL-13 protein expression and digestive/alimentary. An arthropathy where there is a stiffness of a joint, the result of injury or disease.

* Anle138b is a novel oligomer modulator and aggregation inhibitor. In vitro, anle138b blocks the formation of pathological aggregates of prion protein (PrP(Sc)) and of alfa-synuclein (alfa-syn), which is deposited in PD and other synucleinopathies such as dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Notably, anle138b strongly inhibited all prion strains tested including BSE-derived and human prions. Anle138b showed structure-dependent binding to pathological aggregates and strongly inhibited formation of pathological oligomers in vitro and in vivo both for prion protein and alfa-synuclein. In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and prion diseases, deposits of aggregated disease-specific proteins are found. Oligomeric aggregates are presumed to be the key neurotoxic agent.

* Anti aging gene therapy, targets shortening of telomeres which protect the end of the chromosomes from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes. It also provides support for mitochondrial function and regulation of genes that affect energy metabolism. Unless stated otherwise each item plays for 4m.
Left channel: SIRT1 protein, Astragaloside, PPARGC1A protein (8m), Glutathione, DHEA, Genistein, Sulforaphane.
Right channel: PPARGC1A protein, Cycloastragenol, SRT1720, LMNA protein, 5a-Androstane-3b,17b-diol, Daidzein, Resveratrol, Selenium.

* Anti aging HGH, a focus on the endocrine hormone produced by the pituitary gland and insuline activation by IGF-1. Decreasing levels of HGH raise risks of body fat, bone fragility, weak/wrinkled skin, reduced energy, and loss of memory. Unless stated otherwise each item plays for 3m.
Left channel: Phosphatidylinositol, GHRH, Ibutamoren, Capromorelin, Macimorelin, HGH, CJC-1295, Somatrem, GABA, Lysine, Ornithine (2m).
Right channel: IGF-1, Protopanaxatriol, Protopanaxadiol, Stigmastanol, beta-Sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Phosphatidylserine, Tryptophan, Arginine, Glutamine, Glycine (2m).

* Anti aging stem cells, six factor approach to reprogram senescent cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC's). Gene factors used, according to INSERM's AVENIR "Genomic plasticity and aging" team, are KLF4, MYC, NANOG, SOX2, LIN28 and OCT4.

* Anti-aging body contour gene therapy. Sound frequencies of a diverse group of genes important in body skin structure and appearance. Since aging is multifactorial, the focus here is in genes involved in skin structure and appearance as well as lipid metabolism. (Source: Nu Skin)
In playing order, COL4A3 iso 3 (1m), APOJ (2m), COL4A3 iso 4 (1m), COL1A1 (1m), COL4A3 iso 5 (1m), COL1A2 (1m), COL4A1 iso 2 (1m), SIRT3 iso 1 (1m), SIRT5 iso 1 (1m), SIRT5 iso 2 (1m), SIRT5 iso 3 (1m), AQP3 (2m), HAS3 iso 2 (1m), SIRT3 iso 2 (1m), ELANE (2m), Adenosine triphosphate (2m), TXNRD1 (2m), SOD2 (2m), HAS1 (2m), HAS3 iso 1 (1m), TIMP1 (2m), COL4A2 (1m), HSPE (2m), COL4A3 iso 1 (1m), COL4A1 iso 1 (1m), SIRT5 iso 4 (1m), COL4A3 iso 2 (1m), COX1 (2m). (Updated to add Hydroxytyrosol -Vitamin C)

* Anti-aging detox-antioxidant gene therapy. This recording includes a panel of 8 genes representative of the Nrf2 and infammatory pathways. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates the basal and inducible expression of a large battery of genes encoding for cytoprotective factors including those that defend against electrophilic stressors and oxidative insults (age-related pathways). (Source: Nu Skin)
In playing order, GSR iso 2 (1m), GSR cytoplasmic (1m), UGT1A6 iso 3 (1m), GSR iso 3 (1m), NOS2 iso 1 (1m), GSR iso 4 (1m), NOS2 iso 2 (1m), NQ01 iso 1 (1m), GCLM (3m), UGT1A6 iso 2 (1m), NQ01 iso 2 (1m), GCLC (3m), NQ01 iso 3 (1m), GSTA1 (3m), PTGS2 (3m), NRF2 iso 1 (2m), NRF2 iso 2 (2m), NRF2 iso 3 (2m), UGT1A6 iso 1 (1m), GSR mitochondrial (1m).

* Antisocial Personality Disorder, also known as psychopathic personality disorder, is related to personality disorder and heroin dependence. An important gene associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder is MAOA (Monoamine Oxidase A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Transmission across Chemical Synapses and Circadian entrainment. The drugs Naratriptan and Sumatriptan have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include cortex, prefrontal cortex and brain, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and homeostasis/metabolism. A personality disorder characterized by a long term pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others. An impoverished moral sense or conscience is often apparent, as well as a history of crime, legal problems, or impulsive and aggressive behavior.

* AP20187 is a small organic compound that facilitated removal of senescent cells, delayed the formation of tumors and reduced age-related deterioration of several organs. Median lifespan of treated mice was extended by 17 to 35 percent. They also demonstrated a healthier appearance and a reduced amount of inflammation in fat, muscle and kidney tissue. Cellular senescence is a biological mechanism that functions as an 'emergency brake' used by damaged cells to stop dividing. While halting cell division of these cells is important for cancer prevention, it has been theorized that once the 'emergency brake' has been pulled, these cells are no longer necessary. The immune system sweeps out the senescent cells on a regular basis, but over time becomes less effective. Senescent cells produce factors that damage adjacent cells and cause chronic inflammation, which is closely associated with frailty and age-related diseases. Senescent cells that accumulate with aging are largely bad, do bad things to organs and tissues, and therefore shorten life but also the healthy phase of life. And since it is posible to eliminate the cells without negative side effects, it seems a useful therapy against age-related disabilities or diseases or conditions. The advantage of targeting senescent cells is that clearance of just 60-70 percent can have significant therapeutic effects. If translatable, because senescent cells do not proliferate rapidly, a drug could efficiently and quickly eliminate enough of them to have profound impacts on healthspan and lifespan.

* AP-301 peptide mimics the lectin-like domain of TNF-alfa. It is used in the treatment of oedematous respiratory failure in patients suffering from lung infection, lung injury and lung transplantation.

* Apilimod-Vacuolin-1 are two PIKfyve kinase inhibitors which have been found in lab tests to block the SARS-CoV-2 virus from infecting human cells. Besides vaccines, effective COVID-19 therapies that can significantly reduce complications and deaths are also needed to help those people who will continue to get infected. The two drugs are similar and they can both block the Ebola virus, researchers found a few years ago. Recently apilimod has been repurposed as a potential antiviral and anti-cancer drug, with possible applications in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma as well as viral diseases such as Ebola virus disease, Lassa fever and COVID-19.

* Apnea, Obstructive Sleep, also known as obstructive sleep apnea, is related to kawasaki disease and body mass index quantitative trait locus 11, and has symptoms including snoring, excessive daytime somnolence and anosmia. An important gene associated with Apnea, Obstructive Sleep is AHDC1 (AT-Hook DNA Binding Motif Containing 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Common Cytokine Receptor Gamma-Chain Family Signaling Pathways and Selenium Micronutrient Network. The drugs Guanfacine and Hydrochlorothiazide have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, testes and endothelial, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and behavior/neurological. A sleep apnea that is characterized by repeated collapse and obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, which results in reduced airflow (hypopnea) or complete airflow cessation (apnea), oxygen desaturation, and arousals from sleep.

* APOE (130–149) or COG-130 peptide attenuates the increased AHR and goblet cell hyperplasia, as well as the increased expression of MUC5AC and CLCA3 genes. Furthermore, also attenuates multiple indices of airway inflammation, such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophilia, total serum IgE levels, and mRNA levels of Th2 (IL-4, IL-13) and Th17 (IL-17A) cytokines, as well as chemokines for eosinophils (CCL7, CCL11, and CCL17). It also reduces expression of products of alternatively activated macrophages, such as chitinase 3-like 3, arginase 1, and Fizz1 (resistin-like alfa). It could be a novel treatment for asthma that has a mechanism of action which is distinct from currently available therapies.

* Appetite Stimulation is a mix oriented to those elderly with increasing appetite loss. The products play (3m) in this order.
-Hinokitiol for iron uptake in the gut and hemoglobin production
-Monosodium Glutamate Salt for taste titillation
-Vitamin B9 as Methylfolate
-Vitamin B7 as Biotin
-Vitamin B6 as Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)
-Vitamin B3 as Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
-VitaminB2 as Flavin Mononucleotide + Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
-Vitamin B1 as Thiamine Tetrahydrofurfuryl Disulfide
-Vitamin A as Retinal
-Zinc Bisglycinate + Copper Citrate

* Appendicitis, also known as acute appendicitis, is related to diverticulitis and endometriosis, and has symptoms including fever, vomiting and pain. An important gene associated with Appendicitis is CRP (C-Reactive Protein), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Cytokine Signaling in Immune system. The drugs Ertapenem and Dexmedetomidine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include appendix, colon and testes, and related phenotypes are Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2) and Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2). A gastrointestinal system infectious disease that involves inflammation and infection of the appendix caused by the blockage of the lumen with a small, hard piece of stool, a foreign body or worms.

* Apremilast is used to treat a certain type of arthritis (psoriatic arthritis). Apremilast is also used to treat a certain type of skin condition (moderate to severe plaque psoriasis). Apremilast belongs to a class of drugs known as phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors. For the treatment of psoriatic arthritis, it decreases pain and swelling, and may help improve flexibility in the affected joints. For the treatment of plaque psoriasis, it may help to reduce the redness, thickening, and scaling of the skin that occurs with this condition. Apremilast is also used to treat mouth sores in people who have Behcet's disease. It helps to reduce the pain and improve the healing of these mouth sores.

* AR-42 is part of a class of drugs known as HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitors, which are designed to block proteins that play a key role in mediating skeletal muscle breakdown. In cancer, HDAC proteins also tend to drive the pathways in cancer cells that lead to aggressive cancers. AR-42 is unique among HDAC inhibitors because it appears to have beneficial effects on muscle health and function. In cancer patients AR-42 can significantly preserve body weight and prolong survival while simultaneously preventing the loss of muscle and fat tissue mass and preserving the health/strength of muscle. Most advanced cancer patients will experience significant loss of muscle mass as the result of their cancer at some point during their treatment, a condition clinically known as "cachexia." The condition is most common in pancreas and gastrointestinal cancers, with up to 70 to 80 percent of patients experiencing severe loss of muscle mass that impacts their ability to tolerate necessary treatments. Ar-42 is also used as a treatment of meningioma and schwannoma of the central nervous system. Meningioma and schwannoma are benign tumors that can present in different locations within the brain and the spinal cord and may cause substantial morbidity for those affected individuals. AR-42 has been found to modulate several apoptosis inhibitors as well as cell survival regulator, including Akt, Bcl-xL, Bax, Ku70 and surviving, and exert potent antitumor activity against multiple tumor types, such as human prostate and hepatic cancers, at least partially through PI3K/Akt pathway inhibition. AR-42 not only decreases the severity of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and completely prevents its progression to poorly differentiated carcinoma, but also shifts tumorigenesis to a more differentiated phenotype, suppressing absolute and relative urogenital tract weights. AR-42 significantly reduces leukocyte counts, and prolongs survival in three separate mouse models of B-cell malignancy without evidence of toxicity. AR-42 has also shown greater potency and activity in solid tumors and hematological malignancies when compared to vorinostat.

* Arbaclofen placarbil an oral selective gamma-amino butyric acid type B (GABA-B) receptor agonist, is a prodrug of R-baclofen. Arbaclofen placarbil possesses more favorable pharmacokinetic profile than baclofen, with less fluctuations in plasma drug levels. Arbaclofen placarbil (AP) inhibits reflux in gastroesophageal reflux disease and spasticity due to multiple sclerosis.

* Arg-Gln-Lys-Gly, is Arginine, Glutamine, Lysine, Glycine - An amino acid combination which may help with cognition in people who produce less Klotho protein. Since Klotho declines with age, it's probably a good idea to keep it elevated. Having low Klotho downregulates SIRT1, but increasing SIRT1 seems to make up for some of the vascular benefits of Klotho, so it's probably a good idea to increase SIRT1 as well (see Fisetin). However, decreased Klotho may not be all bad. For example, mice that are unable to produce normal amounts of Klotho have better abilities at regulating body temperature, better bile acid synthesis, smaller gallbladders, and more brown fat (BAT). They are also protected against non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases and have better insulin sensitivity.

* Aromatase Deficiency, also known as congenital estrogen deficiency, is related to estrogen resistance and her2-receptor positive breast cancer, and has symptoms including hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis and cryptorchidism. An important gene associated with Aromatase Deficiency is CYP19A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 19 Subfamily A Member 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Prolactin Signaling Pathway and TRP channels. The drugs Anastrozole and Vitamin D have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include breast, bone and ovary, and related phenotypes are Decreased viability and cellular. Aromatase deficiency is a condition characterized by reduced levels of the female sex hormone estrogen and increased levels of the male sex hormone testosterone.

* ARSB factor or arylsulfatase B is an enzyme associated with mucopolysaccharidosis VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome). Arylsulfatase B is among a group of arylsulfatase enzymes present in the lysosomes of the liver, pancreas, and kidneys of animals. The purpose of the enzyme is to hydrolyze sulfates in the body. ARSB does this by breaking down glycosaminoglycans(GAGs), which are large sugar molecules in the body. ARSB targets two GAGs in particular: dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. Over 130 mutations to ARSB have been found, each leading to a deficiency in the body. In most cases, the mutation occurs on a single nucleotide in the sequence. An arylsulfatase B deficiency can lead to an accumulation of GAGs in lysosomes, which in turn can lead to mucopolysaccharidosis VI. (Among the top most expensive meds - Naglazyme)

* Arteries, Anomalies of, also known as artery disease, is related to peripheral artery disease and renal artery disease. An important gene associated with Arteries, Anomalies of is TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Vesicle-mediated transport and Lipoprotein metabolism. The drugs Everolimus and Miconazole have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include an artery, heart and endothelial, and related phenotypes are abnormality of the cardiovascular system and Decreased free cholesterol. A vascular disease that is located in an artery.

* Arteriolosclerosis is related to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and partial circumpapillary choroid dystrophy. An important gene associated with Arteriolosclerosis is C3 (Complement C3), and among its related pathways/superpathways is Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers. Affiliated tissues include brain, kidney and heart, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and immune system. A form of cardiovascular disease involving hardening and loss of elasticity of arterioles or small arteries and is most often associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus.

* Arthritis, also known as inflammatory joint disease, is related to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, systemic juvenile, and has symptoms including arthralgia, back pain and metatarsalgia. An important gene associated with Arthritis is TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and ERK Signaling. The drugs Rayos and Methotrexate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include joint, skin over the joint and bone, and related phenotypes are Decreased Tat-dependent HIV-LTR-beta-galactosidase protein expression and homeostasis/metabolism. A bone inflammation disease that involves a response to irritation or injury, characterized by joint pain, swelling, stiffness located in joint and/or redness located in skin over the joint.

* Arthropathy also known as joint ankylosis of the pelvic region and thigh is related to rheumatoid arthritis and camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome and has symptoms including arthralgia back pain and metatarsalgia. An important gene associated with Arthropathy is PRG4 (Proteoglycan 4) and among its related pathways are Osteoclast Signaling and Osteoblast Signaling. Affiliated tissues include joint bone and testes and related mouse phenotypes are muscle and liver/biliary system. A bone inflammation disease that is located in joint.

* Articulation Disorder, also known as articulation disorders, is related to childhood apraxia of speech and stuttering. An important gene associated with Articulation Disorder is GNPTG (N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase Subunit Gamma), and among its related pathways/superpathways is Lysosome. Affiliated tissues include brain and tongue, and related phenotype is behavior/neurological. A speech disorder that involves mispronouncing speech sounds by omitting, distorting, substituting, or adding sounds which can make speech difficult to understand.

* ARTS-1 factor mutations' have been linked to an increased risk of ankylosing spondylitis but only in HLA-B27 positive patients.

* AS1842856. Excessive hepatic glucose production through the gluconeogenesis pathway is partially responsible for the elevated glucose levels observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 plays a crucial role in mediating the effect of insulin on hepatic gluconeogenesis. A Foxo1 inhibitor, an orally active low-molecular compound, as a therapeutic drug for treating T2DM. AS1842856 potently inhibits human Foxo1 transactivation and reduces glucose production through inhibition of G6Pase and PEPCK mRNA levels in a rat hepatic cell line. Oral administration of AS1842856 to diabetic db/db mice led to a drastic decrease in fasting plasma glucose level via inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenic genes, whereas administration to normal mice had no effect on fasting plasma glucose level. Treatment with AS1842856 also suppressed an increase in plasma glucose level caused by pyruvate njection in both normal and db/db mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that the Foxo1 inhibitor represents a new class of drugs for use in treating T2DM. AS1842856 attenuates the development of asthmatic lung inflammation, it also induces a significant decrease of tumor load in all critical organ compartments and increases the life span of the animals when administrated at anti-diabetic concentrations.

* Aspirin-Vitamin C. Aspirin is an extremely versatile compound that helps to protect against heart disease and many different kinds of cancer, including colon, lung, breast, prostate, esophageal and even skin cancers. It can help prevent blood clots known as deep vein thromboses and is as good as warfarin in treating heart failure. Aspirin does have some serious risks, however, especially bleeding ulcers that could prove lethal. That is why people who take aspirin daily should make sure their physicians are aware of this practice.

* Asteromycin is a compound found in some Actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces with antimycoplasma, antibiotic, acaricidal, antitumor, antibacterial, anthelmintic, and antiviral activity.

* Asthenopia, also known as accommodative strain, is related to suppression amblyopia and xerophthalmia, and has symptoms including eye manifestations and visual discomfort. An important gene associated with Asthenopia is NCBP1 (Nuclear Cap Binding Protein Subunit 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways is Neuroscience. The drugs Loteprednol and Methylprednisolone hemisuccinate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, testes and heart, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and nervous system. Eye strain, also known as asthenopia, is an eye condition that manifests through nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache, and occasional double vision. Symptoms often occur after reading, computer work, or other close activities that involve tedious visual tasks.

* Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is an antioxidant derivative from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Astragalus membraneaceus Bunge and exerts anti-inflammatory and longevity effects and neuroprotective activities. Senescent astrocytes have been implicated in the aging brain and neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). AS-IV protected against the loss of dopamine neurons and behavioral deficits in the mouse model of PD, which companied by reduced accumulation of senescent astrocytes in substantia nigra compacta. Mechanistically, AS-IV promoted mitophagy, which reduced damaged mitochondria accumulation and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and then contributed to the suppression of astrocyte senescence. The inhibition of autophagy abolished the suppressive effects of AS-IV on astrocyte senescence. AS-IV prevents dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD via inhibition of astrocyte senescence through promoting mitophagy and suggest that AS-IV is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as PD.

* Astressin peptide is a nonselective CRF antagonist, particularly potent at inhibiting the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Astressin significantly reverses the anxiogenic-like response induced by both social and intracerebroventricular (ICV) stress. It may have relevance in neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative disorders and irritable bowel syndrome.

* Astressin-2B peptide is a selective antagonist of CRHR2 which reduces intestinal inflammation and diarrhea. Its use results in considerably less intestinal epithelial damage, congestion, edema and lower levels of immune cell infiltration. It also helps with increased passive stress-coping behavior due to isolation from a female partner.

* Astrocyte To Neuron Conversion. Neuronal loss is the leading cause of symptoms in patients with neural injury or neurodegenerative disorders.Following nerve injury, glial cells including astrocytes, NG2 cells, and microglia will proliferate and become reactive glial cells to form glial scarring in order to protect neighboring tissues from further damage. However, the continuous presence of glialscars also inhibits neuronal growth and synaptic transmission in the injured area. Thus, reactive glial cells are a double-edged sword that can have both neuroprotective and neuroinhibitory functions during the progression of injury or diseases. Glial scarring has been widely reported after traumatic brain injury, stroke, and spinal cord injury, but efforts to remove the neuroinhibitory effect of glial scarring has only resultedin limited success. Direct conversion from glial cells into neurons inside the brain or spinal cord without cell transplantation can avoid the problems of tumor formation, aberrant differentiation, and immunorejection that are often associated with stem cell transplantation. This chemical protocol is composed of four small molecules (DAPT, CHIR99021,SB431542, and LDN193189) to efficiently reprogram HAs into neurons.

* Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks. It phosphorylates several key proteins that initiate activation of the DNA damage checkpoint, leading to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptosis. The protein is named for the disorder Ataxia telangiectasia caused by mutations of ATM. The wild-type ATM gene is expressed at a 4-fold increased level in human testes compared to somatic cells (such as skin fibroblasts). In both mice and humans, ATM deficiency results in female and male infertility. Deficient ATM expression causes severe meiotic disruption during prophase I. In addition, impaired ATM-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair has been identified as a likely cause of aging of mouse and human oocytes. Expression of the ATM gene, as well as other key DSB repair genes, declines with age in mouse and human oocytes and this decline is paralleled by an increase of DSBs in primordial follicles. These findings indicate that ATM-mediated homologous recombinational repair is a crucial function of meiosis.

* Atherosclerosis, also known as arteriosclerosis, is related to arthritis and angina pectoris, and has symptoms including angina pectoris, chest pain and edema. An important gene associated with Atherosclerosis is SELE (Selectin E), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Blood-Brain Barrier and Immune Cell Transmigration: VCAM-1/CD106 Signaling Pathways and Lipoprotein metabolism. The drugs Olmesartan and Aspirin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Endothelium and Heart, and related phenotypes are Decreased free cholesterol and cardiovascular system. A disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the build up of plaque.

* Atopy, also known as hypersensitivity, immediate, is related to churg-strauss syndrome and cow milk allergy, and has symptoms including asthma, eczema and increased ige level. An important gene associated with Atopy is IL4R (Interleukin 4 Receptor), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Cytokine Signaling in Immune system. The drugs Montelukast and Petrolatum have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, testes and lung, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and digestive/alimentary. A condition characterized by predisposition to develop hypersensitivity reactions. Atopic individuals can develop eczema, allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma.

* ATP passive training, a sequence of frequencies featuring 3 passes of O2 (oxygen2) 1m, EPO (erythropoietin) 3m, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 3m.

* ATP synthases. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. It is the main energy transfer molecule in the cell, that is, the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding (exergonic) and energy-requiring (endergonic) reactions.
ATP synthase is an important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The recording includes the sound frequencies for both the ATP (coenzyme) and those human genes encoding components of ATP synthases. All the frequencies play for 90 seconds unless stated otherwise.
In order, ATP (1m), ATP6AP1, ATP5H, ATP5D, ATP5E, ATP5G3, ATP5G2, ATP6AP2, ATP5G1, ATP5J, ATP5L, ATP5J2, ATP5F1, ATP, ATP5S, MT-ATP6, ATP5O, ATP5A1, MT-ATP8, ATP5I, ATP5B, ATP (1m).

* Atrial Fibrillation, also known as fibrillation, atrial, is related to familial atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure, and has symptoms including angina pectoris, edema and chest pain. An important gene associated with Atrial Fibrillation is KCNQ1 (Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily Q Member 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Vascular smooth muscle contraction and Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes. The drugs Atorvastatin and Amiodarone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, kidney and testes, and related phenotypes are no effect and cardiovascular system. A heart conduction disease that is characterized by uncoordinated electrical activity in the heart's upper chambers (the atria), which causes the heartbeat to become fast and irregular and has symptoms palpitations, weakness, fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, confusion, shortness of breath and chest pain.

* Atrial natriuretic peptide-ANP is a vasodilator, and a protein (polypeptide) hormone secreted by heart muscle cells. ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium and adipose loads on the circulatory system, thereby reducing blood pressure. ANP has exactly the opposite function of aldosterone –that is, aldosterone stimulates sodium retention and ANP generates sodium loss.

* Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is related to gilles de la tourette syndrome and conduct disorder, and has symptoms including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, hyperactivity and sleeplessness. An important gene associated with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder is DRD4 (Dopamine Receptor D4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Dopaminergic synapse and Serotonergic synapse. The drugs Dopamine and Methylphenidate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and thyroid, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and nervous system. A mental disorder in which children are especially inattentive, impulsive or hyperactive.

* ATWLPPR peptide is a potent inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Prevents blood brain barrier dysregulation and central nervous system vascular permeability under neuroinflammatory conditions.

* Auditory System Disease, also known as ear diseases, is related to deafness, autosomal dominant 3a and deafness, autosomal recessive 4, with enlarged vestibular aqueduct, and has symptoms including diplacusis, bilateral, diplacusis, left ear and diplacusis, right ear. An important gene associated with Auditory System Disease is GJB2 (Gap Junction Protein Beta 2), and among its related pathways is Gap junction trafficking. The drugs sulfacetamide and sulfacetamide sodium have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, eye and testes, and related mouse phenotypes are behavior/neurological and hearing/vestibular/ear.

* Autoimmune Disease of Blood is related to alcoholic neuropathy and calloso-genital dysplasia. An important gene associated with Autoimmune Disease of Blood is CD40LG (CD40 Ligand), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ and Phospholipase-C Pathway. The drugs Rivaroxaban and Adalimumab have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, t cells and pancreas, and related phenotypes are Dynamic nuclei (hole, folded or small irregular) and hematopoietic system. A hypersensitivity reaction type II disease that causes the immune system to produce antibodies or T cells against cells and/or tissues in the blood.

* Autoimmune Disease of Skin and Connective Tissue is related to bullous skin disease and bullous pemphigoid. An important gene associated with Autoimmune Disease of Skin and Connective Tissue is COL17A1 (Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1 Chain), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Degradation of the extracellular matrix and Cell junction organization. Affiliated tissues include skin and t cells, and related phenotype is integument. A hypersensitivity reaction type II disease that is the abnormal functioning of the immune system that causes the immune system to produce antibodies or T cells against cells and/or tissues in the skin and connective tissue.

* Autoimmune lupus erythematosus epitope 1 peptide (PPPGIRGP) induces spliceosome autoimmunity, a mechanism of homeostatic body regulation to maintain balance in a changing environment.

* Autonomic Nervous System Disease, also known as autonomic nervous system disorders, is related to central hypoventilation syndrome, congenital and pandas, and has symptoms including back pain, constipation and diarrhea. An important gene associated with Autonomic Nervous System Disease is DRD4 (Dopamine Receptor D4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Susceptibility Pathways. The drugs Benzocaine and Dopamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, lung and eye, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and normal.

* Autonomic Neuropathy is related to neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type v and lupus erythematosus. An important gene associated with Autonomic Neuropathy is NGF (Nerve Growth Factor), and among its related pathways is Activation of TRKA receptors. Affiliated tissues include heart, testes and spinal cord, and related mouse phenotypes are integument and muscle. A form of polyneuropathy that affects the non-voluntary, non-sensory nervous system (i.e., the autonomic nervous system).

* Avacopan is an orally-administered small molecule that is a selective inhibitor of the complement C5a receptor, or C5aR. Avacopan is in Phase III development for the treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto-antibody-associated vasculitis (ANCA-associated vasculitis). In clinical studies to date, avacopan was shown to be safe, well tolerated and provided effective control of the disease while allowing elimination of high-dose steroids, part of the current standard of care. Avacopan for the treatment of patients with C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has granted avacopan orphan-drug designation for ANCA-associated Vasculitis, C3G and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS).

* Avanafil is a PDE5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction. Avanafil acts by inhibiting a specific phosphodiesterase type 5 enzyme which is found in various body tissues, but primarily in the corpus cavernosum penis, as well as the retina. PDE5 inhibitors inhibit the degradation of cGMP by PDE5, increasing bloodflow to the penis during sexual stimulation. This mode of action means that PDE5 inhibitors are ineffective without sexual stimulation.

* Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head or femur head necrosis is related to legg-calve-perthes disease and familial avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and has symptoms including avascular necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis An important gene associated with Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head is COL2A1 (Collagen Type II Alpha 1 Chain), and among its related pathways are Oxidative Stress and Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species. Affiliated tissues include bone, bone marrow and endothelial, and related mouse phenotypes are cardiovascular system and vision/eye. A disease characterized by mechanical failure of the subchondral bone, and degeneration of the hip joint. It usually leads to destruction of the hip joint in the third to fifth decade of life. The clinical manifestations, such as pain on exertion, a limping gait, and a discrepancy in leg length, cause considerable disability.

* AVI-7288 is an antisense PMOplus (Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomer) oligomerdesigned to inhibit NP synthesis of the Marburg virus resulting in catastrophic effects on production of viral mRNA, viral genome replication, and viral assembly.

* AVI-7537 is an antisense PMOplus (Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomer) oligomer that binds directly to the viral VP24 transcript RNA is the optimal single agent for protection against an Ebola Zaire lethal challenge. The VP24 protein is an inhibitor of type I interferon responses. Thus inhibition of VP24 may lead to a more efficient host response to infection. VP24 also forms homodimers and binds to VP35 as well as NP and may play a role in the switch from viral replication to transcription, a function critical to the viral life cycle.