Modern Medicine in Digital format

* Magainin 1 and Magainin 2 amide are have broad-spectrum, non-specific activity against a wide range of micro-organisms, including viruses, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, protozoa, yeasts and fungi, and may also be hemolytic and cytotoxic to cancer cells. Magainin 1 is a bactericide. Both Magainin 1 and 2 exhibit inhibitory action toward Herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) and HSV-2.

* Magnoloside A ameliorates functional dyspepsia by modulating brain-gut peptides and gut microbiota.

* Magnoloside A ameliorates functional dyspepsia by modulating brain-gut peptides and gut microbiota. It also exhibits potent antifungal activities against various Cryptococcus strains.

* Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication. As a sweetener it is used in diabetic food as it is poorly absorbed by the intestines. As a medication, it is used to decrease pressure in the eyes, as in glaucoma, and to lower increased intracranial pressure. Mannitol is in the osmotic diuretic family of medications and works by pulling fluid from the brain and eyes. Mannitol is used to reduce acutely raised intracranial pressure until more definitive treatment can be applied, e.g., after head trauma. It may also be used for certain cases of kidney failure with low urine output, decreasing pressure in the eye, to increase the elimination of certain toxins, and to treat fluid build up. Mannitol acts as an osmotic laxative and is sometimes sold as a laxative for children. Mannitol increases blood glucose to a lesser extent than sucrose (thus having a relatively low glycemic index) so is used as a sweetener for people with diabetes, and in chewing gums. Although mannitol has a higher heat of solution than most sugar alcohols, its comparatively low solubility reduces the cooling effect usually found in mint candies and gums. However, when mannitol is completely dissolved in a product, it induces a strong cooling effect. Mannitol is contraindicated in people with anuria, congestive heart failure. Adverse effects include hyponatremia and volume depletion leading to metabolic acidosis.

* MANS peptide or MARCKS (151-175) can reduce therapeutically mucus secretion in the airways. Hypersecretion of mucin (the glycoprotein component of mucus) occurs in several respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis. Excess mucus and mucin secretion may increase susceptibility to infection, disrupt innate defenses that may depend on mucociliary function, and interfere with airflow conduction and laminar airflow within central lung airways, further enhancing airway obstruction. Also, the MANS peptide affords protection from neutrophil elastase-related airway inflammation and limits agonist-induced narrowing of airway lumens, two clinical phenotypes commonly associated with abnormal airway function in chronic bronchitis.

* Mapracorat is an anti-inflammatory drug belonging to the experimental class of selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs). It is in clinical trials for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis, inflammation following cataract surgery, and allergic conjunctivitis. Preliminary investigation for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca has been conducted in cellular models.

* Maraviroc is an antiretroviral drug in the CCR5 receptor antagonist class used in the treatment of HIV infection. It works by blocking receptor CCR5, found on the surface of cells. By blocking or covering up this receptor, maraviroc prevents HIV from entering and infecting the cell.

* Masoprocol is an antineoplastic drug used to treat skin growths caused by sun exposure. A form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid that is being studied in the treatment of prostate cancer. Also called nordihydroguaiaretic acid, NDGA, and actinex. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is an antioxidant, and it may block certain enzymes needed for tumor growth. It is a lipoxygenase inhibitor. A study on NDGA showed it increased male median lifespan by 8-10% at three different doses. Females did not show a lifespan benefit from NDGA, even at a dose that produced blood levels similar to those in males, which did show a strong lifespan benefit.

* Mast Cell Activation Syndrome, also known as mcas, is related to monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome and nguyen syndrome. An important gene associated with Mast Cell Activation Syndrome is CHIT1 (Chitinase 1). The drugs Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Imatinib Mesylate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, brain and heart. An immunological condition in which mast cells mistakenly release too many chemical mediators, resulting in several chronic symptoms involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, heart, respiratory, and neurologic systems.

* Mavorixafor trihydrochloride (AMD-070 trihydrochloride) is a potent, selective and orally available CXCR4 antagonist. Originally developed for HIV treatment, it is now being repurposed for the treatment of WHIM syndrome, a sub-type of a primary immunodeficiency disease caused by CXCR4 mutations. It is also used for for the treatment of Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, a rare form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Mavorixafor is being developed for the treatment of rare primary immunodeficiency diseases and certain cancers, including lymphomas, where mutations in CXCR4 cause an abnormal trafficking of white blood cells and support disease progression.

* MBP85-99 myelin basic protein (MBP) is a major candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis (MS). Its immunodominant epitope, MBP 85-99, forms a complex with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR2 with which multiple sclerosis is genetically associated.

* MCB-613 is an activator of the steroid receptor coactivators (SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3). MCB-613 kills human breast, prostate, lung, and liver cancer cells, while sparing normal cells. MCB-613 reduces tumor growth without causing toxicity. The toxic effect of the drug is due to the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. The inability of the ER to cope with such a large number of proteins causes a state of stress to develop that stimulates production of toxic ROS species and the destruction of the cell. MCB-613 is a candidate drug that destroys cancer cells by stimulating them to produce more proteins than the cells can actually process was shown to kill a wide variety of cancer cells in culture and to inhibit tumor growth in animal models, it works in multiple types of cancers.

* MCC950 is a specific inhibitor of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin-domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. NLRP3 blockade can help attenuate asthma, neuropathic pain, colitis, stroke, chikungunya infection and more—including Parkinson’s. Parkinson's disease is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, with 10 million sufferers, whose control of body movements is affected. The disease is characterised by the loss of brain cells that produce dopamine, which is a chemical that co-ordinates motor control, and is accompanied by chronic inflammation in the brain. MCC950, given orally once a day, blocked NLRP3 activation in the brain and prevented the loss of brain cells, resulting in markedly improved motor function. MCC950 effectively 'cooled the brains on fire', turning down microglial inflammatory activity, and allowing neurons to function normally.

* Measles, also known as rubeola, is related to rubella and mumps, and has symptoms including fever, conjunctivitis and cough. An important gene associated with Measles is CD46 (CD46 Molecule), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and TGF-Beta Pathway. The drugs Sodium Citrate and Vitamin A have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, eye and testes, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and cellular. A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus.

* Mebendazole is a medication used to treat a number of parasitic worm infestations. This includes ascariasis, pinworm disease, hookworm infections, guinea worm infections, hydatid disease, and giardia, among others. Mebendazole is a highly effective, broad-spectrum antihelmintic indicated for the treatment of nematode infestations, including roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, threadworm, pinworm, and the intestinal form of trichinosis prior to its spread into the tissues beyond the digestive tract. Several studies show mebendazole exhibits potent antitumor properties. MBZ significantly inhibited cancer cell growth, migration, and metastatic formation of adrenocortical carcinoma, both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of lung cancer cell lines with MBZ caused mitotic arrest, followed by apoptotic cell death with the feature of caspase activation and cytochrome c release. MBZ induced a dose- and time-dependent apoptotic response in human lung cancer cell lines, and apoptosis via Bcl-2 inactivation in chemoresistant melanoma cells.

* Mecasermin rinfabate also known as rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3, is a drug consisting of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) which is used for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease). It is similar in action to mecasermin, but with fewer side effects (such as hypoglycemia). Treatment with rhIGF-I has been explored in a number of growth and endocrine disorders. The effects of Mecasermin rinfabate have been explored in a number of clinical situations including diabetes, severe insulin resistance, osteopaenia, burns and growth hormone insensitivity syndrome. For the treatment of IGF-I deficiency, it is desirable to administer IGF-I bound to IGFBP-3 to maintain the normal equilibrium of these proteins in the blood. Mecasermin rinfabate (rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3) mimics the effects of the natural protein complex in the bloodstream and would augment the natural supply of these linked compounds. The most advanced indication in development of mecasermin rinfabate is the treatment of severe growth disorders due to growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS), also called Laron syndrome. GHIS is a genetic condition in which patients do not produce adequate quantities of IGF because of a failure to respond to the growth hormone signal. This results in a slower growth rate and short stature. Mecasermin rinfabate also has potential as replacement therapy for IGF-I, which may become depleted in indications such as major surgery, organ damage/failure, traumatic injury, cachexia and severe burn trauma. It also has potential for the treatment of osteoporosis.

* Mechano growth factor MGF peptide, is a new interlaced variant of the insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1). The RNA form is expressed in muscle tissues in response to the overload or/and damage, therefore it is originally called MGF. Recent studies show that the expression of IGF-1 interlaced variants over the course of the healing and re-growth phase of muscle repair is believed to be the primary mechanism by which the body helps to produce new muscle tissue. Failure in its expression may result to age-related loss of skeletal function. Included in its functions is its ability to become a potent neuroprotective.

* Mechano growth factor peptides. Each item play for five minutes 20 seconds.
In order,
- MGF, Mechano Growth Factor, an interlaced variant of the insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1). The RNA form is expressed in muscle tissues in response to the overload or/and damage, therefore it is originally called MGF. Expression of IGF-1 interlaced variants over the course of the healing and re-growth phase of muscle repair is believed to be the primary mechanism by which the body helps to produce new muscle tissue. Failure in its expression may result to age-related loss of skeletal function. Included in its functions is its ability to become a potent neuroprotective.
- Enobosarm is a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) for treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting and osteoporosis.
- PEG MGF (Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor) pegylated splice variant of the IGF-1 gene which increases stem cell count in the muscle and allows for muscle fibers to fuse and mature. This is a process required for growth of adult muscle.

* Meclofenoxate, also known as centrophenoxine is a cholinergic nootropic used as a dietary supplement. It is an ester of dimethylethanolamine (DMAE) and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (pCPA). In elderly patients, meclofenoxate has been shown to improve performance on certain memory tests. Meclofenoxate also increases cellular membrane phospholipids. Meclofenoxate is considered to be very safe and high in tolerability. However, possible side effects may include, rarely, insomnia, dizziness, restlessness, muscle tremor, depression, nausea, muscle tension, and headache; these side effects may be due to overdosage and may indicate the need for the dosage to be reduced. Meclofenoxate has been found to increase the lifespans of mice by 30–50%.

* Median Neuropathy is related to carpal tunnel syndrome, familial and neuropathy, and has symptoms including median nerve neuralgia An important gene associated with Median Neuropathy is LMNA (Lamin A/C). Affiliated tissues include breast, skin and testes.

* Medrysone is a topical, synthetic glucocorticoid with metabolic, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties. Medrysone exerts its effect by interacting with specific intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and subsequently binds to DNA to modify gene expression. This results in an induction of the synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins while inhibiting the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators. Consequently, an overall reduction in chronic inflammation and autoimmune reactions is accomplished. Medrysone ophthalmic is used to treat eye inflammation caused by infections, injury, surgery, or other conditions.

* Melanoma gene therapy, including metastatic melanoma. In playing order, Pembrolizumab, Peginterferon alpha-2b, Interferon alpha-2b, Proleukin, Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Tremelimumab, Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), Trametinib, Afamelanotide, BMS-470,539, Dabrafenib, Vemurafenib, Recombinant interferon alpha-2b, Ipilimumab, Rasagiline.

* Melanotan 1 (MT1) peptide, affects melanogenesis stimulation, for pigmentation of the skin. It biomimicries the natural mammalian tanning process. Melanotan produces its photoprotective effects by triggering a 'signaling cascade' via its activation of the MC1R on melanin-producing cells known as melanocytes.

* Melanotan-2 peptide, used for erectile dysfunction and obesity-appetite.

* Melatonin Receptors 1A-1B. Melatonin receptor type 1A MTNR1A mediates reproductive and circadian responses. It is expressed in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland and the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Melatonin receptor type 1B MTNR1B is expressed in human retina and brain. Its action in the retina is believed to affect several light-dependent functions, including phagocytosis and photopigment disc shedding. MTNR1A left channel, MTNR1B right channel.

* Meldonium may be used to treat coronary artery disease. These heart problems may sometimes lead to ischemia, a condition where too little blood flows to the organs in the body, especially the heart. Because this drug is thought to expand the arteries, it helps to increase the blood flow as well as increase the flow of oxygen throughout the body. Meldonium has also been found to induce anticonvulsant and antihypnotic effects involving alpha 2-adrenergic receptors as well as nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms. This, in summary, shows that meldonium given in acute doses could be beneficial for the treatment of seizures and alcohol intoxication. It may also have some effect on decreasing the severity of withdrawal symptoms caused by the cessation of chronic alcohol use. Meldonium demonstrates an increase in endurance performance of athletes, improved rehabilitation after exercise, protection against stress, and enhanced activations of central nervous system (CNS) functions. It is opposing to steroids in the sense that instead of making the athlete emotionally unstable and readily irritable, it keeps them in an elevated state of mind and keeps their emotions in a happier state. Meldonium cannot improve athletic performance, but it can stop tissue damage in the case of ischemia, which is lack of blood flow to an area of the body.

* Menopause, for women of age and also used for males with fertility, libido or sexual dysfunction issues. Unless stated otherwise each item plays for 3m.
Left channel: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) beta, Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follitropin subunit beta (FSHB), hCG alpha, Recombinant hCG, Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), Calcitriol, Urofollitropin, Beta sitosterol, Stigmasterol (2m), ESR2 (2m).
Right channel: UK-414,495, Progesterone, Levonorgestrel, Ellagic acid, Estradiol, Genistein, Daidzein, Alendronate, Equol (2m), PF-219,061 (2m).

* Mephenoxalone is a muscle relaxant and mild anxiolytic. It inhibits neuron transmission, relaxing skeletal muscles by inhibiting the reflex arc. As the effect of muscle relaxation, mephenoxalone affects mental condition, and is also a treatment for nervousness and anxiety.

* Mepolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that recognizes interleukin-5 (IL-5). Mepolizumab has been investigated or is under investigation for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma, atopic dermatitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), nasal polyposis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) (i.e., Churg Strauss syndrome), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

* Mesenchymal Stem Cells Generation (MSCs) are good candidates for brain cell replacement strategies and have already been used as adjuvant treatments in neurological disorders. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) with a protocol previously tested in bone marrow (BM-) MSCs consisting of a cocktail of six small molecules: I-BET151, CHIR99021, forskolin, RepSox, Y-27632, and dbcAMP (ICFRYA). Neuronal morphology and the presence of cells positive forneuronal markers (TUJ1 and MAP2) were considered attributes of neuronal induction. The ICFRYA cocktail increased the number of cells positive for mature neuronal markers in BM- and UCB-MSCs. The neuronal cells generated from UCB-MSCs and BM-MSCs showed increased reactivity of the neuronal genes TUJ1, MAP2, NF-H, NCAM, ND1, TAU, ENO2, GABA, and NeuN as well as down- and upregulation of MSC and neuronal genes, respectively. The present study showed marked differences between the MSCs from different sources in response to the transdifferentiation protocol used here.These results may contribute to identifying the best source of MSCs for potential cell replacement therapies.

* Met-12 peptide may serve as a photoreceptor-protective agent in the setting of retinal-RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) separation.

* Metabolic Acidosis is related to glutathione synthetase deficiency and renal tubular acidosis. An important gene associated with Metabolic Acidosis is ALB (Albumin), and among its related pathways are Pancreatic secretion and Biotin metabolism. Affiliated tissues include kidney, bone and heart, and related mouse phenotypes are renal/urinary system and homeostasis/metabolism. A condition that occurs when the body produces excessive quantities of acid or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body. If unchecked, metabolic acidosis leads to acidemia -low blood pH- due to increased production of hydrogen ions by the body or the inability of the body to form bicarbonate in the kidney. Its causes are diverse, and its consequences can be serious, including coma and death.

* Metal Allergy is related to limbic encephalitis with lgi1 antibodies and focal epithelial hyperplasia. An important gene associated with Metal Allergy is HLA-DQB1 (Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DQ Beta 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are TCR Signaling (Qiagen) and Allograft rejection. The drugs Anti-Bacterial Agents and Antibiotics, Antitubercular have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, testes and eye. A hypersensitivity reaction type I disease triggered by a metal.

* Metaxalone is a muscle relaxant used to relax muscles and relieve pain caused by strains, sprains, and other musculoskeletal conditions. Its exact mechanism of action is not known, but it may be due to general central nervous system depression. It is considered to be a moderately strong muscle relaxant, with relatively low incidence of side effects. Possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, drowsiness and CNS side effects, such as dizziness, headache, and irritability. The metabolism of metaxalone involves enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 in the cytochrome P450 system. Because many medications are metabolized by enzymes in this system, precaution must be taken when administering it with other medications involving the P450 system to avoid interactions. Because of potential for side effects, this drug is considered high risk in the elderly.

* Metformin is an antidiabetic drug in the biguanide class. It is the first-line drug of choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, in particular, in overweight and obese people and those with normal kidney function. Its use in gestational diabetes has been limited by safety concerns. It is also used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, and has been investigated for other diseases where insulin resistance may be an important factor. Metformin works by suppressing glucose production by the liver, it also decreases levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and circulating insulin, which is important in patients with type 2 diabetes. Limited evidence suggests metformin may prevent the cardiovascular and possibly the cancer complications of diabetes. It helps reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels and is not associated with weight gain; in some people, it promotes weight loss. Metformin causes few adverse effects when prescribed appropriately (the most common is gastrointestinal upset) and has been associated with a low risk of having a low blood sugar. Lactic acidosis (a buildup of lactate in the blood) can be a serious concern in overdose and when it is prescribed to people with contraindications, but otherwise, no significant risk exists.

* Methane-Rich Saline Solution is methane, sodium chloride and water. Methane is nontoxic and can penetrate cell membranes, and, is relatively stable. Therefore, methane has great clinical application prospects. Methane, one of the most abundant organic greenhouse gases found in the atmosphere, is detected in 30-50% of healthy adults worldwide. Methane has garnered increasing attention as a potential therapeutic against various diseases. Studies indicate that methane possesses important biological activity that can protect cells and organs from inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular apoptosis. Previous studies have shown that methane-rich saline (MRS) plays a protective role in animal models of myocardial ischemia and in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver and kidney by exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects.Hemorrhagic shock is a physiological condition accompanied by rapid blood loss. It is characterized by severe vasoconstriction, insufficient tissue perfusion, and cellular hypoxia. In response to decreased oxygen tension, oxidative phosphorylation decreases and anaerobic metabolism increases in an attempt to maintain the cellular energy. MRS alleviated organ dysfunction during hemorrhage shock and resuscitation. This likely occurred because MRS inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis, and facilitated the expression and activity of SOD2 by activating the PGC-1alpha-SIRT3 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that MRS is a promising resuscitation fluid for patients with hemorrhage shock. Recently, the investigation of methane was conducted on ischemia-reperfusion damage and diseases like sepsis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis. Hemorrhagic shock is caused by massive blood loss. If the patient is not fully resuscitated in time, this may eventually lead to multiple organ failure and even death. Previous studies on methane-rich saline in animal models showed that it confers resistance against many diseases.

* Methemoglobinemia is related to hereditary methemoglobinemia and acquired methemoglobinemia, and has symptoms including cyanosis An important gene associated with Methemoglobinemia is CYB5R3 (Cytochrome B5 Reductase 3), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism and Metabolism. The drugs Lidocaine and Propofol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lung, heart and kidney. A condition caused by elevated levels of methemoglobin in the blood.

* Methylcobalamin is equivalent physiologically to vitamin B12, and can be used to prevent or treat pathology arising from a lack of vitamin B12 (vitamin B12 deficiency), such as pernicious anemia. Methylcobalamin is also used in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and as a preliminary treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

* Methylene blue is often used as a treatment for urinary tract infections and other mild infections in conjunction with other treatments. Additionally, the compound can be used to treat malaria, cancer, skin conditions including psoriasis, Alzheimer’s disease, and cyanide as well as carbon monoxide poisoning. It is also used as a treatment for parasites, swine flu, and Parkinson’s disease.

* MHC-related peptides help the immune system recognize foreign substances. In addition to their established role in the immune response, peptide ligands of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules constitute a previously unknown family of social recognition signals detected by specific subsets of sensory neurons in the mammalian nose. This sensing of MHC peptides can be viewed as a form of functional genome analysis by the nose. Behavioral studies in mice and fish show that MHC peptides are accepted as olfactory cues that influence mate choice decisions and selective pregnancy failure. These findings provide a molecular mechanism by which an individual can sense the composition and compatibility of vital immune system molecules of a conspecific, with direct consequences for social behavior. Each item plays for four minutes.
In order,
Alpha-gliadin (57–73), Rnase (90–105), HEL (46-61), E alpha (52–68), MMK-1 amide, 3Kp2 Class II MHC Molecule, PIT (630–641) H+/K+ ATPase alpha chain peptide, NY-ESO-1 (87-111).

* Microgabalin is an effective drug for for post-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.

* Microvascular Complications of Diabetes 1, also known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, is related to background diabetic retinopathy and vitreoretinopathy, neovascular inflammatory, and has symptoms including sciatica and neuralgia. An important gene associated with Microvascular Complications of Diabetes 1 is VEGFA (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are TGF-Beta Pathway and Akt Signaling. Affiliated tissues include eye, endothelial and kidney, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and digestive/alimentary. Pathological conditions that develop in numerous tissues and organs as a consequence of diabetes mellitus.

* Microvascular Complications of Diabetes 3, also known as diabetic nephropathy, is related to microvascular complications of diabetes 5 and hyperglycemia. An important gene associated with Microvascular Complications of Diabetes 3 is ACE (Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme), and among its related pathways/superpathways are AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications and Renin-angiotensin system. Affiliated tissues include Kidney, kidney and endothelial, and related phenotype is renal/urinary system. Pathological conditions that develop in numerous tissues and organs as a consequence of diabetes mellitus.

* Microvascular Complications of Diabetes 5, also known as diabetic retinopathy, is related to severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and background diabetic retinopathy. An important gene associated with Microvascular Complications of Diabetes 5 is PON1 (Paraoxonase 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications and HIF-1 signaling pathway. Affiliated tissues include Eye and Eye, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and homeostasis/metabolism. Pathological conditions that develop in numerous tissues and organs as a consequence of diabetes mellitus.

* Mifepristone is a synthetic, steroidal antiprogestogen and antiglucocorticoid drug, which antagonizes cortisol action competitively at the receptor level. It is used for medical termination of intrauterine pregnancies of up to either 49 or 63 days gestation. Softening and dilatation of the cervix prior to mechanical cervical dilatation for pregnancy termination. In combination with gemeprost for termination of pregnancies between 13 and 24 weeks gestation. Labor induction in fetal death in utero. Other medical applications of mifepristone studied in clinical trials include regular long-term use as an oral contraceptive, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, major depression with psychotic features, bipolar depression and disorders causing cognitive dysfunction, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic multisymptom illness, glaucoma, meningiomas, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer.

* Migraine with Aura, also known as migraine with typical aura, is related to familial hemiplegic migraine and headache, and has symptoms including headache An important gene associated with Migraine with Aura is FLNA (Filamin A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are cAMP signaling pathway and Calcium signaling pathway. The drugs Levomilnacipran and Norepinephrine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, endothelial and cortex, and related phenotypes are Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) and Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2). A migraine characterized by migraine headache which is preceded or accompanied by a transient focal neurological phenomenon.

* Migraine Without Aura, also known as common migraine, is related to migraine with aura and migraine with or without aura 1. An important gene associated with Migraine Without Aura is MGR4 (Migraine, Susceptibility To, 4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Circadian entrainment and Long-term potentiation. The drugs Norepinephrine and Levomilnacipran have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, pituitary and bone, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and integument. A migraine that is characterized by migraine headaches that are not accompanied by an aura.

* Migraine, balance, vertigo. Erenumab-Galcanezumab-Fremanezumab are three antagonists of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) for the prevention of migraine. They are monoclonal antibodies to block the receptors for the protein CGRP, thought to play a major role in starting migraines.

* Milbemycin oxime is a veterinary drug from the group of milbemycins, used as a broad spectrum antiparasitic. It is active against worms (anthelmintic), insects (insecticide) and mites (miticide). Like avermectins, milbemycins are products of fermentation by Streptomyces species. They have a similar mechanism of action, but a longer half-life than the avermectins. Milbemycin oxime is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus aureolacrimosus. It opens glutamate sensitive chloride channels in neurons and myocytes of invertebrates, leading to hyperpolarisation of these cells and blocking of signal transfer. Milbemycin oxime is active against a broad spectrum of nematodes. Its miticide spectrum includes Sarcoptes and Demodex. The drug is used for treatment and prevention of heartworm in dogs and cats. In humans, has therapy potential for rosacea, ophtalmic pathologies and onchocerciasis. Also effective in Buruli ulcers, though Selamectin is somehow a better choice for this purpose.

* Miliaria is related to anhidrosis and miliaria rubra, and has symptoms including exanthema, night sweats and cold sweat. An important gene associated with Miliaria is TSPAN7 (Tetraspanin 7), and among its related pathways are Malaria and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers. Affiliated tissues include skin and eye, and related mouse phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and respiratory system. Also called heat rash or prickly heat.

* Miliaria (update), also known as eccrine miliaria, is related to miliaria rubra and fox-fordyce disease, and has symptoms including exanthema An important gene associated with Miliaria is TSPAN7 (Tetraspanin 7), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers. The drugs Vaccines and Immunologic Factors have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, eye and liver, and related phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and hematopoietic system. Also called "sweat rash", is a skin disease marked by small and itchy rashes due to sweat trapped under the skin by clogged sweat gland ducts. Miliaria is a common ailment in hot and humid conditions, such as in the tropics and during the summer season.

* Miliaria Rubra, also known as miliaria crystallina, is related to anhidrosis and miliaria, and has symptoms including exanthema, night sweats and cold sweat. An important gene associated with Miliaria Rubra is TSPAN7 (Tetraspanin 7). Affiliated tissues include skin and eye, and related mouse phenotype integument. A common ailment in hot and humid conditions, such as in the tropics and during the summer season.

* Mineral Metabolism Disease, also known as disorder of mineral metabolism, is related to toxicodendron dermatitis and stickler syndrome. An important gene associated with Mineral Metabolism Disease is CASR (Calcium Sensing Receptor), and among its related pathways are Osteoblast Signaling and Development_Hedgehog and PTH signaling pathways in bone and cartilage development. Related mouse phenotypes are limbs/digits/tail and digestive/alimentary. An acquired metabolic disease that is characterized by abnormal mineral metabolism.

* MiR-218-5p. This miRNA is a tumor suppressor which plays an important role in regulating the pathway involved in follicle regeneration, and could be a candidate for future drug development. Hair growth depends on the health of dermal papillae (DP) cells, which regulate the hair follicle growth cycle. Current treatments for hair loss can be costly and ineffective, ranging from invasive surgery to chemical treatments that don't produce the desired result. Recent hair loss research indicates that hair follicles don't disappear where balding occurs, they just shrink. If DP cells could be replenished at those sites, the thinking goes, then the follicles might recover. MiRNA miR-218-5p enhances the molecular pathway responsible for promoting hair follicle growth. Researchers found that increasing miR-218-5p promoted hair follicle growth, while inhibiting it caused the follicles to lose function.

* Misoprostol is a medication used to start labor, induce abortions, prevent and treat stomach ulcers, and treat postpartum bleeding due to insufficient contraction of the uterus. For abortions it is used with mifepristone or methotrexate. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 (PGE1).

* Mite Infestation, also known as mite infestations, is related to scabies and trombiculiasis. An important gene associated with Mite Infestation is CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator), and among its related pathways are Pancreatic secretion and Antiarrhythmic Pathway, Pharmacodynamics. Affiliated tissues include skin and t cells. A parasitic ectoparasitic infectious disease that involves infestation of mites belonging to the family Sarcoptidae, Trombiculidae and Demodicidae.

* Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency, also known as nadh:q(1) oxidoreductase deficiency, is related to mitochondrial complex i deficiency due to acad9 deficiency and fatal infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to mitochondrial complex i deficiency, and has symptoms including ataxia, ataxia and lethargy. An important gene associated with Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency is NDUFV1 (NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit V1), and among its related pathways are Metformin Pathway, Pharmacodynamics and GABAergic synapse. Affiliated tissues include liver, skeletal muscle and temporal lobe, and related mouse phenotypes are Decreased shRNA abundance and Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2). The most common enzymatic defect of the oxidative phosphorylation disorders. It causes a wide range of clinical disorders, ranging from lethal neonatal disease to adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders. Phenotypes include macrocephaly with progressive leukodystrophy, nonspecific encephalopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myopathy, liver disease, Leigh syndrome, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and some forms of Parkinson disease.

* Mitochondrial Complex II is less efficient in senescent cells from older individuals, which could have implications in terms of deciphering the causes of the overall decrease in cellular efficiency observed with age. Higher levels of ROS generation are present in senescent compared to nonsenescent cells, potentially resulting in increased mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction and a possible decrease in complex II activity if damage becomes sufficiently high. Damage to senescent cells may be higher in the skin of older individuals because of the lower levels of antioxidants observed with age, as well as the age-related decline of senescent cell removal systems such as the immune system and the autophagy/lysosomal pathway. These factors could result in lower complex II activity in senescent cells of older individuals.

* Mitochondrial Disorders, also known as mitochondrial diseases, is related to myoclonic epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibers and chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, and has symptoms including muscle weakness, myalgia and muscle cramp. An important gene associated with Mitochondrial Disorders is DGUOK (Deoxyguanosine Kinase), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Metabolism and Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins.. The drugs Bupropion and Dopamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, kidney and brain, and related phenotypes are Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2) and Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2). A group of disorders caused by dysfunctional mitochondria, the organelles that generate energy for the cell. Mitochondria are found in every cell of the human body except red blood cells, and convert the energy of food molecules into the ATP that powers most cell functions.

* Mitochondrial support. The recordings include but are not limited to products: Butyrate, Glutathione, Nicotinamide riboside, Creatine monohydrate, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, CoQ10
-Butyrate - for cellular health and mitochondria are clear
-Glutathione protect and support the mitochondria
- Nicotinamide riboside - converts into NAD+, which is said to have powerful mitochondrial effects that impact longevity and anti-aging
-Creatine monohydrate - to increase cellular ATP. More energy seems to indicate more ability to do “work” that leads to decreased fatigue, increased neuron growth, and drastically improved cognitive performance especially in vegans and vegetarians
-Acetyl-L-Carnitine - can support protecting mitochondria and preventing damage, but other evidence suggests it can help produce more energy when oxygen is scarce
- Acetyl-L-carnitine and CoQ10 - are essential molecules for producing energy in the body and promoting health of the mitochondria, known as the "powerhouse" of the cell.

* Mitoquinone or MitoQ has the ability to decrease mitochondrial oxidative damage and thereby improve the outcome of some pathologies. It has been assessed in vivo in disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, hypertension, type I diabetes, heart attack, sepsis, fatty liver disease, the metabolic syndrome, alcohol induced steato-hepatitis, protection against doxorubicin and cocaine cardio-toxicity, and in organ preservation for transplantation.

* ML-SA5 small molecule activation of ML1 by ML-SA5 ameliorates muscular dystrophy. One of the major causes of muscular dystrophy is defective sarcolemma repair, and lysosomal exocytosis is a primary route for resealing damaged membranes. Given the essential role of ML1 in lysosomal exocytosis and membrane resealing, it is likely that ML1’s muscle protective effects are mediated by sarcolemma repair. ML1 facilitates sarcolemma repair, thereby reducing skeletal and cardiac muscle damage. Up-regulation of ML1 in muscle activates transcriptional factor EB and corrects lysosomal insufficiency.

* Modafinil is used for narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder and obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea. Modafinil enhances short-term memory allowing users to stay awake for long periods of time. It is sometimes used for performance enhancement by military pilots and soldiers during combat situations, and some now call it a "super drug". Its off-label uses have contributed to an ongoing debate on how far to push the human body through the use of drugs.

* MOG35-55 myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a glycoprotein believed to be important in the process of myelinization of nerves in the central nervous system (CNS). It is a transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of oligodendrocyte cell and on the outermost surface of myelin sheaths. Interest in MOG has centered on its role in demyelinating diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS).

* Mogroside IIIE, a Novel Anti-Fibrotic Compound, Reduces Pulmonary Fibrosis through Toll-Like Receptor 4 Pathways. Research shows that MGIIIE suppressed pulmonary edema, pro-inflammatory mediators release and higher MPO activity in lung tissues. MGIIIE not only increased the phosphorylation of AMPK but suppressed the over-expression of TLR4 and MyD88. In addition, MGIIIE also inhibited the activation of MAPKs and nuclear factor NF-κB signalling in lung tissues from LPS-challenged mice. Mogroside IIIE is also a therapeutic reagent to treat Gestational Diabetes Mellitus mice. Mogroside IIIE administration significantly relieves hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in GDM mice, as well as improved fetal development and reproductive outcome. Mogroside IIIE treatment can inhibit inflammation and improves glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in GDM mice, which may be serving as an effective agent for the treatment. Pulmonary fibrosis, which is a hardening of the tissues of the lung that prevents its proper functioning is one of the long-term effects that Covid-19 could leave.

* Montelukast is used to prevent wheezing, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, and coughing caused by asthma in adults and children 12 months of age and older. Montelukast is also used to prevent bronchospasm (breathing difficulties) during exercise in adults and children 6 years of age and older. Montelukast is also used to treat the symptoms of seasonal (occurs only at certain times of the year), allergic rhinitis (a condition associated with sneezing and stuffy, runny or itchy nose) in adults and children 2 years of age and older, and perennial (occurs all year round) allergic rhinitis in adults and children 6 months of age and older. Montelukast is in a class of medications called leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs). It works by blocking the action of substances in the body that cause the symptoms of asthma and allergic rhinitis.

* Morbid Obesity, also known as obesity, morbid, is related to body mass index quantitative trait locus 14 and body mass index quantitative trait locus 9, and has symptoms including obesity, metabolically benign An important gene associated with Morbid Obesity is PPARG (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Peptide ligand-binding receptors and Glucose / Energy Metabolism. The drugs Dexmedetomidine and Hydroxocobalamin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, testes and bone, and related phenotypes are adipose tissue and homeostasis/metabolism. A clinically severe obesity.

* Moroidin is a mitotic inhibitor; it interrupts the polymerization of tubulin during the formation of the mitotic spindle. If no spindle forms, then there is no alignment or segregation of chromatids during mitosis, so no cell division. More mitoses, more cell divisions. More divisions, more cells. Too many more cells = cancer.

* Motilin peptide is important for interdigestive gastrointestinal motility and indirectly causes the contraction of duodenal and colonic smooth muscle.

* Motor Neuron Disease, also known as motor neuron diseases, is related to progressive muscular atrophy and frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1, and has symptoms including ataxia, muscular fasciculation and hemiplegia. An important gene associated with Motor Neuron Disease is TARDBP (TAR DNA Binding Protein), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Neuroscience and Cytoskeleton remodeling Neurofilaments. The drugs Riluzole and Mexiletine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Neural Tube and Neural Tube, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and cellular. A group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy cells that control essential muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing.

* Motor Peripheral Neuropathy, also known as peripheral motor neuropathy, is related to hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy via and charcot-marie-tooth disease, type 2a1, and has symptoms including neurologic symptoms An important gene associated with Motor Peripheral Neuropathy is PMP22 (Peripheral Myelin Protein 22), and among its related pathways is Neural Crest Differentiation. Related mouse phenotypes are muscle and cellular.

* MOTS-c peptide is an hormone that fights the weight gain caused by a high-fat Western diet and normalizes the metabolism - effects commonly associated with exercising. It is a key regulator of metabolic homeostasis. MOTS-c primarily targets muscle tissue, where it restores insulin sensitivity, counteracting diet-induced and age-dependent insulin resistance. It is unique among hormones in that it is encoded in the DNA of mitochondria -the "powerhouses" of cells that convert food into energy. Other hormones are encoded in DNA in the nucleus. MOTS-c offers an unexpected therapeutic option toward the prevention of type 2 diabetes and delaying of the aging processes. Finally, it has the potential to make exercise and dieting a thing of the past.

* Mouth Disease, also known as mouth diseases, is related to hepatitis and burns, and has symptoms including coughing, halitosis and oral manifestations. An important gene associated with Mouth Disease is IL6 (Interleukin 6), and among its related pathways are Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network and IL-10 Pathway. The drugs lidocaine hydrochloride and lidocaine pwdr have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include the mouth, tongue and testes, and related mouse phenotypes are hematopoietic system and skeleton. A gastrointestinal system disease that is located in the mouth.

* Movement Disease, also known as movement disorders, is related to cervical dystonia and stereotypic movement disorder, and has symptoms including ataxia, athetosis and back pain. An important gene associated with Movement Disease is TOR1A (Torsin Family 1 Member A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. and Chks in Checkpoint Regulation. The drugs Donepezil and Dopamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, eye and heart, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and cellular. Clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity.

* MOZ factor could relay external 'messages' to the developing embryo, revealing a mechanism for how the environment could affect development in very early pregnancy. MOZ and the protein BMI1 play opposing roles in giving developing embryos the set of instructions needed to ensure that body segments including the spine, nerves and blood vessels develop correctly and in the right place. MOZ and BMI1 are important for initiating and correctly timing Hox gene expression, ensuring the genes are activated at the right time and in the right place. MOZ is responsible for activating the genes, while BMI1 prevents Hox genes being switched on prematurely. These two key proteins act as genetic 'architects', creating the blueprint needed by embryos during the earliest stages of their development.

* MS2734 is a bisubstrate Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) inhibitor. Small molecule nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibitor activates senescent muscle stem cells and improves regenerative capacity of aged skeletal muscle. NNMT inhibitors constitute a viable pharmacological approach to enhance aged muscle regeneration by rescuing muscle Stem Cells function, supporting the development of NNMTi as novel mechanism-of-action therapeutic to improve skeletal muscle regenerative capacity and functional recovery after musculoskeletal injury in older adults.

* MSM or Methylsulfonylmethane is an organosulfur compound commonly found in the atmosphere above marine areas. This organic sulfur-containing compound naturally occurs in some green vegetables and other food products, plus it’s found in the human body, in many animals, and in milk. It’s also a natural substance made from phytoplankton in the oceans. Sulfur is needed for many different critical bodily functions every single day, and MSM is considered a sulfur donor. MSM can make the eye membranes more permeable, soften tissues in the eyes, decrease pressure, repair damaged membranes, and help the eyes utilize nutrients more easily. It can help treat conditions like skin irritation such as rosacea, allergic reactions, varicose veins and hemorrhoids. MSM helps decrease joint inflammation, improves flexibility and restores collagen production. It can help form connective tissue and repair joints, tendons and ligaments. MSM may help treat osteoporosis and arthritis because it help the body form new joint and muscle tissue while lowering inflammatory responses that contribute to swelling and stiffness. Sulfur also impacts the immune system and facilitates normal cellular activity. Sulfur needs to be present for our cells to release many byproducts and excess fluids that can accumulate and cause swelling/tenderness. MSM can help rebuild the lining of the digestive tract and lower inflammatory responses in response to allergic reactions to certain foods. It’s also useful for helping treat leaky gut syndrome since it can help stop particles from leaching out the gut through small junction openings, where they can enter the bloodstream and ignite an inflammatory response. This is due in part to the sulfur in MSM which is important for digestion. While it hasn’t been proven in many studies, people also use it to hold on to a youthful appearance, since it seems to help prevent wrinkles, scar formation, dark spots and sun damage. Research suggests that MSM can act like a natural analgesic, helping prevent and treat muscle aches and pains, throbbing and swelling while improving range of motion and mobility. It helps repair the rigid fibrous tissue cells in our muscles that become broken down during exercise, therefore helping prevent them from swelling for prolong periods of time. It can also restore the flexibility and permeability of cell walls within muscles, which means nutrients can pass through the tissues more easily, facilitating repair work faster and removing lactic acid, which causes that “burning feeling” following exercise. MSM also works like an adaptogen, since it boosts our ability to heal and bounce back from exercise, stressful events, injuries and even surgeries. MSM has anti-atherosclerotic (preventing the hardening/thickening of arteries), chemo-preventative compound and natural anti-inflammatory effects.

* MTHFR factor is a gene that holds the recipe for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase – an enzyme that helps our bodies convert vitamin B9 (also known as folate) into a usable form called methylfolate. This process is called methylation. When the MTHFR gene is functioning properly, it’s highly efficient at helping our bodies convert vitamin B9 (folate) into methylfolate. When the gene is mutated, this capacity to convert vitamin B9 into methylfolate is reduced by 40-70%. That’s HUGE, because converting folate into a useable form is essential for DNA synthesis and repair, neurotransmitter production, detoxification, and immune function.

* MT-ND4 or NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4 factor variations' are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and cystic fibrosis. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy's early symptoms include blurry vison and usually appear during the teens or early twenties. Eyesight tends to worsen over time, eventually leading to a severe loss of sharpness (acuity) and color vision. These problems are caused by a loss of retinal ganglion cells -the cells that carry visual signals from the retina through the optic nerve and into the brain.

* Mucolipin-1 factor. Muscular dystrophies are a group of muscle diseases characterized by skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. Mutations in certain proteins, most commonly the protein dystrophin, cause muscular dystrophy. A potential way to treat muscular dystrophy directly targets muscle repair instead of the underlying genetic defect that usually leads to the disease. When researchers increased the activity of the calcium channel in the muscular dystrophic mice, it improved muscle membrane repair and restored muscle function. The hope is that the same calcium channel will work in people with muscular dystrophy.

* Multiple Sclerosis, Disease Progression, Modifier of, also known as multiple sclerosis, is related to progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis and dysphagia, and has symptoms including spasticity, diplopia and emotional lability. An important gene associated with Multiple Sclerosis, Disease Progression, Modifier of is HLA-DRB1 (Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DR Beta 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. Affiliated tissues include Neural Tube and Limb, and related phenotypes are Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor) and hematopoietic system. A demyelinating disease that involves damage to the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord resulting in demyelination and scarring.

* Multiple System Atrophy 1, also known as multiple system atrophy, is related to autonomic dysfunction and dysautonomia, and has symptoms including ataxia, tremor and bradykinesia. An important gene associated with Multiple System Atrophy 1 is COQ2 (Coenzyme Q2, Polyprenyltransferase), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis and Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins.. The drugs Acetylcholine and Midodrine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Limb and Bone, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and homeostasis/metabolism. A progressive neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and autonomic, urogenital, and pyramidal dysfunction in various combinations. Pathologically, it is characterized by degeneration of striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar structures, and glial cytoplasmic inclusions that consist of abnormally phosphorylated alpha-synuclein or tau.

* Munchausen by Proxy, also known as munchausen by proxy syndrome, is related to factitious disorder and maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 13. An important gene associated with Munchausen by Proxy is ABCC8 (ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 8), and among its related pathways are Potassium Channels and Integration of energy metabolism. Affiliated tissues include brain, and related mouse phenotype endocrine/exocrine gland. A factitious disorder that involves a care giver's deliberate exaggeration, fabrication, and/or induce physical, psychological, behavioral, and/or mental health problems in others.

* Mu-opioid receptor MOR is a class of opioid receptors with high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin but low affinity for dynorphins. The prototypical mu receptor agonist is morphine, the primary psychoactive alkaloid in opium. In fact, mu refers to morphine. Activation of the mu receptor by an agonist such as morphine causes analgesia, sedation, slightly reduced blood pressure, itching, nausea, euphoria, decreased respiration, miosis (constricted pupils) and decreased bowel motility often leading to constipation. Some of these effects, such as analgesia, sedation, euphoria and decreased respiration, tend to lessen with continued use as tolerance develops.

* Muscle Disorders, also known as myopathy, is related to myopathy, vacuolar, with casq1 aggregates and miyoshi muscular dystrophy 1, and has symptoms including back pain, dystonia and muscle cramp. An important gene associated with Muscle Disorders is RYR1 (Ryanodine Receptor 1), and among its related pathways are Smooth Muscle Contraction and ECM-receptor interaction. Affiliated tissues include heart, brain and skeletal muscle, and related mouse phenotype muscle.

* Muscle Hypertrophy (update to RT-MB 27 item), also known as hypertrophy, is related to sleep apnea and aortic valve disease 2, and has symptoms including seizures, fever and dyspnea. An important gene associated with Muscle Hypertrophy is MSTN (Myostatin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are NFAT and Cardiac Hypertrophy and AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Signaling. The drugs Acetylcholine and Lidocaine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skeletal muscle, heart and smooth muscle, and related phenotypes are skeletal muscle hypertrophy and Decreased viability with paclitaxel. Muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in size of skeletal muscle through a growth in size of its component cells.

* Muscle Hypertrophy, also known as hypertrophy, is related to myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy and adenoid hypertrophy, and has symptoms including skeletal muscle hypertrophy, cachexia and cyanosis. An important gene associated with Muscle Hypertrophy is MSTN (Myostatin), and among its related pathways are LKB1 signaling events and EGFR Transactivation by Gastrin. Affiliated tissues include prostate, heart and skeletal muscle, and related mouse phenotypes are Decreased viability with paclitaxel and adipose tissue. Muscle hypertrophy involves an increase in size of skeletal muscle through a growth in size of its component cells.

* Muscle Tissue Diseases is related to myotonia congenita, dominant and cerebellar agenesis. An important gene associated with Muscle Tissue Disease is DMD (Dystrophin), and among its related pathways are Muscular Dystrophies and Dystrophin-Glycoprotein Complex and Non-integrin membrane-ECM interactions. Affiliated tissues include heart, brain and skeletal muscle, and related mouse phenotypes are no phenotypic analysis and cellular.

* Muscle wastage gene therapy is conceived to counter aging related loss of muscle mass. The strategy employed involves myostatin, NF-kB signaling and TNF inhibition; insulin-like growth factor replacement, nNOS pathway enhancement, TGF-beta regulation, and anti-oxidants. Unless stated otherwise each item plays for 3m.
Left channel: Etanercept, Stamulumab (6m), Thymosin beta-4, HSP90B1, Taladafil, ACVR2B (6m), Mecasermin, Nitroflurbiprofen, Formosterol (2m).
Right channel: Coenzyme Q10, Cobalamin, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Curcumin, Carnitine, Ornithine, Leucine, Creatine, Valine, Proline, Serine (2m).

* Muscular Atrophy, also known as muscle wasting, is related to spinal muscular atrophy-4 and spinal muscular atrophy-3, and has symptoms including muscular fasciculation, muscle cramp and spasm. An important gene associated with Muscular Atrophy is SMN1 (Survival Of Motor Neuron 1, Telomeric). Affiliated tissues include skeletal muscle, testes and spinal cord, and related mouse phenotype muscle. A decrease in the mass of the muscle; it can be a partial or complete wasting away of muscle, and is most commonly experienced when persons suffer temporary disabling circumstances.

* Muscular Dystrophy, also known as muscular dystrophies, is related to muscular dystrophy, becker type and muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy , type a, 4, and has symptoms including myoclonus, back pain and torticollis. An important gene associated with Muscular Dystrophy is DMD (Dystrophin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Allograft rejection and Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The drugs Carvedilol and Ramipril have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skeletal muscle, heart and brain, and related phenotypes are Decreased viability and Decreased viability. A myopathy is characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness degeneration.

* Mycosis Fungoides, also known as mycosis fungoides lymphoma, is related to cutaneous t cell lymphoma and sezary's disease. An important gene associated with Mycosis Fungoides is CD28 (CD28 Molecule), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and ERK Signaling. The drugs Arzerra and Bromfenac have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include t cells, skin and bone, and related phenotypes are pruritus and dry skin. A disease in which T-celllymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) become malignant (cancerous) and affect the skin. This condition is one of the most common types of T-cell lymphoma.

* Myocardial Infarction, also known as heart attack, is related to coronary heart disease 1 and atherosclerosis susceptibility, and has symptoms including angina pectoris, chest pain and edema. An important gene associated with Myocardial Infarction is MIAT (Myocardial Infarction Associated Transcript), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Photodynamic therapy-induced NFE2L2 (NRF2) survival signaling and Transcriptional activation by NRF2. The drugs Etanercept and Abciximab have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Bone and Limb, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and homeostasis/metabolism. A heart attack occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.

* Myoglobin MB is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissues. High concentrations of myoglobin in muscle cells allow organisms to hold their breath for a longer period of time. Animals engineered to lack myoglobin are viable, but showed a 30% reduction in volume of blood being pumped by the heart during a contraction. They adapted to this deficiency through natural reactions to inadequate oxygen supply (hypoxia) and a widening of blood vessels (vasodilation).