Modern Medicine in Digital format

* Katacalcin peptide (procalcitonin) is a potent plasma calcium lowering peptide. Katacalcin belongs to the calcitonin family, that causes a rapid but short-lived drop in the level of calcium and phosphate in blood by promoting the incorporation of these ions in the bones. Calcitonin is cleaved into 2 chains, calcitonin and katacalcin.

* KC-01 peptide is a potent and selective inhibitor of ABHD16A. useful against disorders that involve brain inflammation such as PHARC (polyneuropathy, hearing loss, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and cataract), Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and secondary injury after stroke and head injuries.

* KCNJ15 or potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 15 is a human gene, which encodes the Kir4.2 protein. Potassium channels are present in most mammalian cells, where they participate in a wide range of physiologic responses. Kir4.2 is an integral membrane protein and inward-rectifier type potassium channel. Kir4.2 has a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into a cell rather than out of a cell. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. A variety of animals are able to sense and react to electric fields, and living human cells will move along an electric field, for example in wound healing. New research has found the first actual "sensor mechanism" that allows a living cell detect an electric field. Two elements, the protein Kir4.2 (KCNJ15) and molecules within the cell called polyamines, are needed for signaling to occur. Polyamines are molecules within the cell that carry a positive charge.

* KDGIVNGVKA peptide is a potent peptide inhibitor of alfa-Synuclein -a Parkinson's-disease-related protein. The peptide has the potential to slow or even prevent the onset of Parkinson’s disease.

* Keratosis, also known as actinic keratosis, is related to keratosis palmoplantaris striata iii and ulerythema ophryogenesis, and has symptoms including exanthema, pruritus and skin manifestations. An important gene associated with Keratosis is MBTPS2 (Membrane Bound Transcription Factor Peptidase, Site 2), and among its related pathways are Central carbon metabolism in cancer and Bladder cancer. The drugs diclofenac potassium and fluorouracil have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, testes and kidney, and related mouse phenotypes are neoplasm and no phenotypic analysis. A growth of keratin on the skin or on mucous membranes.

* Keratosis, Seborrheic, Somatic, also known as seborrheic keratosis, is related to vulvar seborrheic keratosis and inflamed seborrheic keratosis, and has symptoms including verrucae An important gene associated with Keratosis, Seborrheic, Somatic is PIK3CA (Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Alpha), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Developmental Biology and Development HGF signaling pathway. Affiliated tissues include skin, and related phenotypes are Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) and growth/size/body region. A benign (non cancerous) tumor found on the skin. seborrheic keratoses are the most common benign tumor in older individuals. they usually appear as multiple small, flat or raised growths that range in color from white to black and are commonly found on the face, neck, chest, shoulders, and hands.

* KG5 increases the DNA-damaging effects of radiation and certain chemotherapies. KG5 targets the RAF pathway which is used by tumor cells to protect DNA from damage. It may improve the outcomes of those patients suffering from aggressive cancers that can become resistant to chemotherapy and radiation treatments.

* KGF peptides (keratinocyte growth factor). KGF and KGF2 stimulate the repair of injured skin and mucosal tissues by stimulating the proliferation, migration and differentiation of epithelial cells and they have direct chemotactic effects on tissue remodeling. Allegedly used by some Hollywood movie stars. Each item plays for four minutes two different frequencies of the products. In order, KGF-2 (1), KGF-2 (2), KGF (1), KGF (2).

* KISS1 factor encodes protein Metastasis-suppressor KiSS-1 or kisspeptin. Recent studies indicate that kisspeptin plays a role in stimulating some of the emotions and responses that lead to sex and reproduction. Participants administered kisspeptin in a study had enhanced activity in the region of the brain that is typically activated by romance or sexual arousal when they were shown sexual romantic images of couples. This suggests that kisspeptin could boost the behavioral circuits associated with sex and love. Additionally, the researchers discovered that volunteers given with kisspeptin have enhance activity in the region of the brain important in regulating negative moods when they were shown negative images. Aside from the increased activity in the brain, the participants also reported a reduction in negative mood in a post-scan questionnaire. Due to this, the researchers are also looking at the potential of kisspeptin as treatment to depression.

* KIT Peptide defects' are a cause of piebaldism (lack of melanocytes), gastrointestinal stromal tumors and testicular tumors.

* Klotho Enzyme is encoded by the KL Factor a type-I membrane protein that is related to Beta-glucuronidases. Reduced production of this protein has been observed in patients with chronic kidney failure (CKF), and this may be one of the factors underlying the degenerative processes (e.g., arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, and skin atrophy) seen in CKF. Also, mutations within this protein have been associated with ageing, bone loss and alcohol consumption. Transgenic mice that overexpress Klotho live longer than wild-type mice. Klotho is an anti-aging protein that acts as a hormone and is secreted into the blood from the kidneys. Its presence decreases with age causing the vascular and arterial system to stiffen. A recent study had shown the inverse relationship between the Klotho concentration and Blood Pressure (BP) salt sensitivity. Aging, a universal phenomenon causes not only hypertension but dementia and frailty, and impairs the healthy life expectancy of individuals. The aging-related phenomenon of Klotho protein deficiency may be related to the onset of dementia and sarcopenia, or the loss of muscle-mass and usage associated with aging. Its onset mechanism is currently under investigation. Klotho protein is involved in many biological pathways in both humans and animals and appears to have major effects throughout our lifespan. Klotho influences longevity, cognition, and kidney function and slows the progression of diabetes and cancer. Klotho deficient animals exhibit a premature aging phenotype characterized by a short lifespan, vascular and kidney disease, reduced body weight, osteoporosis, age-related skin changes, ectopic calcification, hypoglycemia, infertility, and cognitive and memory impairment. In humans, the Klotho gene (KL) exists in three different forms that are associated with different lifespans, intelligence, and health status. About 75% of the population has the standard KL form. A much smaller group has one copy of the genetic variant KL-VS, which increases Klotho levels. This is associated with a longer lifespan, good heart and kidney function, larger brain size, and better cognition in healthy adults. A very small group of people have two copies of KL-VS, resulting in lower Klotho levels and an increase risk of disease.