Modern Medicine in Digital format

* Daclatasvir is a drug for the treatment of hepatitis C (HCV). Daclatasvir inhibits the HCV nonstructural protein NS5A. Recent research suggests that it targets two steps of the viral replication process, enabling rapid decline of HCV RNA.

* DADLE peptide is a synthetic opioid peptide with analgesic properties. Although it is often considered a selective delta opioid receptor agonist, it also binds to the mu1 subtype of mu opioid receptors. Treatment with DADLE results in transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Preconditioning with DADLE provides ischemic tolerance following transient forebrain ischemia while post-conditioning protection exhibits cognitive benefits.

* Dalazatide peptide, originally derived from a sea anemone toxin, is a selective inhibitor of Kv1.3 channels. Dalazatide or ShK-186, ameliorates autoimmune diseases and it also enhances metabolic activity with potential as a treatment for obesity and insulin resistance.

* Danegaptide, a small modified dipeptide, has been identified as a potent and selective second generation gap junction modifier. Gap junction uncoupling can alter conduction pathways and promote cardiac re-entry mechanisms that potentiate many supraventricular arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL). Gap junction modifier GAP-134, showed consistent efficacy on measures of conduction and AF/AFL inducibility in the canine sterile pericarditis model. GAP-134 is a pharmalogical agent with a favorable clinical safety profile and potential antiarrhythmic efficacy.

* Dantrolene sodium is a postsynaptic muscle relaxant that acts by abolishing excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells. It achieves this by inhibiting the release of Ca2+ ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and may also act as an antagonist for ryanodine receptors. It is the primary drug used for the treatment and prevention of malignant hyperthermia, a rare, life-threatening disorder triggered by general anesthesia. It is also used in the management of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, muscle spasticity (e.g. after strokes, in paraplegia, cerebral palsy, or patients with multiple sclerosis), serotonin syndrome, and 2,4-dinitrophenol poisoning.

* Dapoxetine is the first compound developed specially for the treatment of premature ejaculation (PE) in men 18–64 years old. Dapoxetine works by inhibiting the serotonin transporter, increasing serotonin's action at the post synaptic cleft, and as a consequence promoting ejaculatory delay. As a member of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) family, dapoxetine was initially created as an antidepressant. However, unlike other SSRIs, dapoxetine is absorbed and eliminated rapidly in the body. Its fast acting property makes it suitable for the treatment of PE but not as an antidepressant.

* Dasatinib is a cancer drug and quercetin, a natural compound sold as a supplement that acts as an antihistamine and anti-inflammatory. Dasatinib eliminates senescent human fat cell progenitors, while quercetin is more effective against senescent human endothelial cells and mouse bone marrow stem cells. A combination of the two is most effective to selectively induce death of senescent cells. Senescent cells —cells that have stopped dividing—accumulate with age and accelerate the aging process. Like cancer cells, senescent cells have increased expression of “pro-survival networks” that help them resist apoptosis or programmed cell death. In animal models, these compounds improved cardiovascular function and exercise endurance, reduced osteoporosis and frailty, and extended healthspan. Both drugs have possible side effects, at least with long-term treatment notes Scripps Research.

* Davunetide peptide is able to maintain or revive the transport of proteins and other materials in cells, ameliorating symptoms associated with neurodegeneration. Davunetide may benefit Alzheimer's disease, cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients.

* Decitabine is a drug for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, a class of conditions where certain blood cells are dysfunctional, and for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Chemically, it is a cytidine analog. Decitabine is indicated for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) including previously treated and untreated, de novo and secondary MDS of all French-American-British subtypes (refractory anemia, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia) and Intermediate-1, Intermediate-2, and High-Risk International Prognostic Scoring System groups. It is also reportedly feasible in patients with renal insufficiency. Decitabine priming enhances the antileukemic effects of exportin 1 (XPO1) selective inhibitor selinexor in acute myeloid leukemia.

* DEETGE-CAL-Tat The peptide is DEETGE-CAL-Tat and the bottom line is to make more of the transcription factor Nrf2 available to ailing neurons. Typically, Nrf2 remains inactive in the cell cytoplasm, bound to a protein called Keap1, until some major stress, such as ischemia occurs. At that time, some Nrf2 is released to move to the cell nucleus, where it turns on a host of antioxidant and otherwise cell-protective and detoxification genes. Brain cell damage and death can occur over hours and days, and oxidative stress alone can make cells dysfunctional. This Nrf2-freeing peptide has benefit up to two days after the insult. An amino acid sequence in Nrf2 called DEETGE is what actually attracts Keap1. MCG scientists took advantage of this natural attraction by putting DEETGE in their peptide as some friendly competition. To ensure that the peptide only works in response to injury, they packaged DEETGE with calpain, an enzyme that can cut proteins and is activated by the calcium released after injury. To help ensure the peptide reached its definition, they added Tat, a protein that enables viruses, such as HIV, to be so skillful at invading a cell. Calpain has the additional important job of cutting Tat loose, once the peptide is inside the cell, because the transportation aid has now become a liability that can actually interfere with the peptide's ultimate job of binding to Keap1. The injury-specificity of their peptide afforded by calpain also reduces unintended consequences.

* Deferoxamine is an iron chelator used to treat acute iron poisoning, especially in small children. This agent is also frequently used to treat hemochromatosis, a disease of iron accumulation that can be either genetic or acquired. Acquired hemochromatosis is common in patients with certain types of chronic anemia (e.g. thalassemia and myelodysplastic syndrome) who require many blood transfusions, which can greatly increase the amount of iron in the body.

* Degenerative Disc Disease, also known as intervertebral disc degeneration, is related to intervertebral disc disease and spondylolisthesis, and has symptoms including sciatica An important gene associated with Degenerative Disc Disease is LINC01562, and among its related pathways/superpathways are Degradation of the extracellular matrix and ECM proteoglycans. The drugs Dopamine and Norepinephrine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Cartilage and Cartilage, and related phenotype is limbs/digits/tail. A bone deterioration disease that has material basis in gradual dehydration and tears located in intervertebral disc.

* Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome, also known as delayed sleep phase syndrome, susceptibility to, is related to dsp-related ectodermal dysplasia/skin fragility syndrome and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 1, and has symptoms including sleep disturbances and disruption of 24 hour sleep wake cycle, unspecified. An important gene associated with Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome is AANAT (Aralkylamine N-Acetyltransferase), and among its related pathways are Circadian rhythm pathway and Metabolic States and Circadian Oscillators. Affiliated tissues include liver, testes and brain. A circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by sleep-onset insomnia and difficulty in awakening at the desired time. Patients with DSPS have chronic difficulty in adjusting their sleep-onset and wake-up times to occupational, school, and social activities.

* Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) promotes deeper, more restful sleep and an improved anabolic environment which fosters vastly improved muscle growth and recovery.

* Delta-opioid receptor DOR is an opioid receptor that has enkephalins as its endogenous ligands. Activation of delta receptors produces some analgesia. Some agonists may also cause seizures at high doses. Of additional interest is the potential for delta agonists to be developed for use as a novel class of antidepressant drugs. Recent work indicates that exogenous ligands that activate the delta receptors mimic the phenomenon known as ischemic preconditioning.

* Dementia, also known as presenile dementia, is related to dementia, frontotemporal and mast syndrome, and has symptoms including back pain, headache and pain. An important gene associated with Dementia is MAPT (Microtubule Associated Protein Tau), and among its related pathways are Notch Pathway and p75(NTR)-mediated signaling. The drugs prochlorperazine maleate and prochlorperazine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and cortex, and related mouse phenotypes are limbs/digits/tail and muscle. A cognitive disorder resulting from a loss of brain function affecting memory, thinking, language, judgement and behavior.

* Dementia, Lewy Body, also known as lewy body dementia, is related to parkinson disease, late-onset and parkinson disease 1, and has symptoms including delusions, parkinsonism and dementia. An important gene associated with Dementia, Lewy Body is SNCA (Synuclein Alpha), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. and Circadian entrainment. The drugs Armodafinil and Modafinil have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, eye and testes, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and behavior/neurological. A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by mental impairment leading to dementia, parkinsonism, fluctuating cognitive function, visual hallucinations, falls, syncopal episodes, and sensitivity to neuroleptic medication.

* Demyelinating Disease, also known as demyelinating diseases, is related to tumefactive multiple sclerosis and charcot-marie-tooth disease. An important gene associated with Demyelinating Disease is MBP (Myelin Basic Protein), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and ERK Signaling. The drugs Natalizumab and Mitoxantrone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and bone, and related phenotypes are Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor) and hematopoietic system. A demyelinating disease is any disease of the nervous system in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged. This damage impairs the conduction of signals in the affected nerves. In turn, the reduction in conduction ability causes deficiency in sensation, movement, cognition, or other functions depending on which nerves are involved.

* Demyelinating Polyneuropathy, also known as peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, is related to chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and guillain-barre syndrome. An important gene associated with Demyelinating Polyneuropathy is PMP22 (Peripheral Myelin Protein 22), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Neuroscience and L1CAM interactions. The drugs Rho(D) Immune Globulin and gamma-Globulins have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include t cells, spinal cord and b cells, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and homeostasis/metabolism. A type of polyneuropathy in which almost solely the peripheral nerve myelin is affected.

* Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody for the treatment of osteoporosis, treatment-induced bone loss, bone metastases, multiple myeloma, and giant cell tumor of bone.

* Dental Abscess is related to osteopetrosis, autosomal dominant 2 and osteopetrosis, autosomal dominant 1. An important gene associated with Dental Abscess is PHEX (Phosphate Regulating Endopeptidase Homolog, X-Linked), and among its related pathways/superpathways is Neuroscience. The drugs Amoxicillin and Clindamycin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lung. A tooth disease characterized by a localized collection of pus associated with a tooth.

* Dental Caries, also known as dental caries extending into pulp, is related to dentin caries and root caries, and has symptoms including halitosis and snoring. An important gene associated with Dental Caries is CD79A (CD79a Molecule), and among its related pathways is Salivary secretion. The drug aluminum chloride has been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include colon, salivary gland and testes, and related mouse phenotypes are Decreased viability and Increased gamma-H2AX phosphorylation.

* Dental Pulp Disease, also known as dental pulp diseases, is related to insensitivity to pain, congenital and cutaneous porphyria, and has symptoms including toothache An important gene associated with Dental Pulp Disease is TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Bacterial infections in CF airways and Immune response IFN alpha/beta signaling pathway. The drugs Epinephrine and Lidocaine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, bone and eye.

* Dentin Sensitivity, also known as sensitive dentin, is related to periodontitis and cervicitis, and has symptoms including toothache An important gene associated with Dentin Sensitivity is DSPP (Dentin Sialophosphoprotein), and among its related pathways are Hepatic ABC Transporters and Potassium Channels. Affiliated tissues include testes, and related mouse phenotypes are hearing/vestibular/ear and taste/olfaction. A dental pain which is sharp in character and of short duration, arising from exposed dentin surfaces in response to stimuli, typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic, chemical or electrical; and which cannot be ascribed to any other dental disease.

* Denture Stomatitis, also known as stomatitis, denture, is related to stomatitis and diabetes mellitus. An important gene associated with Denture Stomatitis is CXCL8 (C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8), and among its related pathways/superpathways are IL-17 Family Signaling Pathways and Immune response IFN gamma signaling pathway. The drugs Nystatin and Miconazole have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include colon, neutrophil and monocytes. A common condition where mild inflammation and redness of the oral mucous membrane occurs beneath a denture.

* Deoxycholic acid is one of the secondary bile acids, which are metabolic byproducts of intestinal bacteria. Deoxycholic acid has been used since its discovery in various fields of human medicine. In the human body deoxycholic acid is used in the emulsification of fats for the absorption in the intestine. Outside the body it is used in experimental basis of cholagogues and is also in use to prevent and dissolve gallstones. Deoxycholic acid also reduces moderate-to-severe fat below the chin. Its function as a detergent and isolating agent for membrane proteins also suits it for production of outer membrane protein (OMP) vaccines. Deoxycholic acid is one of the main components of the traditional Chinese medicine "Niuhuang", which means "Oxen Yellow" and is bilestone of oxen. This has been in use for two millennia in the unproven belief that it treats inflammations and enhances the immune system. Some publications point towards the effect of deoxycholic acid as an immunostimulant of the non-specific immune system, activating its main actors, the macrophages. According to these publications, a sufficient amount of deoxycholic acid in the human body would correspond with a good immune reaction of the non-specific immune system. Clinical studies confirmed the expectation, that deoxycholic acid is involved in the natural healing processes of local inflammations, different types of herpes, and possibly cancer. Deoxycholic acid and other secondary bile acids cause DNA damage. Secondary bile acids increase intracellular production of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species resulting in increased oxidative stress and DNA damage.

* Dependency And Avoidance Of Withdrawal. Dopamine and Oxytocin are two neurochemicals that are primary drivers underlying the trauma bond. Often when a person is traumatized by a romantic partner or someone they love, these chemicals become significantly dysregulated. The recording plays the sound frequencies of Bupicomide and L-368,889 to inhibit both Dopamine and Oxytocin. L-368,899 is a drug used in scientific research which acts as a selective antagonist of the oxytocin receptor, with good selectivity over the related vasopressin receptors. The centrally mediated roles of oxytocin, such as in social behaviour and pair bonding, and studies in primates have shown L-368,899 to reduce a number of behaviors such as food sharing, sexual activity and caring for infants, demonstrating the importance of oxytocinergic signalling in mediating these important social behaviors. Bupicomide is a fusaric acid analog, potent inhibitors of Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and thus interfered with the biosynthesis of the pressor neurohormone, norepinephrine.

* Dermatitis, also known as eczema, is related to asthma and exogenous ochronosis, and has symptoms including exanthema and pruritus. An important gene associated with Dermatitis is FLG (Filaggrin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cytokine Signaling in Immune system and IL-17 Family Signaling Pathways. The drugs Montelukast and Petrolatum have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, testes and breast, and related phenotypes are Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2) and immune system. A skin disease characterized by itchy, erythematous, vesicular, weeping and crusting patches of skin.

* Dermatomycosis, also known as dermatomycoses, is related to superficial mycosis and lobomycosis. An important gene associated with Dermatomycosis is RPS3 (Ribosomal Protein S3), and among its related pathways is Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. The drug povidone has been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin or of its appendages, skin and testes, and related mouse phenotype Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2). A cutaneous mycosis that results in fungal infection located in skin or of its appendages, has material basis in Ascomycota fungi other than the dermatophytes.

* Dermatophytosis, also known as tinea, is related to deep dermatophytosis and tinea corporis, and has symptoms including exanthema and pruritus. An important gene associated with Dermatophytosis is CARD9 (Caspase Recruitment Domain Family Member 9), and among its related pathways are Cytokines and Inflammatory Response and NF-kappaB Signaling. Affiliated tissues include scalp, glabrous skin and nail. A cutaneous mycosis that results in fungal infection located in scalp, located in glabrous skin, or located in nail, has material basis in Ascomycota fungi that belong to a group called dermatophytes, which have the ability to utilize keratin as a nutrient source.

* Deslorelin is used in veterinary medicine. The deslorelin products are used in veterinary medicine and to promote ovulation in mares as part of the artificial insemination process. It is also used to stabilize high-risk pregnancies, mainly of livestock. Unlike other GnRH agonists, which are mainly used to inhibit luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone by their ultimate downregulation of the pituitary gland, Deslorelin is primarily used for the initial flare effect upon the pituitary, and its associated surge of LH secretion. Deslorelin is also used to treat benign prostate hyperplasia in dogs.

* Desmopressin is a synthetic replacement for vasopressin, the hormone that reduces urine production. It may be taken nasally, intravenously, or as an oral or sublingual tablet. Physicians prescribe desmopressin most frequently for treatment of diabetes insipidus, bedwetting, or nocturia. Some patients using desmopressin might be at risk of developing hyponatremia, an imbalance of the body's sodium levels. Desmopressin (DDAVP) stimulates the release of von Willebrand factor (vWF) from the Weibel–Palade bodies of endothelial cells, thereby increasing the levels of vWF (as well as coagulant factor VIII) 3 to 5-fold. Desmopressin can be used to promote the release of von Willebrand factor (with subsequent increase in factor VIII survival secondary to vWF complexing) in patients with coagulation disorders such as von Willebrand disease, mild hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency), and thrombocytopenia. It can be used with uremic induced platelet dysfunction. It is not effective in the treatment of hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency) or severe hemophilia A. Desmopressin is used in the treatment of central diabetes insipidus (DI), to replace endogenous antidiuretic hormone Vasopressin (ADH) that is missing in the central nervous system type of this disorder (decreased production of ADH from the posterior pituitary). It is also used in the diagnostic workup for diabetes insipidus, in order to distinguish central from nephrogenic DI Desmopressin works by limiting the amount of water that is eliminated in the urine. Desmopressin is degraded more slowly than recombinant vasopressin, and requires less frequent administration. In addition, it has little effect on blood pressure, while vasopressin may cause arterial hypertension. Vasopressin stimulates the release of ACTH, which indirectly increases responsiveness of alpha-1 receptor in blood vessel smooth muscle, increasing vessel tone and blood pressure. Several studies has shown that Desmopressin does not stimulate ACTH release (except in Cushing's Disease), and therefore does not directly raise blood pressure, however, one study showed that it stimulates ACTH release in over 50% of healthy subjects. Additionally, desmopressin is able to enhance ACTH and cortisol release in normal subjects following oCRH administration, but not in patients with anorexia nervosa.

* Desquamation in healthy skin is an invisible process and the stratum corneum is turned over completely within 2–4 weeks, while maintaining the tissue thickness. This process is a normal protective mechanism of the skin to prevent pathogens from colonizing the skin, and is referred to as desquamation. The overall integrity of the stratum corneum is maintained by specialized intercellular proteins called corneodesmosomes. The components of the corneodesmosomes are gradually degraded by the enzymes that digest proteins, as the corneocytes are pushed towards the surface of the skin. As a result of the weakened corneodesmosomes in the outer skin surface, the uppermost layers of corneocytes get exfoliated through frictional forces such as rubbing or washing. Expression of corneodesmosomes and, notably, the process of their degradation are probably altered during several dermatoses leading to the disruption of the permeability barrier or to abnormal, often compensative, Stratum Corneum accumulation. The recording includes the three adhesive proteins desmoglein-1, desmocollin-1 and corneodesmosin which compose the corneodesmosomes and provide the cohesive forces to connect the adjacent corneocytes, Mifepristone a Glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, LEKTI factor which regulates desquamation, FLG factor and, Apigenin.

* Devimistat (CPI-613), a novel lipoate analog inhibiting mitochondrial metabolism, shows the new hope for pancreatic cancer treatment as an efficient and well-tolerated therapeutic option treated alone or in combination with chemotherapy. CPI-613 exhibits anticancer activity in pancreatic cancer cells by triggering ROS-associated apoptosis, which is accompanied by increased autophagy and repressed lipid metabolism through activating the AMPK signaling. Intriguingly, ACC, the key enzyme modulating lipid metabolism, is identified as a vital target of CPI-613, which is inactivated in an AMPK-dependent manner and influences apoptotic process upon CPI-613. Blockade or enhancement of autophagic process does not increase or blunt apoptosis to CPI-613, but inhibition of the AMPK-ACC signaling significantly attenuates apoptosis induced by CPI-613, suggesting CPI-613-mediated lipid metabolism reduction contributes to its cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer cells. It is also being studied for the treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer and relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

* Dexmedetomidine is an anxiolytic, sedative, and analgesic medication. Similar to clonidine, it is an agonist of alpha2-adrenergic receptors in certain parts of the brain. Dexmedetomidine is notable for its ability to provide sedation without risk of respiratory depression (unlike other commonly used sedatives such as propofol, fentanyl, and midazolam) and can provide cooperative or semi-arousable sedation. Sedation by dexemeditomidine mirrors natural sleep. Dexmedetomidine is also used in veterinary medicine for dogs and cats. Dexmedetomidine is most often used in the intensive care setting for light to moderate sedation. It is not recommended for long term deep sedation. A unique feature of dexmedetomidine is that it has analgesic properties in addition to its role as a hypnotic, but is opioid sparing, and is therefore not associated with significant respiratory depression. Dexmedetomidine can also be used as sedoanalgesic for procedural sedation, such as during colonoscopy. Dexmedetomidine may be useful for the treatment of the negative cardiovascular effects of acute amphetamines and cocaine intoxication and overdose. There are no absolute contraindications to the use of dexmedetomidine, though it should be used with caution in people with liver disease.

* Dextromethorphan is an antitussive (cough suppressant) drug of the morphinan class with sedative and disassociative properties. The primary use of dextromethorphan is as a cough suppressant, for the temporary relief of cough caused by minor throat and bronchial irritation (such as commonly accompanies the flu and common cold), as well as those resulting from inhaled particle irritants.

* DG-AVP peptide to facilitate memory, reduce or reverse the effects of amnesic drugs, and maintain tolerance to some effects of ethanol.

* DHEA or dehydroepiandrosterone, is an important endogenous steroid hormone. It is the most abundant circulating steroid hormone in humans, in whom it is produced in the adrenal glands, the gonads, and the brain, where it functions predominantly as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the androgen and estrogen sex steroids. However, DHEA also has a variety of potential biological effects in its own right, binding to an array of nuclear and cell surface receptors, and acting as a neurosteroid. Regular exercise is known to increase DHEA production in the body. Calorie restriction has also been shown to increase DHEA in primates.

* DHED a small-molecule bioprecursor prodrug converts to 17beta-estradiol in the brain after but remains inert in the rest of the body. This prodrug selectively produces estrogen in the brain without peripheral responses associated with the use of systemic estrogens, such as stimulation of the uterus and estrogen-responsive tumor growth. DHED may safely provide estrogen neuroprotection and medicate neurological and psychiatric symptoms developing from estrogen deficiency, particularly those encountered after surgical menopause, without the adverse side effects of current hormone therapies. The prodrug DHED selectively delivers 17beta-estradiol to the brain for treating estrogen-responsive disorders.

* Diabetes Mellitus, also known as diabetes, is related to diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal and diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal, 1, and has symptoms including tremor, angina pectoris and equilibration disorder. An important gene associated with Diabetes Mellitus is KCNJ11 (Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily J Member 11), and among its related pathways/superpathways are MicroRNAs in cancer and Parkinsons Disease Pathway. The drugs Linagliptin and Metformin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include endothelial, heart and kidney. A group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

* Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent, also known as type 1 diabetes mellitus, is related to diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, 23 and type 1 diabetes mellitus 2, and has symptoms including polydipsia and polyuria. An important gene associated with Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent is HNF1A (HNF1 Homeobox A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Type I diabetes mellitus and T cell receptor signaling pathway. The drugs Zinc and Saxagliptin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Bone and Pancreas, and related phenotypes are diabetes mellitus and polydipsia. A diabetes mellitus that results from the body's failure to produce insulin and has material basis in autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.

* Diabetes mellitus, ketosis-prone: An atypical form of diabetes mellitus characterized by an acute initial presentation with severe hyperglycemia and ketosis, as seen in classic type 1 diabetes, but after initiation of insulin therapy, prolonged remission is often possible with cessation of insulin therapy and maintenance of appropriate metabolic control. Metabolic studies show a markedly blunted insulin secretory response to glucose, partially reversible with the improvement of blood glucose control. Variable levels of insulin resistance are observed, especially in obese patients. Pancreatic beta-cell autoimmunity is a rare finding. An intermediate form of diabetes that has some characteristics of type 1 and some of type 2 diabetes.

* Diabetes Mellitus, Noninsulin-Dependent, also known as type 2 diabetes mellitus, is related to maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 1 and maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 13, and has symptoms including tremor, angina pectoris and equilibration disorder. An important gene associated with Diabetes Mellitus, Noninsulin-Dependent is IRS1 (Insulin Receptor Substrate 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway. The drugs Linagliptin and Metformin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Pancreas and Adipose, and related phenotypes are type ii diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. A diabetes mellitus that involves high blood glucose resulting from cells fail to use insulin properly.

* Diabetic Angiopathy, also known as diabetic angiopathies, is related to vasculitis and vascular disease. An important gene associated with Diabetic Angiopathy is IGFBP7 (Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 7), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Selenium Micronutrient Network. The drugs Saxagliptin and Bevacizumab have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, endothelial and heart, and related phenotypes are Increased cell death in breast cancer cell lines (MCF10A, MDA-MB-435) and cellular. A form of angiopathy -disease of the blood vessels- associated with diabetic complications.

* Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy, also known as diabetic neuropathies, is related to diabetic neuropathy and microvascular complications of diabetes 1, and has symptoms including sciatica and neuralgia. An important gene associated with Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy is AKR1B1 (Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member B), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and p75(NTR)-mediated signaling. The drugs Quinapril and Donepezil have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, testes and bone, and related phenotype is vision/eye. A wide spectrum of manifestations affecting many different organ systems, including the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, pupillary, sudomotor, and neuroendocrine systems.

* Diabetic Cataract, also known as cataract - diabetic, is related to microvascular complications of diabetes 5 and turner syndrome. An important gene associated with Diabetic Cataract is AKR1B1 (Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member B), and among its related pathways/superpathways is Celecoxib Pathway, Pharmacodynamics. The drugs Ketorolac and Ketorolac Tromethamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, heart and endothelial, and related phenotype is neoplasm. A sight-related complication of diabetes that can cause misting or blurring of vision.

* Diabetic Encephalopathy is related to encephalopathy and pigmentation disease. An important gene associated with Diabetic Encephalopathy is CREB1 (CAMP Responsive Element Binding Protein 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. and Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Proteins (SREBP) signalling. Affiliated tissues include brain, kidney and cortex, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and homeostasis/metabolism. A brain disease that is characterized by functional impairment of cognition, cerebral signal conduction, neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, and underlying structural pathology associated with diabetes.

* Diabetic Foot Ulcers, also known as diabetic foot ulcer, is related to peripheral artery disease and arteries, anomalies of, and has symptoms including seizures, tremor and angina pectoris. An important gene associated with Diabetic Foot Ulcers is PDGFB (Platelet Derived Growth Factor Subunit B), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Akt Signaling and Cytokine Signaling in Immune system. The drugs Saxagliptin and Clindamycin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Bone, skin and bone, and related phenotypes are renal/urinary system and respiratory system. A disturbance of the wound healing process.

* Diabetic Macular Edema is related to macular retinal edema and retinal vein occlusion. An important gene associated with Diabetic Macular Edema is VEGFA (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and TGF-Beta Pathway. The drugs Ranibizumab and Bevacizumab have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, endothelial and retina, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and hematopoietic system. An accumulation of fluid in the macula—part of the retina that controls our most detailed vision abilities—due to leaking blood vessels. In order to develop DME, you must first have diabetic retinopathy.

* Diabetic Neuropathy, also known as diabetic neuropathies, is related to microvascular complications of diabetes 1 and diabetic autonomic neuropathy, and has symptoms including sciatica and neuralgia. An important gene associated with Diabetic Neuropathy is ACE (Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme), and among its related pathways/superpathways are AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications and PEDF Induced Signaling. The drugs Pregabalin and Isosorbide Dinitrate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, spinal cord and skin, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and growth/size/body region. Nerve damaging disorders associated with diabetes mellitus.

* Diabetic Polyneuropathy, also known as diabetes mellitus with polyneuropathy, is related to diabetes mellitus and neuropathy. An important gene associated with Diabetic Polyneuropathy is AKR1B1 (Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member B), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Neural Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers and Microglia Activation During Neuroinflammation: Steady-State Microglia. The drugs Pregabalin and Cilostazol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include spinal cord, testes and skin, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and behavior/neurological. A peripheral nerve dysfunction. There are three main alterations involved in the pathologic changes of DPN: inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

* Diarrhea, also known as diarrhea of presumed infectious origin, is related to diarrhea 8, secretory sodium, congenital and inflammatory diarrhea. An important gene associated with Diarrhea is WNT2B (Wnt Family Member 2B), and among its related pathways/superpathways is Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers. The drugs Ceftriaxone and Carboprost Tromethamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lung, breast and colon, and related phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and homeostasis/metabolism. A gastrointestinal system disease described as the condition of having frequent loose or liquid bowel movements.

* Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis, also known as progressive cutaneous systemic scleroderma, is related to limited scleroderma and systemic scleroderma. An important gene associated with Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis is IRF5 (Interferon Regulatory Factor 5), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and NF-kappaB Signaling. The drugs Acetylcysteine and Iloprost have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, lung and kidney, and related phenotypes are gastroesophageal reflux and dyspnea. A subtype of systemic scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) characterized by skin hardening (fibrosis) and problems in many organs of the body.

* Diffuse Scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis, diffuse, is related to scleroderma, familial progressive and limited scleroderma, and has symptoms including pruritus, exanthema and hidebound skin. An important gene associated with Diffuse Scleroderma is TGFB1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Development Angiotensin activation of ERK and NF-kappaB Signaling. The drugs Bosentan and Sodium Citrate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lung, skin and bone. A chronic autoimmune condition that is a subtype of systemic scleroderma where patients may have extensive skin fibrosis on the arms, legs, and trunk and a high risk of developing internal organ damage.

* Dihydroartemisinin is a drug used to treat malaria. Dihydroartemisinin is the active metabolite of all artemisinin compounds (artemisinin, artesunate, artemether, etc.) and is also available as a drug in itself. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin and is widely used as an intermediate in the preparation of other artemisinin-derived antimalarial drugs. Piperaquine is an antimalarial drug, a bisquinoline, characterized by slow absorption and a long biological half-life, making it a good partner drug with artemisinin derivatives which are fast acting but have a short biological half-life.

* DIM (3,3'-diindolylmethane) is a compound that previously has been found to have cancer preventive properties. DIM has been studied as a cancer prevention agent for years, now there is indication that DIM can also act as a radiation protector.

* Dipyridamole is a cardiovascular drug, used for treating angina and preventing stroke. It also has wide applicability for eye disorders including diabetic retinopathy, ocular hypertension, retinal hemorrhage, and pterygium. Pterygium, or Surfer's Eye, is a benign growth that affects 10 percent of the population worldwide. It is more prevalent with older age. An early-stage pterygium is known as a pinguecula, and affects 50 percent of the population. Besides being unsightly, pterygium and pinguecula often become inflamed and cause dry eye. Eventually, they can completely obstruct vision.

* Dirlotapide is an effective pharmaceutical drug developed specifically for overweight and obese dogs to help them lose weight. This drug restrains the release of dietary fats from cells in the intestines into the bloodstream. That is done because the accumulation of fat in these intestinal cells leads to feelings of fullness and decreased appetite. Basically, Dirlotapide is used primarily as an appetite suppressant for dogs on a restricted calorie diet.

* Disease of Mental Health, also known as mental disorders, is related to schizophrenia and sexual disorder, and has symptoms including symptoms, sluggishness and shaking inside. An important gene associated with Disease of Mental Health is IER3IP1 (Immediate Early Response 3 Interacting Protein 1), and among its related pathways are Neurotransmitter Clearance In The Synaptic Cleft and GPCRs, Other. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and heart, and related mouse phenotypes are muscle and digestive/alimentary. A disease that involves a psychological or behavioral pattern generally associated with subjective distress or disability that occurs in an individual, and which are not a part of normal development or culture.

* Disitertide or P144 is a peptide for the treatment of systemic sclerosis or scleroderma, a multisystem disorder characterized by the excessive synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins that result in the fibrosis of skin and visceral organs. This TGF-beta1 inhibitor peptide is also indicated for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of skin tumors at early stages. Disitertide inhibits the formation of papillomas and delays their progression to carcinoma in mice. P144 has also been successfully evaluated in pre-clinical animal models of organ fibrosis and macular degeneration.

* Disorders of Intracellular Cobalamin Metabolism An important gene associated with Disorders of Intracellular Cobalamin Metabolism is MTRR (5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine Methyltransferase Reductase).

* Distichiasis, also known as eyelashes, two rows of, is related to lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome and blepharocheilodontic syndrome 1. An important gene associated with Distichiasis is FOXC2 (Forkhead Box C2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Adherens junction and FGF signaling pathway. Affiliated tissues include eye and heart, and related phenotypes are distichiasis and digestive/alimentary. A distichia is an eyelash that arises from an abnormal spot on the eyelid.

* Disulfiram is a drug used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol (drinking alcohol). Disulfiram works by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, causing many of the effects of a hangover to be felt immediately following alcohol consumption. Disulfiram plus alcohol, even small amounts, produce flushing, throbbing in head and neck, throbbing headache, respiratory difficulty, nausea, copious vomiting, sweating, thirst, chest pain, palpitation, dyspnea, hyperventilation, fast heart rate, low blood pressure, fainting, marked uneasiness, weakness, vertigo, blurred vision, and confusion. In severe reactions there may be respiratory depression, cardiovascular collapse, abnormal heart rhythms, heart attack, acute congestive heart failure, unconsciousness, convulsions, and death. Disulfiram should be used in conjunction with counseling and support (see 2-Mercaptoethanol above.) An alternate use of disulfiram can eradicate all forms borrelia can take. Disulfiram also has anticancer and antifungal properties, it belongs to a general group of HIV drugs called latency-reversing agents, and it is effective against parasites such as malaria and babesia. Recent experience with disulfiram, shows efficacy against bartonella. A clinical study on a small group of chronic Lyme patients reports these patients have become asymptomatic (if not cured) for 21 months.

* DKK-1 factor inhibitors comprises two inhibitors and DKK-1 protein itself. Threonic acid is a sugar acid derived from threose. The L-isomer is a metabolite of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). One study suggested that because L-threonate inhibits DKK1 expression in vitro, it may have potential in treatment of androgenic alopecia. DKK1 is one of the most upregulated genes in androgen-potentiated balding, with DKK-1 messenger RNA upregulated a few hours after DHT treatment of hair follicles at the dermal papilla in vitro. Neutralizing body against DKK-1 reversed DHT effects on outer root sheath keratinocytes. WAY-262611 is an inhibitor of Dkk1 that activates the Wnt signaling pathway, stimulating beta-catenin/TCF-dependent transcription. Wnt signaling proteins are small secreted proteins that are active in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) antagonizes Wnt signaling and has important roles in bone formation, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease.

* D-leucine affects neurons differently from other known therapies to control epilectic seizures. D-leucine potently terminates seizures even after the onset of seizure activity. Furthermore, D-leucine, but not L-leucine, reduces long-term potentiation but has no effect on basal synaptic transmission in vitro. D-leucine suppresses ongoing seizures at least as effectively as diazepam but without sedative effects.

* D-Limonene is a monoterpene found to prevent mammary cancer by activating hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UGT). D-Limonene is an isoprenylation inhibitor of small G-proteins. It is also used as botanical insecticide, the d enantiomer is most active as an insecticide. In natural and alternative medicine, d-limonene is marketed to relieve gastroesophageal reflux disease and heartburn. Limonene is an adenosine agonist which may explain its anti-stress and sedative properties.

* DMB (3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol) is a structural analog of choline. DMB is found in olive oil, red wine and other foods, has the potential to treat—or even prevent—heart disease. The investigators report that in mice, dietary supplementation with this naturally occurring compound safely inhibited atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries) and significantly lowered production of TMAO (trimethylamine-N-oxide), a heart-harming metabolite derived from gut bacteria. DMB, may help reduce heart attack and stroke risk by altering the activity of gut microbes. Conversely, high intake of lecithin and L-carnitine has been linked to increased risk for atherosclerosis, also known as hardening of the arteries. Gut microbes convert these nutrients into a compound called trimethylamine (TMA), which in turn is converted into TMAO, which accelerates atherosclerosis in animals and is associated with a higher risk for heart disease in people.

* DMSA-DMPS are two important antidotes for heavy metal poisoning. Meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and 2,3-dimercapto-l-propanesulfonic acid, Na salt (DMPS). These two dimercapto compounds are effective in treating poisoning by compounds of arsenic, lead, organic and inorganic mercury, and other heavy metals.They have been used for this purpose in humans and in experimental animals. When used in therapeutic or reasonable experimental doses, neither DMSA or DMPS appears to have any marked effect on the trace metals in the body except that urinary excretion of Cu and Zn increase. The effects on Cu and Zn are dose-dependent and return to normal if the drugs are stopped. As an arsenic antidote for mice, the therapeutic index of DMSA is 3 times greater than that for DMPS. It appears that DMSA is more effective than DMPS in removing mercury from the body. DMSA appears to remove more organic mercury, whereas DMPS removes more inorganic mercury. A combination of DMSA and DMPS removes mercury from most organs.

* DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA contains genetic instructions that are used in the growth, development and body functioning of all living organisms and a few viruses. The primary function of DNA molecules is the storage of constitutional information of a living being for a very long period. DNA is the chief component of living body tissues. When the DNA of the cells gets damaged, the body becomes incapable of functioning properly. This results in illness, premature and negative effects of aging on the body. Factors like occurrence of diseases and aging cause damage to the genetic code. DNA helps to relieve the symptoms of damaged or spoiled genetic code. It also helps restore missing genetic code.

* Docusate is a laxative of the stool softener type used to treat constipation. It is considered a good choice in children who have hard feces. Side effects are uncommon. Rarely, there may be abdominal cramps or diarrhea. Efficacy decreases with long-term use, and may cause poor bowel function. Docusate is acceptable during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It works by allowing more water to be absorbed by the feces. Docusate does not stay in the gastrointestinal tract, but is absorbed into the bloodstream and excreted via the gallbladder after undergoing extensive metabolism. The effect of docusate may not necessarily be all due to its surfactant properties. Perfusion studies suggest that docusate inhibits fluid absorption or stimulates secretion in the portion of the small intestine known as the jejunum. Use is typically recommended with plenty of water. Emollient agents such as Docusate prevent constipation rather than treating long-term constipation.

* Docusate-Bisacodyl

* Dog cathelicidin is a naturally occurring peptide found in the white blood cells of dogs, kills microbes like bacteria, viruses and yeast. It's a fairly simple defensive system, and everything from bacteria to humans produce these peptides. The antimicrobial peptides that each species produces are unique and hardwired to an organism's DNA, giving certain species certain resistances. For example, the immune system in dogs may be able to kill certain pathogens extremely well while the immune system in humans is not. Cathelicidins are peptides that play a central role in the early innate immunity against infections.

* Dopamine. The dopamine system plays a central role in a number of important medical conditions, including Parkinson's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and drug addiction.

* Dornase alfa enzyme. The proteolytic enzyme dornase alfa hydrolyzes the DNA present in sputum/mucus of cystic fibrosis patients and reduces viscosity in the lungs, promoting improved clearance of secretions.

* DPII-22 fragment peptide is an active part of house dust mite protein allergens for the treatment of house dust mite allergy in humans.

* DRD4 factor is a dopamine receptor responsible for neuronal signaling in the mesolimbic system of the brain, an area of the brain that regulates emotion and complex behavior. Its activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Modulates the circadian rhythm of contrast sensitivity by regulating the rhythmic expression of NPAS2 in the retinal ganglion cells (By similarity). This factor is known to shape behavior and personality development in novelty seeking, susceptibility to peer influences, and ideology.

* D-Ribose is a central component of a variety of important compounds used to build, operate, and utilize the energy output of mitochondria. These include DNA, RNA, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), FADH (flavin adenine dinucleotide), and NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogenase). D-ribose significantly reduces clinical symptoms in patients suffering from fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome.

* DRL-17822 - 603.603 a benzylamine derivative CETP inhibitor (dyslipidemia/atherosclerosis/cardiovascular diseases), for treatment of atherosclerosis therapy lipoprotein disorder. Is a selective inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Among cardiovascular disorders, coronary heart disease (CHD) caused by atherosclerosis is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality. Prevention, stabilization and regression of atherosclerotic plaques may have a major impact on reducing the risk of acute coronary events. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors are being explored for their ability to elevate HDL-C. Hyperlipidemia or an elevation in serum lipids is associated with an increase incidence of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Primary hyperlipidemia is a term used to describe a defect in lipoprotein metabolism. The lipoproteins commonly affected are low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which transports mainly cholesterol, and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-cholesterol), which transports mainly triglycerides (TG). Most subjects with hyperlipidemia have a defect in LDL metabolism, characterized by raised cholesterol, LDL-C levels, with or without raised triglyceride levels; such subjects are termed hypercholesterolemic (Fredrickson Type II).

* Droxidopa can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) where it is converted to norepinephrine and epinephrine from within the brain. Increased levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the central nervous system (CNS) may be beneficial to some patients. Indicated for Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH), as well as NOH associated with multiple system atrophy (MSA), familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), pure autonomic failure (PAF), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) or hemodialysis-induced hypotension.

* Drug Dependence is related to polysubstance abuse and hallucinogen dependence. An important gene associated with Drug Dependence is OPRM1 (Opioid Receptor Mu 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Signaling by GPCR and Peptide ligand-binding receptors. The drugs Buprenorphine and Naloxone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, breast and myeloid, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and homeostasis/metabolism. A substance dependence that involves the continued use of drugs despite problems related to use of the substance.

* Dry Eye Syndrome, also known as dry eye syndromes, is related to Sjogren's syndrome and Kenny-Caffey syndrome, type 1, and has symptoms including dryness of eye, and dacryops. An important gene associated with Dry Eye Syndrome is AQP5 (Aquaporin 5), and among its related pathways are Malaria and Stabilization and expansion of the E-cadherin adherens junction. The drugs hydroxyethyl cellulose and sodium chloride granules have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, salivary gland and thyroid, and related mouse phenotypes are muscle and digestive/alimentary. Dry eye syndrome is the condition of having dry eyes. Dry eye occurs when either the eye does not produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly. Other associated symptoms include irritation, redness, discharge, and easily fatigued eyes. Blurred vision may also occur. The symptoms can range from mild and occasional to severe and continuous. Scarring of the cornea may occur in some cases. It affects 5-34% of people to some degree depending on the population looked at. Among older people it affects up to 70%. In China it affects about 17% of people.

* Dulaglutide binds to glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors, slowing gastric emptying and increases insulin secretion by pancreatic Beta cells. Simultaneously the compound reduces the elevated glucagon secretion by inhibiting alpha cells of the pancreas, which is known to be inappropriate in the diabetic patient. GLP-1 is normally secreted by L cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa in response to a meal. The compound is indicated for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control. Dulaglutide is not indicated in the treatment of subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus or patients with diabetic ketoacidosis because these problems are the result of the islet cells being unable to produce insulin and one of the actions of Dulaglutide is to stimulate functioning islet cell to produce more insulin. Dulaglutide can be used either stand-alone or in combination with other medicines for type 2 diabetes, in particular metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and insulin taken concomitantly with meals.

* Duloxetine is a medication used to treat major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, fibromyalgia, chronic musculoskeletal pain and neuropathic pain. Common side effects include dry mouth, nausea, feeling tired, dizziness, agitation, sexual problems, and increased sweating. Severe side effects include an increased risk of suicide, serotonin syndrome, mania, and liver problems. Antidepressant withdrawal syndrome may occur if stopped. There are concerns that use during the later part of pregnancy can harm the baby. It is a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. How it works is not entirely clear.

* Dumping Syndrome, also known as dumping, is related to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and duodenal ulcer, and has symptoms including constipation, pain, postoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting. An important gene associated with Dumping Syndrome is SST (Somatostatin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Signaling by GPCR and Aldosterone synthesis and secretion. The drugs Somatostatin and lanreotide have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include small intestine, testes and lung. Dumping syndrome occurs when food, especially sugar, moves too quickly from the stomach to the duodenum—the first part of the small intestine—in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This condition is also called rapid gastric emptying.

* Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of atopic, allergic diseases and asthma.

* Dynorphin-A modulates pain response. It can significantly inhibit morphine- or beta-endorphin-induced analgesia. Dynorphin inhibits dopamine release that would counter the pleasurable effects of cocaine. It is important in maintaining homeostasis through appetite control and circadian rhythms. In addition to its role in weight control, dynorphin has also been found to regulate body temperature.

* Dysphagia, also known as deglutition disorders, is related to leigh syndrome and muscular disease, and has symptoms including seizures, nausea and vomiting and constipation. An important gene associated with Dysphagia is ARID1B (AT-Rich Interaction Domain 1B). The drugs Methylene blue and Fluorouracil have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lung, testes and tongue, and related phenotypes are Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2) and Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2). Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing.

* Dystonia, also known as dystonic disease, is related to dystonia 3, torsion, x-linked and dystonia 12, and has symptoms including back pain, headache and muscle cramp. An important gene associated with Dystonia is TOR1A (Torsin Family 1 Member A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Nicotine Pathway (Dopaminergic Neuron), Pharmacodynamics and Folate biosynthesis. The drugs Menthol and Dopamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, globus pallidus and cerebellum, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and muscle. Dystonia is a movement disorder that causes involuntary contractions of the muscles. These contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements. Sometimes they are painful. Dystonia can affect just one muscle, a group of muscles or all muscles. Symptoms can include tremors, voice problems or a dragging foot.