Modern Medicine in Digital format

* Lactacystin-MG132 are two ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) inhibitors. The “ubiquitin-proteasome system” (UPS), was used in a study to restore memory loss in animal models with Alzheimer’s disease. According to the researchers, as a result of metabolism and other biological processes, neurons constantly produce biological garbage and need a stable garbage removal system. If not removed from neurons, this garbage piles up, becoming toxic and causing brain malfunction. The new study, published in the FASEB journal, argues that blocking the degradation of plasticity (memory) proteins by UPS inhibitors may reverse memory loss in Alzheimer’s. The result offers hope that proteasome inhibitor treatments may have potential therapeutic value against memory disorders like Alzheimer’s. The analogues of used UPS inhibitor drugs are approved to treat cancer, and have no established side effects in the used concentration.

* Lactoferrin-B (residues 17 to 41) are released by pepsinolysis of human and bovine lactoferrin, respectively, and may have more potent antibacterial activity than the native proteins.

* Lactose Intolerance, also known as lm - lactose malabsorption, is related to congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency with starch and lactose intolerance and lactase persistence/nonpersistence, and has symptoms including abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea. An important gene associated with Lactose Intolerance is LCT (Lactase), and among its related pathways are Carbohydrate digestion and absorption and Digestion of dietary carbohydrate. Affiliated tissues include testes, small intestine and kidney. An impaired ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products.

* Lactulose is used in the treatment of chronic constipation in patients of all ages as a long-term treatment. Lactulose is used for chronic idiopathic constipation, i.e. chronic constipation occurring without any identifiable cause. Lactulose may be used to counter the constipating effects of opioids, and in the symptomatic treatment of hemorrhoids as a stool softener. Lactulose is useful in treating hyperammonemia (high blood ammonia), which can lead to hepatic encephalopathy. Lactulose is known for its good acceptance, with limited side effects, similar to many other food products.

* LAL enzyme plays an important role in breaking down fatty material (cholesteryl esters and triglycerides) in the body. LAL deficiency is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a genetic defect resulting in a marked decrease or loss in activity of the lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) enzyme. The primary site of action of the LAL enzyme is the lysosome, where the enzyme normally causes the breakdown of lipid particles including LDL-c. Deficient LAL enzyme activity results in progressive complications due to the lysosomal accumulation of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides in multiple organs, including the liver, spleen, intestine, and the walls of blood vessels. The resulting lipid accumulation in the liver may lead to increased liver fat content and progression of liver disease, including fibrosis and cirrhosis. Lipid accumulation in the intestinal wall leads to malabsorption and growth failure. In parallel, dyslipidemia due to impaired degradation of lysosomal lipid is common with elevated LDL-c and triglycerides and low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c). Lysosomal acid lipase affects the atherogenesis by at least two mechanisms: (1) direct targeting of lesional macrophages with resultant decreases in cholesteryl esters and triglyceride in the lysosomes of macrophages in the lesions; (2) systemic effects that mediate the liver to reduce the hepatic cholesteryl ester and triglyceride release, possibly leading to reduced production of VLDL and LDL.

* Landiolol is an ultra short-acting, beta1-superselective intravenous adrenergic antagonist, which decreases the heart rate effectively with less negative effect on blood pressure or myocardial contractility. In comparison to other betablockers, landiolol has the shortest elimination half-life (3 to 4 minutes), ultra-rapid onset of effect (heart rate begins to decrease immediately after completion of administration), and predectible effectiveness with inactive metabolites (heart rate returns to baseline levels at 30 min after completion of landiolol hydrochloride administration). The pure S-enantiomer structure of landiolol is believed to develop less hypotensive side effects in comparison to other betablockers. This has a positive impact on the treatment of patients when reduction of heart rate without decrease in arterial blood pressure is desired. Landiolol is indicated as an antiarrhythmic agent for supraventricular tachycardia and for the rapid control of ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter in perioperative, postoperative, or other circumstances where short-term control of the ventricular rate with a short acting agent is desirable. Non-compensatory sinus tachycardia where, in the physician’s judgment the rapid heart rate requires specific intervention. Additionally, landiolol has been approved for the treatment of ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. Landiolol may be cardio-protective in septic shock by normalizing coronary microcirculation through blockage of sepsis-induced decrease in expression of VEGF signaling system but independent of inflammatory cytokines. In sepsis patients, landiolol reduced new-onset arrhythmia and kept patients within the target heart rate range. Furthermore, landiolol demonstrated a positive clinical impact regarding ventilation-free days, ICU-free days and hospital-free days. Patients in the landiolol group had a survival rate of 88% by day 28, in contrast to a mortality rate of 20% in the control group by day 28. These are very important findings which may include landiolol in the standard of care for sepsis patients, since tachycardia and atrial fibrillation are key prognostic factors for sepsis. Additionally, tachycardia exceeding 100 beats per min (bpm) on admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) is a risk factor for worsening prognosis. Landiolol is a promising drug to manage postoperative atrial fibrillation in non-cardiac surgery with a profile that allow for control of heart rate with minimal impact on blood pressure. Landiolol has limited negative inotropic effect and is well tolerated by the respiratory system.

* Lanosterol is a tetracyclic triterpenoid, which is the compound from which all steroids are derived. Elaboration of lanosterol under enzyme catalysis leads to the core structure of steroids. 14-Demethylation of lanosterol by CYP51 eventually yields cholesterol. Recent research suggests that lanosterol is a key molecule in the prevention of lens protein aggregation and points to a novel strategy for cataract prevention and treatment.

* Lansoprazole belongs to a class of drugs known as proton-pump inhibitors that keep the stomach from pumping too much acid, thus preventing heartburn and ulcers. Proton-pump inhibitors are both safe and widely sold around the world. Lansoprazole was also found to be effective against M. tuberculosis but only when the bacterium grows inside cells. The researchers investigated the underlying biology and found that lansoprazole kills the bacterium after the human cells convert it into a sulfur-containing metabolite. This metabolite targets a particular enzyme that is crucial for the bacterium to produce energy, thereby killing it off. In addition, when the scientists tested lansoprazole against a wide range of other bacteria, it proved to be highly selective for M. tuberculosis. Lansoprazole also enhances amyloid beta production.

* Lanthionine ketimine is a naturally occurring sulfur amino acid metabolite found in the mammalian brain and central nervous system (CNS). Beside its neurotrophic effects, lanthionine ketimine and its ester LKE protect neurons against oxidative stress and inhibit the activation of microglia (brain macrophages) triggered by exposure to inflammatory cytokines. Beside its neurotrophic effects, lanthionine ketimine and its ester LKE protect neurons against oxidative stress and inhibit the activation of microglia (brain macrophages) triggered by exposure to inflammatory cytokines. Lanthionine ketimine ester promotes locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury by reducing neuroinflammation and promoting axon growth 1. Lanthionine ketimine and its synthetic derivatives have recently demonstrated neurotrophic, neuroprotective, and antineuroinflammatory properties.

* Laquinimod is an experimental immunomodulator being investigated as an oral treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS).

* L-arginine could take the place of the current plaque-controlling biocide substances including chlorhexidine and other antimicrobials. A common amino acid found naturally in foods, breaks down dental plaque, which means it could potentially help millions of people avoid cavities and gum disease. L-arginine is found in red meat, poultry, fish, and dairy products, and is already used in dental products for tooth sensitivity. It also stopped the formation of dental plaque in lab tests.

* LCA5 factor lebercilin, also known as leber congenital amaurosis 5, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LCA5 gene. This protein is thought to be involved in centrosomal or ciliary functions. Mutations in the LCA5 gene are associated with Leber's congenital amaurosis.

* LCAT enzyme or Lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is an enzyme that converts free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester (a more hydrophobic form of cholesterol), which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle, eventually making the newly synthesized HDL spherical and forcing the reaction to become unidirectional since the particles are removed from the surface. The enzyme is bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) (alpha-LCAT) and LDLs (beta-LCAT) in the blood plasma. LCAT deficiency can cause impaired vision due to cholesterol corneal opacities, anemia, and kidney damage. It belongs to the family of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases.

* LCZ696 (valsartan/sacubitril) is a combination drug for use in heart failure. It consists of the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan and the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril, in a 1:1 mixture by molecule count. The combination is sometimes described as an "angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor" (ARNi).

* LDLR factor encodes the Low-density lipoprotein receptor protein. In humans, LDL is directly involved in the development of atherosclerosis,which is the process responsible for the majority of cardiovascular diseases, due to accumulation of LDL-cholesterol in the blood. Hyperthyroidism may be associated with hypocholesterolaemia via upregulation of the LDL receptor, and hypothyroidism with the converse. A vast number of studies have described the relevance of LDL receptors in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, metabolomics syndrome, and steatohepatitis.

* L-DOPA is a dopamine precursor. It crosses the protective blood–brain barrier, whereas dopamine itself cannot. Thus, L-DOPA is used to increase dopamine concentrations in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and dopamine-responsive dystonia.

* LE dipeptide is a candidate cosmeceutical peptide that can protect skin from UVB induced photoinflammation and erythema. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induced inflammation plays an important role in the aging of human skin. LE inhibits UVB induced PGE2 synthesis but shows no cytotoxicity toward human keratinocytes.

* Learning Disability, also known as learning disabilities, is related to speech and communication disorders and specific developmental disorder. An important gene associated with Learning Disability is FIBP (FGF1 Intracellular Binding Protein), and among its related pathways/superpathways is Neuroscience. The drugs Dopamine and Methylphenidate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and heart, and related phenotypes are Decreased CDKN1A mRNA expression and Decreased CDKN1A mRNA expression. A specific developmental disorder that involves difficulty in scholastic skills such as reading, writing, spelling, reasoning, recalling and/or organizing information resulting from the brain's inability to receive and process information.

* Leber Optic Atrophy, also known as leber hereditary optic neuropathy, is related to loiasis and leber hereditary optic neuropathy with dystonia, and has symptoms including optic atrophy, ataxia and peripheral neuropathy. An important gene associated with Leber Optic Atrophy is MT-ND6 (Mitochondrially Encoded NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit 6), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Metabolism and Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. The drugs Idebenone and Antioxidants have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye. A maternally inherited disease resulting in acute or subacute loss of central vision, due to optic nerve dysfunction.

* Ledipasvir is a drug for the treatment of hepatitis C. Ledipasvir is an inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein.

* Lentigines, also known as lentigo, is related to noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines and melanocytic nevus syndrome, congenital. An important gene associated with Lentigines is PTPN11 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Sertoli-Sertoli Cell Junction Dynamics and Common Cytokine Receptor Gamma-Chain Family Signaling Pathways. The drugs Aminolevulinic acid and Imiquimod have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, pancreas and lymph node, and related phenotypes are nystagmus and abnormality of the skin. A small pigmented spot on the skin with a clearly defined edge, surrounded by normal-appearing skin.

* LEP factor or leptin the "satiety hormone," is a hormone made by adipose cells that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger. Leptin is opposed by the actions of the hormone ghrelin, the "hunger hormone". Both hormones act on receptors in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to regulate appetite to achieve energy homeostasis. In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin occurs, resulting in an inability to detect satiety despite high energy stores. According to new research leptin aids weight loss without the significant side effect of bone loss.

* Leptomycin B is a potent and specific nuclear export inhibitor in humans. Leptomycin B alkylates and inhibits CRM1 (chromosomal region maintenance) exportin 1 (XPO1). In addition to antifungal and antibacterial activities, Leptomycin B blocks the cell cycle and is a potent anti-tumor agent. At low nM concentrations, Leptomycin B blocks the nuclear export of many proteins including HIV-1 Rev, MAPK/ERK, and NF-kappaB/IkappaB, and it inhibits the inactivation of p53. Leptomycin B also inhibits the export and translation of many RNAs, including COX-2 and c-Fos mRNAs, by inhibiting export of ribonucleoproteins. Recent research in yeast suggests that deleting the gene LOS1 or Exportin-T -human XPO1 equivalent- produced particularly impressive results, extending life by 60 per cent. LOS1 is linked to a genetic master switch which has long been associated with calorie restriction through fasting and increased lifespan.

* Letrozole is an oral non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor for the treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer after surgery. Letrozole has been used for ovarian stimulation by fertility doctors since 2001 because it has fewer side-effects than clomiphene and less chance of multiple gestation. The anti-estrogen action of letrozole has been shown to be useful in pretreatment for termination of pregnancy, in combination with misoprostol. It can be used in place of mifepristone, which is expensive and unavailable in many countries. Letrozole is sometimes used as a treatment for gynecomastia, although it is probably most effective at this if caught in an early stage (such as in users of anabolic steroids). Some studies have shown that letrozole can be used to promote spermatogenesis in male patients suffering from nonobstructive azoospermia.

* Leu (left channel) and Met (right channel) enkephalins. Leu-enkephalin is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter that is found naturally in the brains of many animals, including humans. It is a five amino acid endogenous peptide that acts as an agonist at opioid receptors. Leu enkephalin has multiple effects on the CNS, including the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Leu-enkephalin also controls gonadal function. Met-enkephalin is involved in phenomena associated with modulated pain perception, regulation of memory and emotional conditions, food and liquid consumption and regulation of immunological system. It also has an impact on the digestive system motility, gastric as well as in pancreatic secretion and metabolism of carbohydrates. Met-enkephalin is sometimes referred to as opioid growth factor (OGF), it has effects of a relatively short duration.

* Leukostasis is related to ischemia and granulocytopenia. An important gene associated with Leukostasis is ICAM1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Human cytomegalovirus infection and fMLP Pathway. Affiliated tissues include myeloid, bone and endothelial, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and cellular. It is characterized by an extremely elevated blast cell count and symptoms of decreased tissue perfusion. Leukostasis is associated with people who suffer from bone and blood disorders and is very common among people suffering from acute myeloid leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukostasis is a pathlogic diagnosis that inhibits efficient flow to the microvasculature of the body.

* Levocabastine is a selective second-generation H1 receptor antagonists. It is used for allergic conjunctivitis or similar allergic conditions. As well as acting as an antihistamine, levocabastine has also subsequently been found to act as a potent and selective antagonist for the neurotensin receptor NTS2.

* Levonorgestrel is a second generation progestin (synthetic progestogen) used as an active ingredient in some hormonal contraceptives, including combined oral contraceptive pills, progestogen only pills, emergency contraceptive pills, intrauterine systems, contraceptive implants, and hormone replacement therapy. In clinical trials, contraceptive efficacy was reduced in women weighing 75 kg [165 pounds] or more, and levonorgestrel was not effective in women who weighed more than 80 kg [176 pounds]. Levonorgestrel is used in emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), both in a combined Yuzpe regimen which includes estrogen, and as a levonorgestrel-only method. The levonorgestrel-only method uses levonorgestrel within 3 days of unprotected sex, with one study indicating that beginning as late as 120 hours (5 days) after intercourse could be effective.

* LGD-4033 is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) for treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting and osteoporosis.

* LHX-1 factor imparts synchrony among SCN neurons and ensures consolidated rhythms of activity and rest that is resistant to photic noise. The robustness and limited plasticity of the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is attributed to strong intercellular communication among its constituent neurons. However, factors that specify this characteristic feature of the SCN are researched. A phase-shifting light pulse causes acute reduction in Lhx1 expression and of its target genes that participate in SCN coupling. Mice lacking Lhx1 in the SCN have intact circadian oscillators, but reduced levels of coupling factors. Consequently, the mice rapidly phase shift under a jet lag paradigm and their behavior rhythms gradually deteriorate under constant condition. Ex vivo recordings of the SCN from these mice showed rapid desynchronization of unit oscillators.

* Lhx2 factor regulates the formation of high-resolution neurocircuitry for touch in mice. In rodents, the whiskers on the snout serve as the 'fingers' in terms of sensing the environment. The fundamental molecular mechanisms that govern the formation of this intertwined circuitry in the mouse model would be broadly applicable to other organisms such as humans and to other sensory modalities such as vision and hearing as well. When the Lhx2 gene is knocked out in cortical neurons, even though the nerves bringing signals from the whiskers do make connections with the sensory cortex, the circuitry that brings about resolution and discrimination is profoundly defective.

* Licoricidin and licorisoflavan A are effective antibacterial substances. In a study, these substances killed two of the major bacteria responsible for dental cavities and two of the bacteria that promote gum disease. One of the compounds -- licoricidin -- also killed a third gum disease bacterium. Traditional medical practitioners use dried licorice root to treat various ailments, such as respiratory and digestive problems, but few modern scientific studies address whether licorice really works.

* Lifitegrast is a small-molecule integrin antagonist designed to treat dry eye has shown statistically significant improvement in both the signs and symptoms of dry eye. The investigational agent, lifitegrast, blocks the chronic inflammation mediated by T-cells that is central to many forms of dry eye disease. Lifitegrast is designed to immunomodulate a key pathway in the development and progression of dry eye. The inflammation associated with dry eye is largely mediated by T-cells which feature increased expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Lifitegrast is an ICAM-1 decoy that blocks a key binding interaction between ICAM-1 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) expressed on the T cell surface. The blockade inhibits T-cell activation, adhesion, migration, proliferation and cytokine release in the eye, effectively down regulating inflammation and the resultant ocular surface disease.

* Limb Ischemia is related to gastric dilatation and coronary artery disease. An important gene associated with Limb Ischemia is VEGFA (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A), and among its related pathways are Cell adhesion_Plasmin signaling and Integrins in angiogenesis. Affiliated tissues include bone, bone marrow and heart, and related mouse phenotypes are respiratory system and neoplasm. A restriction in blood supply to limbs, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).

* Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency is related to corneal disease and keratopathy. An important gene associated with Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency is KRT3 (Keratin 3), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cytoskeletal Signaling and CLEC7A (Dectin-1) signaling. The drugs Ophthalmic Solutions and Pharmaceutical Solutions have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Eye, eye and bone, and related phenotypes are immune system and digestive/alimentary. LSCD is characterized by a loss or deficiency of stem cells which are vital for re-population of the corneal epithelium. Corneal transparency is essential for vision, and thus the outer protective stratified corneal epithelium is under constant, rapid renewal with vigorous repair mechanisms.

* Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy, also known as lgmd, is related to autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2e and autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1g. An important gene associated with Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy is LMNA (Lamin A/C), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Other types of O-glycan biosynthesis and Mannose type O-glycan biosynthesis. The drugs Lisinopril and Coenzyme Q10 have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skeletal muscle, heart and testes, and related phenotypes are Decreased viability and Decreased viability. A group of disorders which affect the voluntary muscles around the hips and shoulders.

* Link protein peptide (DHLSDNYTLDHDRAIH) is a candidate molecule that could be used to treat disc degeneration and low back pain. LP peptide increases glycosaminoglycans production, expression of the human disc matrix genes aggrecan and collagen II, and does not induce an increase of osteogenic differentiation. LP peptide can activate production of the matrix proteins aggrecan and collagen II without significant osteoinductive effect.

* Lipid Metabolism Disorder, also known as dyslipidemia, is related to fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic 1 and abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome 1. An important gene associated with Lipid Metabolism Disorder is FADS1 (Fatty Acid Desaturase 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Metabolism and Regulation of lipid metabolism by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). The drugs Simvastatin and Atorvastatin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, liver and endothelial, and related phenotypes are Decreased free cholesterol and Increased LDL uptake. An inherited metabolic disorder that involves the creation and degradation of lipids.

* Lipodermatosclerosis, also known as hypodermitis sclerodermaformis, is related to varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency. An important gene associated with Lipodermatosclerosis is SERPINB2 (Serpin Family B Member 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ and Regulation of lipid metabolism Insulin signaling-generic cascades. The drugs Warfarin and Rivaroxaban have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, t cells and liver, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and growth/size/body region. Lipodermatosclerosis refers to changes in the skin of the lower legs. It is a form of panniculitis (inflammation of the layer of fat under the skin). Signs and symptoms include pain, hardening of skin, change in skin color (redness), swelling, and a tapering of the legs above the ankles. The exact underlying cause is unknown; however, it appears to be associated with venous insufficiency and/or obesity.

* Lipolysis stimulation is a mix of L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine, deoxycholic acid sodium salt, ethanol and alpha-tocopherol (Lipostabil). Used in hepatic steatosis due to alchol and metabolic disorders (diabetes, lipidoproteic hypernutrition, obesity and hyponutrition). As adjuvant in the treatment of intoxications from toxic agents and some kinds of drugs (antitubercolotics; anti-psychotics; anti-epileptics; immunosuppressants). Very useful in the non-toxic treatment of lipid disorders such as hyperlipidiemas and hypercholesterolemia. Steroid users often use this product in an effort to maintain optimum hepatic function. It has been used as a non - toxic supplement for weight reduction, particularly when associated with gross obesity and high serum lipid and cholesterol levels, with very good results. It may be an effective way to combat a few of the toxic effects of anabolic steroids. It is a hepatoprotector.

* Lipopeptide boosts new collagen production and Hyaluronic Acid within existing skin. It helps increase ones natural collagen and HA productivity levels and are considered to be one of natures most powerful anti-agers by interacting with cell membranes to boost and revitalize the natural function of the cells, and renewing them to maximum growth potential.

* Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a member of the lipase gene family, which includes pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase. LPL encodes lipoprotein lipase, which is expressed on endothelial cells in the heart, muscle, and adipose tissue. The primary function of this lipase is the hydrolysis of triglycerides of circulating chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Binding to heparin sulfate proteogylcans at the cell surface is vital to the function. The apolipoprotein, APOC2, acts as a coactivator of LPL activity in the presence of lipids on the luminal surface of vascular endothelium (By similarity). Severe mutations that cause LPL deficiency result in type I hyperlipoproteinemia, while less extreme mutations in LPL are linked to many disorders of lipoprotein metabolism. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency leads to hypertriglyceridemia (elevated levels of triglycerides in the bloodstream). In mice, overexpression of LPL has been shown to affect insulin response and to promote obesity. (Most expensive med in the world - Glybera)

* Liposomal Clodronate is an anti-osteoporotic drug approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women and men to reduce vertebral fractures, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia in malignancy, multiple myeloma and fracture related pain because of its potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects shown as a reduction in inflammatory markers. Intraperitoneal injections of liposomal clodronate selectively induced macrophage apoptosis, leading to tendon-to-bone healing with less scar formation, more organized collagen deposition, and improved pull-out strengths.

* Lithospermate B or magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is an hydrophilic active component of Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix that shows cardioprotective, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Magnesium lithospermate B possesses inhibitory activity on Na +,K +-ATPase and neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke. Lithospermate B has direct superoxide radicals scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. MLB was found to reverse both age- and UVB-related reductions in skin procollagen levels by suppressing the expressions and activities of NF-kB and AP-1-dependent MMPs by modulating ROS generation and the MAPK signaling pathway. Thus, MLB has potentially anti-wrinkle and anti-skin aging effects. Xantine oxidase inhibition reduces the production of uric acid, therefore indicated for the treatment of hyperuricemia and related medical conditions including gout. MLB also reduces renovascular hypertension by improving urinary electrolyte excretion and haemodynamics. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are being investigated for management of reperfusion injury. MLB may also be a promising agent to prevent atherosclerosis and restenosis following angioplasty -an endovascular procedure to widen narrowed or obstructed arteries or veins. MLB activates eNOS and ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in diabetes by enhancing vasodilation in addition to reducing oxidative stress. MLB has potential as a novel therapy for hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis refers to a wound-healing response to various kinds of liver injuries caused by alcohol, hepatitis virus, and toxins.

* Liver Disease, also known as liver diseases, is related to alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, and has symptoms including abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea. An important gene associated with Liver Disease is SERPINA1 (Serpin Family A Member 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Metabolism and Adipogenesis. The drugs Amlodipine and Perindopril have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, testes and kidney, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and growth/size/body region. A type of damage to or disease of the liver.

* Liver expressed antimicrobial peptides 1 and 2 - (LEAP-1)(LEAP-2) have antimicrobial effect against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as yeast, these peptides are involved in the regulation of iron homeostasis.

* LM22A-4 is a small molecule used for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), the most common acute optic neuropathy in those older than 50 years. LM22A-4, also can lead to improvements in respiratory problems, spatial memory, motor skill defects and brain performance iassociated with Rett Syndrome. Finally, this compound (LM22A-4) may have potential as a therapeutic to reduce compulsive alcohol drinking without a generalized effect on motivation.

* LMTX or Leuco-methylthioninium is a tau protein aggregation inhibitor. It acts by preventing the formation and spread of neurofibrillary tangles, which consist of aberrant tau protein clusters that aggregate within neurons causing toxicity and neuronal cell death in the brain of patients with certain forms of dementia. Dementia is a chronic progressive mental disorder which is largely irreversible and is characterised by a widespread impairment of mental function. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a heterogeneous group of dementias that cause frontotemporal lobe degeneration. There are three main clinical syndromes of FTD. The most common type is bvFTD, which is characterised by early progressive personality changes, emotional blunting and loss of empathy. Patients may also experience difficulty in ameliorating their behaviour, often causing socially inappropriate actions. Patients often lose insight into their own behaviour. Language impairment can also occur after behavioural changes and there is sometimes overlap of clinical symptoms of the different syndromes of FTD. As with most forms of FTD, patients' personal hygiene often suffers, mood changes are frequent and abrupt and patients can become apathetic.

* Localized Scleroderma, also known as morphea, is related to fasciitis and keloids, and has symptoms including pruritus and exanthema. An important gene associated with Localized Scleroderma is MMP1 (Matrix Metallopeptidase 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cytokine Signaling in Immune system and PAK Pathway. The drugs Lidocaine and Vaccines have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, lung and breast, and related phenotypes are hyperpigmentation of the skin and hypopigmentation of the skin. A form of scleroderma that involves isolated patches of hardened skin on the face, hands, and feet, or anywhere else on the body, with no internal organ involvement.

* Lorecivivint, a small molecule Wnt pathway inhibitor promoted proliferation and differentiation of NP cells in vitro. In a rat model of Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) , Lorecivivint regenerated NP cells and cartilage matrix, and improved disc height, health, and shape compared to vehicle, with minimal plasma exposure or systemic toxicity. These results suggested that Lorecivivint has potential as a treatment for DDD. Lorecivivint also shows potential to modify structure and improve symptoms of knee OA enhancing chondrogenesis, chondrocyte function, and anti-inflammation.

* LTF Factor or Lactoferrin is one of the components of the immune system of the body; it has antimicrobial activity (bacteriocide, fungicide) and is part of the innate defense, mainly at mucoses. In particular, lactoferrin provides antibacterial activity to human infants. Apart from its main biological function, namely binding and transport of iron ions, lactoferrin also has antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, catalytic, anti-cancer, and anti-allergic functions and properties. Lactoferrin has shown to have positive effects on bone turnover. It has aided in decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone formation. This was indicated by a decrease in the levels of two bone resorption markers (deoxypyridinoline and N-telopeptide) and an increase in the levels two bone formation markers (osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase). It has reduced osteoclast formation, which signifies a decrease in pro-inflammatory responses and an increase in anti-inflammatory responses which indicates a reduction in bone resorption as well.

* Lugdunin is a new antibiotic from bacteria inside the human nose. This bacterium produces a substance capable of killing a range of bacteria, including the strain of drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus known as MRSA and a strain of Enterococcus resistant to the antibiotic Vancomycin. However, it is thought that only 10% of people naturally carry S. lugdunensis in their nasal passages. Lugdunin is bactericidal against major pathogens, effective in animal models, and not prone to causing development of resistance in S. aureus. Notably, human nasal colonization by S. lugdunensis was associated with a significantly reduced S. aureus carriage rate, suggesting that lugdunin or lugdunin-producing commensal bacteria could be valuable for preventing staphylococcal infections.

* Lunasin peptide is an immune modulating agent that activates Natural Killer (NK) cells. Lunasin has cancer preventive properties and has direct anti-mitotic effects by inducing apoptosis of transformed cells. It fights leukemia and blocks the inflammation that accompanies such chronic health conditions as diabetes, heart disease, and stroke.

* Lung Disease, also known as lung diseases, is related to pulmonary hypertension and middle lobe syndrome, and has symptoms including coughing, coughing and dyspnea. An important gene associated with Lung Disease is SFTPC (Surfactant Protein C), and among its related pathways are RXR and RAR heterodimerization with other nuclear receptor and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Affiliated tissues include lung, testes and heart, and related mouse phenotypes are neoplasm and hematopoietic system. A lower respiratory tract disease in which the function of the lungs is adversely affected by narrowing or blockage of the airways resulting in poor air flow, a loss of elasticity in the lungs that produces a decrease in the total volume of air that the lungs are able to hold, and clotting, scarring, or inflammation of the blood vessels that affect the ability of the lungs to take up oxygen and to release carbon dioxide.

* LYZ factor is part of the innate immune system. Reduced lysozyme levels have been associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborns. Children fed infant formula lacking lysozyme in their diet have three times the rate of diarrheal disease. Since lysozyme is a natural form of protection from gram-positive pathogens like Bacillus and Streptococcus, a deficiency due to infant formula feeding can lead to increased incidence of disease. Whereas the skin is a protective barrier due to its dryness and acidity, the conjunctiva (membrane covering the eye) is, instead, protected by secreted enzymes, mainly lysozyme and defensin. However, when these protective barriers fail, conjunctivitis results.

* Lymph Node Disease, also known as disorder of lymph node, is related to supranuclear ocular palsy and kleptomania, and has symptoms including axillary lymph node pain, inguinal lymph node pain and inguinal lymph node tenderness. An important gene associated with Lymph Node Disease is MMP3 (Matrix Metallopeptidase 3), and among its related pathways/superpathways are T cell receptor signaling pathway and IL-17 Family Signaling Pathways. The drugs Azithromycin and Prednisone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lymph node, breast and prostate, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and endocrine/exocrine gland. Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy is disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size, number, or consistency. Lymphadenopathy of an inflammatory type (the most common type) is lymphadenitis, producing swollen or enlarged lymph nodes.

* Lysozyme is a basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. The most significant uses of lysozyme in health supplements derives from its unique properties. Additional benefits include bladder health support, healthy inflammation management and support for wound repair. Lysozyme is an essential component of the immune system, so increased infection and susceptibility to cold and flus indicates a need for lysozyme. Lung infections in newborns and frequent diarrhea in infants are also associated with low lysozyme levels. Lysozyme may also help other types of infection by gram-positive bacteria. Conjunctivitis is another sign that you may need lysozyme.