Modern Medicine in Digital format

* Varenicline is a drug used to treat nicotine addiction. Varenicline is a nicotinic receptor partial agonist —it stimulates nicotine receptors more weakly than nicotine itself does. In this respect it is similar to cytisine and different from the nicotinic antagonist, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) like nicotine patches and nicotine gum. As a partial agonist it both reduces cravings for and decreases the pleasurable effects of cigarettes and other tobacco products. Through these mechanisms it can assist some patients to quit smoking.

* Varicose Veins, also known as venous ectasia, is related to chronic venous insufficiency and budd-chiari syndrome, and has symptoms including angina pectoris, chest pain and edema. An important gene associated with Varicose Veins is F2 (Coagulation Factor II, Thrombin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Integrin Pathway and Cytokine Signaling in Immune system. The drugs Propranolol and Carvedilol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, skin and testes, and related phenotypes are varicose veins and Reduced mammosphere formation. A vein disease that is characterized by swollen, twisted veins visible just under the surface of the skin.

* Vascular Dementia, also known as dementia, vascular, is related to dementia and binswanger's disease. An important gene associated with Vascular Dementia is APOE (Apolipoprotein E), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Neuroscience and Alzheimers Disease Pathway. The drugs Citalopram and Dopamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and cortex, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and behavior/neurological. A dementia that involves impairments in cognitive function caused by problems in blood vessels that feed the brain.

* Vascular Disease, also known as vascular diseases, is related to adams-oliver syndrome 5 and capillary hemangioma, and has symptoms including angina pectoris, chest pain and edema. An important gene associated with Vascular Disease is MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ and Glucose / Energy Metabolism. The drugs Ethanol and Heparin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, endothelial and kidney, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and homeostasis/metabolism. A cardiovascular system disease that primarily affects the blood vessels which includes the arteries, veins and capillaries that carry blood to and from the heart.

* Vasculitis, also known as autoimmune vasculitis, is related to uveitis and rheumatoid arthritis, and has symptoms including angina pectoris, angina pectoris and chest pain. An important gene associated with Vasculitis is MPO (Myeloperoxidase), and among its related pathways are C-MYB transcription factor network and Thromboxane A2 receptor signaling. The drug pentoxifylline has been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include neutrophil, endothelial and lung, and related mouse phenotypes are cellular and homeostasis/metabolism. A vascular disease that is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels.

* Vasomotor Rhinitis, also known as rhinitis, vasomotor, is related to asthma and rhinitis. An important gene associated with Vasomotor Rhinitis is VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide), and among its related pathways/superpathways are IgA-Producing B Cells in the Intestine and Malaria. The drugs Azelastine and Histamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart. A rhinitis which involves a hypersensitive reaction to various potentially irritating stimuli such as changes in weather, temperature, or barometric pressure, chemical irritants such as smoke, ozone, pollution, perfumes, and aerosol sprays, psychological stress and emotional shocks, medications, alcohol, and spicy food.

* Vasonatrin peptide is a vasodilator, natriuretic and venodilator peptide that confers cardioprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury, especially in diabetic patients.

* Vasorelaxin peptide is an arterial smooth muscle-relaxing eicosapeptide.

* Vatiquinone is a drug that is based on vitamin E. It is a potent cellular protectant against oxidative stress and aging. Vatiquinone reverses visual loss due to retinal ganglion degeneration. It also increase Glutathione which plays a central role in cellular redox balance and antioxidant defense systems. Tests have shown that it can help improve the function of cells with mitochondrial problems. It may be able to treat people with genetic disorders that affect metabolism and mitochondria. Vatiquinone has been investigated for the treatment and prevention of Retinopathy, Rett Syndrome, Genetic Disease, Noise-induced Hearing Loss, and Methylmalonic Aciduria and Homocystinuria,Cblc Type.

* VBIT-4 is a small molecule that inhibits cell death and restores mitochondrial functions associated with several diseases. This novel molecule prevents the formation of the large pore caused by VDAC1 overexpression and thereby prevents the exit of these factors from the mitochondria. Without the release of these factors, cell death in diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases or mtDNA release like in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is avoided. Inhibition of VDAC1 by the small molecule VBT-4 resulted in substantial improvement in pathological aspects of the disease. The results thus far with lupus have been so promising, we believe that the molecule will be beneficial with regards to other diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis – as preliminary results already support. Mitiochrondrial DNA has also been found in the plasma of patients of other autoimmune diseases such as Colitis and Crohn’s diseases.

* VEGF165 is the most abundant splice variant of VEGF-A. VEGF165 is a glycoconjugate produced by a number of cells including endothelial cells, macrophages and T cells. VEGF165 is involved in angiogenesis, vascular endothelial cell survival, growth, migration and vascular permeability. VEGF gene expression is induced by hypoxia, inflammatory cytokines and oncogenes. VEGF165 binds to heparan sulfate and is retained on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. VEGF165 binds to the receptor tyrosine kinases, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. VEGF165 is the only splice variant that binds to co-receptors NRP-1 and NRP-2 that function to enhance VEGFR2 signaling. Binding of VEGF165 to VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 leads to activation of the PI3K/AKT, p38 MAPK, FAK and paxillin. VEGF plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis in many cancers. Glycoconjugates like VEGF165 related to peripheral arterial disease PAD and critical limb ischemia CLI may be a good strategy for their prevention and treatment.

* Vemurafenib is a B-Raf enzyme inhibitor for the treatment of late-stage melanoma.

* Venous insufficiency gene therapy. Veins are the blood vessels of the body that return blood from the arms, legs, and organs back to the heart. Venous insufficiency is a condition in which the veins have problems sending blood from the legs back to the heart. This abnormal blood flow can cause local damage, damage to affected legs, or death. In playing order, MMP12 (2m), BAT1 iso 2 (90s), BAT1 iso1 (90s), PAI1 iso 1 (90s), SDC4 iso 2 (90s), PAI1 iso 2 (90s), NDP (2m), HFE (2m), FGFR2 (2m), F13A1 (2m), MTHFR iso 2 (90s), MTHFR iso1 (90s), TNF-alpha (2m), ESR1 (2m), SLC40A1 (2m), THBD (2m), ESR2 (2m), SDC4 iso1 (90s).

* Verdinexor reduces proinflammatory cytokine expression in the lung, produces in vivo antiviral activity by reducing lung virus titers, and thus reduces pulmonary disease pathogenesis and death associated with lethal influenza A virus challenge. In autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease model, Verdinexor attenuates cyst growth via inhibition of XPO1. Recent research suggests that deleting a gene in yeast called LOS1 Exportin-T (human XPO1) equivalent produced particularly impressive results, extending life by 60 per cent. LOS1 is linked to a genetic master switch which has long been associated with calorie restriction through fasting and increased lifespan.

* Vinpocetine, an anti-stroke drug, is also an effective treatment for middle-ear infections, showing the ability to suppress mucus overproduction, improve bacterial clearance and reduce hearing loss.

* VIP peptide is a neuropeptide that is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is a vasodilator, bronchodilator and smooth muscle relaxant. It modulates the activity of many immune system cell types. It is a mitogen for embryonic sympathetic neurons. Its neuroprotective actions are mediated by the release of activity-dependent neurotrophic factors from glial cells.

* VIP receptor antagonist (4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17)-VIP used for Rotavirus induced diarrhoea.

* VIP Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (6-28) VIP antagonist VIP6–28 ameliorates joint mechanosensitivity in osteoarthritis (OA).

* Viral Infectious Disease, also known as arbovirus infections, is related to chronic active epstein-barr virus infection and hepatitis c virus, and has symptoms including fever, pruritus and pathological conditions, signs and symptoms. An important gene associated with Viral Infectious Disease is TLR9 (Toll Like Receptor 9), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. The drugs Zinc and Maraviroc have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, testes and t cells, and related phenotypes are cellular and hematopoietic system. A disease by infectious agent that results in infection, has material basis in Viruses.

* Vitamin C forms is a mix of frecuencies from Dehydroascorbic acid, Ascorbic acid, Sodium ascorbate and, L-gulonolactone oxidase (vitamin C gene).

* Vitamins A, B3, C, D. Vitamin A as Retinol, vitamin B3 as Niacin, vitamin C, and vitamin D as the calcitriol receptor, also known as the vitamin D receptor. Many of the non-visual functions of vitamin A are mediated by retinoic acid, which regulates gene expression by activating nuclear retinoic acid receptors. The non-visual functions of vitamin A are essential in the immunological function, reproduction and embryonic development of vertebrates. Niacin is used to treat hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol) and to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. Vitamin C is a highly effective antioxidant, it also acts as an electron donor for important enzymes. The calcitriol receptor is also known as the vitamin D receptor (VDR) plays an important role in regulating the hair cycle and calcium homeostasis. Loss of VDR is associated with hair loss in experimental animals.

* Volixibat is a medication under development as a possible treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the most severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). No other pharmacotherapy yet exists for NASH, so there is interest in whether volixibat can prove to be both safe and effective. Volixibat is an IBAT inhibitor, meaning that it blocks the function of the IBAT protein. IBAT is most highly expressed in the ileum, where it is found on the brush border membrane of enterocytes. It is responsible for the initial uptake of bile acids, particularly conjugated bile acids, from the intestine as part of their enterohepatic circulation.

* Vorapaxar is a thrombin receptor (protease-activated receptor, PAR-1) antagonist based on the natural product himbacine. Vorapaxar is used in persons with a history of myocardial infarction (heart attack) or persons with peripheral arterial disease. Studies have shown that this medication can reduce the rate of combined endpoint cardiovascular death, MI, stroke, and urgent coronary revascularization. Vorapaxar is an anti-platelet drug that is part of the PAR-1 antagonist family, a new class of anti-platelet drug. It functions by inhibiting thrombin-related platelet aggregation. This mechanism works by a different pathway than other anti-platelet medications such as aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitors. Unlike many other medication, vorapaxar does not affect ADP-mediated platelet aggregation, coagulation parameters, or bleeding time. Vorapaxar is contraindicated for people with a history of stroke, transient ischemic attack, intracerebral hemorrhage or active pathological bleeding.

* Voriconazole is a triazole antifungal medication that is generally used to treat serious, invasive fungal infections. These are generally seen in patients who are immunocompromised, and include invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and certain emerging fungal infections.