Modern Medicine in Digital format

* Bacillus licheniformis NucB is effective against the biofilm that chronic sinusitis bacteria form, a slimy protective barrier which can protect them from sprays or antibiotics. Sinusitis symptoms include a blocked nose, nasal discharge or congestion, recurrent headaches, loss of the sense of smell and facial pain. When under threat, bacteria shield themselves in a slimy protective barrier. This slimy layer, known as a biofilm, is made up of bacteria held together by a web of extracellular DNA which adheres the bacteria to each other and to a solid surface -in this case in the lining of the sinuses. The biofilm protects the bacteria from attack by antibiotics and makes it very difficult to clear them from the sinuses. When Bacillus licheniformis want to move on, they release an enzyme which breaks down the external DNA, breaking up the biofilm and releasing the bacteria from the web. The enzyme NucB when added to other biofilms it quickly dissolved the slime exposing the bacterial cells, leaving them vulnerable.

* Back Pain is related to spondylolisthesis and osteonecrosis. An important gene associated with Back Pain is THBS2 (Thrombospondin 2), and among its related pathways are Matrix Metalloproteinases and Protein digestion and absorption. Affiliated tissues include spinal cord, bone and testes, and related mouse phenotype limbs/digits/tail. Acute or short-term low back pain generally lasts from a few days to a few weeks.

* Background Diabetic Retinopathy, also known as non proliferative diabetic retinopathy, is related to microvascular complications of diabetes 1 and severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. An important gene associated with Background Diabetic Retinopathy is TLR9 (Toll Like Receptor 9), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers and Malaria. The drugs Ranibizumab and Bevacizumab have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, endothelial and testes, and related phenotype is digestive/alimentary. A medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes mellitus.

* Bacterial Infectious Disease, also known as bacterial infections, is related to commensal bacterial infectious disease and primary bacterial infectious disease. An important gene associated with Bacterial Infectious Disease is TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. The drugs Ertapenem and Meropenem have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, testes and colon, and related phenotypes are Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor) and Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor). A disease by infectious agent that results in infection, has material basis in Bacteria.

* Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein BPI(10-193)C132A peptide after ischemia reduces endotoxemia, the interleukin-6 response, and attenuates pulmonary leuko-sequestration in response to hind limb reperfusion injury. Lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury triggers a systemic inflammatory response and multiple organ dysfunction. Hence, restoration of blood flow to an acutely ischemic lower limb may, paradoxically, result in systemic complications and unexpected mortality.

* BAM15 is a small mitochondrial uncoupler that decreases the body fat mass of mice without affecting food intake and muscle mass or increasing body temperature. Additionally, the molecule decreases insulin resistance and has beneficial effects on oxidative stress and inflammation. The findings, published in Nature Communications on May 14, 2020, hold promise for future treatment and prevention of obesity, diabetes, and especially nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a type of fatty liver disease that is characterized by inflammation and fat accumulation in the liver. Mitochondrial uncouplers are small molecules that go to the mitochondria to help the cells respire more. Effectively, they change metabolism in the cell so that we burn more calories without doing any exercise. Mitochondrial uncouplers transport protons into the matrix by bypassing ATP synthase, which throws off the proton motive force (PMF.) To reestablish the gradient, protons must be exported out of the mitochondrial matrix. As a result, the cell begins to burn fuel at higher than necessary levels. Knowing that these molecules can change a cell's metabolism, researchers wanted to be sure that the drug was reaching its desired targets and that it was, above all, safe. Through a series of mouse studies, the researchers found that BAM15 is neither toxic, even at high doses, nor does it affect the satiety center in the brain, which tells our body if we are hungry or full.

* Bardoxolone methyl (RTA 402) is an investigational oral therapy to treat the symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that occurs as a result of Alport syndrome. Alport syndrome is caused by a mutation, or defect, in one of the collagen genes. Collagen is a major structural component of different organs and tissues in the body, including the kidneys. Bardoxolone methyl is a small molecule that reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, which may improve kidney function in Alport syndrome patients. A “Nrf2 activator,” it acts by stimulating the Nrf2 pathway, thereby promoting normal mitochondrial function in the cell. Bardoxolone methyl binds to a protein called KEAP1, preventing it from degrading the Nrf2 protein. The subsequent increased activation of Nrf2 stimulates the production of anti-oxidant proteins that remove the damaging ROS, reducing oxidative stress and damage to proteins that improve mitochondrial energy production. By binding to KEAP1, bardoxolone methyl can also inhibit NF-κB, a pro-inflammatory protein complex, reducing inflammation in the kidneys.

* Baricitinib is an efficacious drug in active rheumatoid arthritis patients refractory to disease modifying drugs and biologics. Baricitinib preferentially inhibits JAK1 and JAK2, with 10-fold selectivity over Tyk2 and 100-fold over JAK3. Baricitinib has the dose-limiting side-effect of inducing anaemia which has been attributed to its effects on JAK2 but has clearly shown efficacy. It is also a potential treatment for psoriasis and diabetic nephropathy.

* Basal Ganglia Disease, also known as basal ganglia diseases, is related to biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease and dandy-walker malformation with intellectual disability, basal ganglia disease and seizures. An important gene associated with Basal Ganglia Disease is SLC19A3 (Solute Carrier Family 19 Member 3), and among its related pathways is Vitamin digestion and absorption. Affiliated tissues include brain, subthalamic nucleus and testes, and related mouse phenotypes are adipose tissue and immune system. A group of physical dysfunctions that occur when the group of nuclei in the brain known as the basal ganglia fail to properly suppress unwanted movements or to properly prime upper motor neuron circuits to initiate motor function.

* Bavituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of cancers and viral infections.

* BAY 60–6583 is a selective adenosine A2B receptor agonist. It has been shown to provide protection from ischemia (lack of oxygen due to blocked blood supply) in both the heart and kidney of test animals, and has also been shown to be beneficial in treatment of acute lung and brain injury, as well as claimed anti-aging and anti-obesity effects, showing a range of potential applications for selective A2B agonists.

* BAY 73-6691 is a drug developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It was the first compound developed that acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor selective for the PDE9A subtype. The PDE9A enzyme is expressed primarily in the brain, with high concentrations in the cerebellum, neocortex, striatum, and hippocampus, and acts to limit the cGMP-mediated signal transduction which occurs following glutamate binding to NMDA receptors. Consequently selective PDE9A inhibitors were predicted to prolong intracellular responses to glutamate and enhance glutamate signalling, and since this process is known to be involved in learning and memory, PDE9A inhibitors should have a nootropic effect and may be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's.

* Bay-11-7082 has been shown to significantly decrease MMP activities in injured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fibroblasts and thus hold promise as small molecule drugs to facilitate ACL repair. These recent efforts have remarkably improved the understanding of the effects of small molecules on ACL repair and tendon-to-bone interface healing. Regeneration or replacement of a ruptured/torn ligament or tendon is one of the most common procedures performed by sports medicine surgeons. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is one of the most common injuries of the knee due to trauma or disease.

* BD-1063 is a selective sigma receptor antagonist. Consistent with other reported sigma receptor antagonists, BD1063 significantly decreases the convulsivity and lethality of cocaine, blocks the effects of MDMA, and reduces alcohol intake in rodent models of alcoholism.

* Bemethyl is a synthetic actoprotector which is also antihypoxant (combating conditions of hypoxia), antioxidant, and antimutagenic. Bemethyl is primarily classified as an actoprotector; a synthetic adaptogen with significant capacity to increase physical performance. Bemethyl reduces anxiety, stress and prevents fear; these properties improve performance in extreme conditions. People with asthenic disorders (excessive fear, anxiety. and obsessive compulsions) and healthy adults alike can influence their capacity for physical work.Bemethyl also has a positive effect on metabolic processes, allowing adaptation to conditions causing frequent hypoxia, and the obtained effect is long-lasting and also occurs after the end of dosage. Bemethyl has been shown to preserve both physical and mental capacity in high-altitude, low-oxygen environments, particularly by its effect in helping control excess serum levels of cholesterol and bilirubin, which are known to have negative effects especially during adjustment to high-altitude environments. Bemethyl has also been shown to prevent permanent hearing loss and facilitate recovery of hearing after mine-explosion trauma, when treatment is initiated immediately after injury. In one study, bemethyl was shown to prevent the mutagenic effect of white asbestos in mice and in cultured human whole blood. A study using mice showed bemethyl to reduce mutatation induced by certain mutagenic drugs. Another study using cells from human donors showed Bemethyl to be anticlastogenic (able to minimize chromosome breakages).

* Bendavia or SS-31 peptide. Mitochondrial disorders are believed to arise either as a result of inherited genetic defects or through damage caused by a variety of common diseases. In these diseases, dysfunctional mitochondria are believed to be a principal source of oxidative stress, which may lead to inflammation and other harmful effects, such as reduced mitochondrial bioenergetics. Bendavia may benefit dysfunctional mitochondria with the therapeutic potential to modify disease and improve patient outcomes in diseases including: heart failure, kidney disease, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, neurodegeneration, and some skeletal muscle disorders.

* Benralizumab is a monoclonal antibody which is being developed for the treatment of asthma. It is directed against the alpha-chain of the interleukin-5 receptor (CD125).

* Benzocaine is an ester local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever or in cough drops. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter anesthetic ointments such as products for oral ulcers. It is also combined with antipyrine to form A/B otic drops to relieve ear pain and remove earwax. Benzocaine is indicated to treat a variety of pain-related conditions. It may be used for: Local anesthesia of oral and pharyngeal mucous membranes (sore throat, cold sores, mouth ulcers, toothache, sore gums, denture irritation). Otic pain (earache). Surgical or procedural local anesthesia. Benzocaine is used as a key ingredient in numerous pharmaceuticals: Some glycerol-based ear medications for use in removing excess wax as well as relieving ear conditions such as otitis media and swimmers ear. Some condoms designed to prevent premature ejaculation. Benzocaine largely inhibits sensitivity on the penis, and can allow for an erection to be maintained longer (in a continuous act) by delaying ejaculation. Conversely, an erection will also fade faster if stimulus is interrupted. Benzocaine mucoadhesive patches have been used in reducing orthodontic pain. In Poland it is included, together with menthol and zinc oxide, in the liquid powder (not to be confused with the liquid face powder) used mainly after mosquito bites.

* Berberine is an alkaloid from Hydrastis canadensis L. Berberidaceae. It is also found in many other plants. It is relatively toxic parenterally, but has been used orally for various parasitic and fungal infections and as antidiarrheal. Berberine is an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an alkaloid antibiotic, a botanical anti-fungal agent and a berberine alkaloid. It has a role as an antilipemic drug, a hypoglycemic agent, an antioxidant, a potassium channel blocker, and antineoplastic agent.

* Berberine-Metformin when taken together, Metformin and berberine seem to work synergistically for even better glucose control. But diabetics are not the only people who could benefit from taking berberine. First, it improves muscle insulin sensitivity, and promotes blood glucose and fatty acid uptake into muscle cells.

* Bermekimab is an anti-IL-1alpha monoclonal antibody (mAb) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis and hidradenitis suppurativa. It is the antibody targeting IL-1a and has the potential for superior efficacy and safety compared to the current standard of care.

* Beta-2 microglobulin factor' systemic accumulation in aging blood promotes age-related cognitive dysfunction and impairs neurogenesis, in part via MHC I, suggesting that B2M may be targeted therapeutically in old age. B2M is elevated in the blood of aging humans and mice, and it is increased within the hippocampus of aged mice and young heterochronic parabionts. The absence of endogenous B2M expression abrogates age-related cognitive decline and enhances neurogenesis in aged mice. Serum beta-2-M levels are elevated in diseases associated with increased cell turnover. Levels are also elevated in several benign conditions such as chronic inflammation, liver disease, renal dysfunction, some acute viral infections, and a number of malignancies, especially hematologic malignancies associated with the B-lymphocyte lineage.

* Beta-Defensins (1 to 4) are cationic peptides with a large spectrum of antimicrobial activity that comprise an important arm of the innate immune system. Beta-defensins are expressed on some leukocytes and at epithelial surfaces. In addition to their direct antimicrobial activities, they are chemoattractant towards immature dendritic cells and memory T cells.

* Betahistine is an anti-vertigo drug. It was first registered in Europe in 1970 for the treatment of Ménière's disease. It is commonly prescribed to patients with balance disorders or to alleviate vertigo symptoms associated with Ménière's disease.

* Betamethasone-dexchlorpheniramine is a drug containing betamethasone and dexchlorpheniramine maleate to treat allergic conditions. Betamethasone is a steroid to relief itches and inflammation while dexchlorpheniramine maleate is an antihistamine to treat urticaria.

* Betulin is a small molecule whose inhibition of SREBP decreased the biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acid. In vivo, betulin ameliorated diet-induced obesity, decreased the lipid contents in serum and tissues, and increased insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, betulin reduced the size and improved the stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Inhibition of the SREBP pathway can be employed as a therapeutic strategy to treat metabolic diseases including type II diabetes and atherosclerosis. Betulin, which is abundant in birch bark, could be a leading compound for development of drugs for hyperlipidemia. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are major transcription factors activating the expression of genes involved in biosynthesis of cholesterol, fatty acid and triglyceride.

* Bevacizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). It is used either alone or in combination therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer, advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic renal cell cancer, glioblastoma multiforme -a type of brain cancer, and eye disease.

* Bezafibrate is a fibrate drug used as a lipid-lowering agent to treat hyperlipidemia. It helps to lower LDL cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood, and increase HDL. Bezafibrate improves markers of combined hyperlipidemia, effectively reducing LDL and triglycerides and improving HDL levels. The main effect on cardiovascular morbidity is in patients with the metabolic syndrome, the features of which are attenuated by bezafibrate. Studies show that in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, bezafibrate may delay progress to diabetes, and in those with insulin resistance it slowed progress in the HOMA severity marker. In addition, a prospective observational study of dyslipidemic patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia showed that bezafibrate significantly reduces haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentration as a function of baseline HbA1c levels, regardless of concurrent use of antidiabetic drugs. The main toxicity is hepatic (abnormal liver enzymes); myopathy and on rare occasions rhabdomyolysis have been reported.

* BF844 effectively attenuated progressive hearing loss and prevented deafness. BF844 is a stabilizer of CLRN1N48K in vitro and in vivo. BF844 effectively attenuated progressive hearing loss and prevented deafness in an Usher syndrome type III (USH3) mouse model. Usher syndrome (USH) is characterized by hearing loss or deafness at birth and progressive vision loss, and is the most common cause of inherited dual sensory deficit. No treatment is currently available to stop or slow the progression of vision or hearing loss in USH3, one of three clinical classifications for USH that are further divided into subtypes and all associated with different genes. This is the first small molecule targeted therapy for progressive hearing loss that has been developed in a mouse model of USH3, an USH classified by progressive loss of hearing and vision starting in the first few decades of life along with variable balance disorder.

* BGLAP factor or bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGLAP) encodes osteocalcin, a noncollagenous protein found in bone and dentin. Because it has gla domains, its synthesis is vitamin K dependent. Osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts and thought to play a role in the body's metabolic regulation and is pro-osteoblastic, or bone-building, by nature. It is also implicated in bone mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis. Osteocalcin acts as a hormone in the body, causing beta cells in the pancreas to release more insulin, and at the same time directing fat cells to release the hormone adiponectin, which increases sensitivity to insulin. Osteocalcin acts on Leydig cells of the testis to stimulate testosterone biosynthesis and therefore affect male fertility. Osteocalcin naturally declines in humans as we age, beginning in women at age 30 and in men at age 50. A recent study describes this first bone-derived hormone known to affect exercise capacity and shows that osteocalcin can reverse the age-related exercise capacity decline in mice. The hormone is powerful enough to reconstitute, in older animals, the muscle function of young animals. Muscles and bones are close to each other, but it had never been shown before that bone actually influences muscle in any way. Osteocalcin is not the only hormone responsible for adaptation to exercise in mice and humans, but it is the only known bone-derived hormone that increases exercise capacity.

* BGP-15 is a small molecule that improves cardiac function in two mouse models of heart failure. Atrial fibrillation, which is the most common abnormal heart rhythm, and heart failure are increasing in incidence, but current drugs show limited efficacy. BGP-15 can prevent or reduce episodes of irregular heartbeats and significantly improve heart function in mouse models of heart failure and atrial fibrillation. BGP-15 has already been tested for human use as a treatment for other disorders and is known to be well-tolerated with a good safety profile. The drug works via an unexpected molecular pathway by increasing activation of a receptor, called the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. A shortage of this receptor has previously been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Understanding the mechanisms through which BGP-15 exerts its effects may further aid the development of new therapies for heart disease.

* Bimagrumab (BYM338) is a human monoclonal antibody to treat pathological muscle loss and weakness. Bimagrumab binds with high affinity to type II activin receptors, preventing natural ligands from binding, including myostatin and activin. Bimagrumab stimulates muscle growth by blocking signaling from these inhibitory molecules. In addition, bimagrumab is in clinical development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer cachexia, sarcopenia and in mechanically ventilated patients.

* Bimatoprost is a medication used to treat high pressure inside the eye including glaucoma. Specifically it is used for open angle glaucoma when other agents are not sufficient. It may also be used to increase the size of the eyelashes.

* Binaural THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) used in pain relief, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), nausea and vomiting, as appetite stimulant, breathing improvement in asthma, glaucoma, and sleep aid.

* Bioregulator peptides Cortagen, Livagen, Prostamax, Thymogen and Vilon. The functions of cells, tissues, organs and the whole body are tuned by many means among which biologically active peptides occupy a special position. Each cell can produce several different peptides and respond to a whole array of peptide species. Altogether, this forms a tight regulatory network responding to subtle variations in body conditions and contributing to optimisation of body functions. Related research has resulted in the development of an approach to designing of biologically active small peptides. The series of synthetic peptides includes tetrapeptides Epitalon (see Resonant Therapy Molecular Biology 05), Cortagen, Livagen, and Prostamax, which are specific for the pineal gland, brain cortex, liver, and prostate, respectively, and dipeptides Thymogen and Vilon, which are specific for the thymus. (Peptides Cortagen, Prostamax and Vilagen updated to F key)

* BIRB-796 peptide (Doramapimod). The stress-activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a critical role in regulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1. Doramapimod is a highly potent inhibitor of p38 MAPK that blocks TNF-alfa release in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells, doramapimod inhibits JNK2 alfa-2 in vitro, but at the low concentration necessary to inhibit p38 MAPK, it does not affect the phosphorylation of JNK substrates in cells.

* Bisacodyl is an organic compound that is used as a stimulant laxative drug. It works directly on the colon to produce a bowel movement. It is typically prescribed for relief of episodic and chronic constipation and for the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction, as well as part of bowel preparation before medical examinations, such as for a colonoscopy. Bisacodyl is a derivative of triphenylmethane. Bisacodyl works by stimulating enteric nerves to cause peristalsis, i.e., colonic contractions. It is also a contact laxative; it increases fluid and salt secretion. The action of bisacodyl on the small intestine is negligible; stimulant laxatives mainly promote evacuation of the colon.

* Blepharitis is related to blepharoconjunctivitis and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans, x-linked, and has symptoms including erythema of the eyelids An important gene associated with Blepharitis is MMP9 (Matrix Metallopeptidase 9), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and Microglia Activation During Neuroinflammation: Microglia Polarization. The drugs Acitretin and Hyaluronic acid have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, testes and skin. An eyelid disease that is characterized by often chronic inflammation of the eyelid, generally the part where eyelashes grow.

* Blepharochalasis is related to blepharochalasis and double lip and amyoplasia mandibulofacial dysostosis, and has symptoms including eyelash injury, lacrimal punctum enlarged and eyelid skin dryness. An important gene associated with Blepharochalasis is GSN (Gelsolin), and among its related pathways are Osteopontin-mediated events and Cell adhesion_ECM remodeling. Affiliated tissues include skin, eye and neutrophil, and related mouse phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and hematopoietic system. An eyelid disease that is characterized by exacerbations and remissions of eyelid edema, which results in a stretching and subsequent atrophy of the eyelid tissue, leading to the formation of redundant folds over the lid margins.

* Blepharoconjunctivitis is related to angular blepharoconjunctivitis and contact blepharoconjunctivitis. An important gene associated with Blepharoconjunctivitis is IL4 (Interleukin 4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Allograft rejection and Matrix Metalloproteinases. The drugs Loteprednol and Tobramycin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, t cells and testes. A blepharitis that is characterized by the dual combination of conjunctivitis with blepharitis.

* Blood Protein Disease, also known as blood protein disorders, is related to myiasis and marek disease. An important gene associated with Blood Protein Disease is SERPINC1 (Serpin Family C Member 1), and among its related pathways are Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs) and Syndecan-4-mediated signaling events. Affiliated tissues include bone, kidney and bone marrow, and related mouse phenotypes are liver/biliary system and cardiovascular system. Blood proteins, also termed plasma proteins or serum proteins, are proteins present in blood plasma. They serve many different functions, including transport of lipids, hormones, vitamins and minerals in the circulatory system and the regulation of acellular activity and functioning of the immune system. Other blood proteins act as enzymes, complement components, protease inhibitors or kinin precursors.

* Blosozumab is an humanized monoclonal antibody which binds SOST, a negative regulator of osteoblast activity. Blocking SOST activity can lead to increased bone density.

* BMI-1 factor has been previously linked to the body's ability to regenerate tissue cells in areas such as blood or skin. The activity of this gene enhances the regeneration of the dystrophic muscle to a level where strength is visibly improved. For example, the mice were able to run on a treadmill for a longer time period and at a faster pace. Bmi1 enhances skeletal muscle regeneration through MT1-mediated oxidative stress protection in a mouse model of dystrophinopathy.

* BMPR1A Peptide (bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1A) defects' are the cause of juvenile polyposis syndrome, Cowden disease and hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome 2, which lead to gastrointestinal, breast, thyroid, endometrial and colon cancers.

* Body Skin Cooling is a mix of cooling agents WS12, WS5 and L-Menthyl Lactate. Transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8), a cationic ion channel is involved in detection of normal cooling-sensation in mammals. TRPM8 agonists act as cooling agents. TRPM8 activation by cooling or chemical agonists have been shown to produce profound, mechanistically novel analgesia in chronic pain states such as neuropathic pain in rodents. TRPM8 or a closely related protein in epidermal keratinocytes plays a role in epidermal permeability barrier homoeostasis and epidermal proliferation after barrier insult.

* BOLL factor encodes Protein boule-like. This gene belongs to the DAZ gene family required for germ cell development. It encodes an RNA-binding protein which is more similar to Drosophila Boule than to human proteins encoded by genes DAZ (deleted in azoospermia) or DAZL (deleted in azoospermia-like). Loss of this gene function results in the absence of sperm in semen (azoospermia). The boule-like protein appears to be ubiquitously expressed in males of all animal species, except in trichoplax.

* Bombesin regulates the contraction of smooth muscle cells, induction of the secretion of neuropeptides and hormones. It is one of the most powerful substances showing anorexic effects in the hypothalamus. It induces the release of gastrin and cholecystokinin in the intestines and the pancreas. It also has cytokine activity.

* Bone Deterioration Disease is related to degenerative disc disease and spinal stenosis. An important gene associated with Bone Deterioration Disease is IVD (Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase), and among its related pathways are Spinal Cord Injury and Cardiomyocyte Differentiation through BMP Receptors. Affiliated tissues include bone, bone and breast, and related mouse phenotypes are limbs/digits/tail and skeleton. A bone structure disease that results in change or damage of structure located in bone. The recording includes related genes and Superpathways.

* Bone Fracture is related to xanthomatosis and brain injury. An important gene associated with Bone Fracture is BGLAP (Bone Gamma-Carboxyglutamate Protein), and among its related pathways are Cytoskeleton remodeling_RalB regulation pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Affiliated tissues include bone, breast and prostate, and related mouse phenotypes are muscle and cardiovascular system. A medical condition in which there is a damage in the continuity of the bone.

* Bone Inflammation Disease, also known as osteitis, is related to osteomyelitis and arthropathy. An important gene associated with Bone Inflammation Disease is TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Akt Signaling. Affiliated tissues include bone and bone, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and cellular. A bone disease that results_in inflammation of the located in bone.

* Bone loss molecular therapy, a mix of bisphosphonates, monoclonal antibodies, an alkaline phosphatase inhibitor, a dual action antiosteoporitic agent, and gene encoded proteins for bone loss and diseases of bone metabolism. Romosozumab, Blosozumab, Denosumab, BMP7, Osteoprogeterin, BMP2, Teriparatide, Strontium Ranelate, Zoledronic Acid, and Homoarginine.

* Bone Remodeling Disease is related to hyperostosis and bone resorption disease. An important gene associated with Bone Remodeling Disease is BGLAP (Bone Gamma-Carboxyglutamate Protein), and among its related pathways are Vitamin D synthesis and FGF signaling pathway. Affiliated tissues include bone, bone and prostate, and related mouse phenotypes are respiratory system and cardiovascular system. A bone disease that results in formation or resorption abnormalities located in bone. The recording includes Superpathways and related genes.

* Bone Resorption Disease is related to osteoporosis and osteitis fibrosa. An important gene associated with Bone Resorption Disease is BGLAP (Bone Gamma-Carboxyglutamate Protein). Affiliated tissues include bone, breast and prostate. A bone remodeling disease that results in an abnormal decrease of bone density or mass.

* Bone Structure Disease is related to spondylolisthesis and scoliosis. An important gene associated with Bone Structure Disease is IVD (Isovaleryl-CoA Dehydrogenase), and among its related pathways are Spinal Cord Injury and Protein digestion and absorption. Affiliated tissues include bone, bone marrow and prostate, and related mouse phenotypes are hearing/vestibular/ear and limbs/digits/tail. A bone disease that has material basis in an abnormality in the location or function of the skeletal structure. The recording includes Superpathways and related genes.

* Bosentan is a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Bosentan is used to treat people with moderate pulmonary arterial hypertension and to reduce the number of digital ulcers — open wounds on especially on fingertips and less commonly the knuckles — in people with systemic scleroderma. In addition to the risk of causing birth defects and of causing liver damage, bosentan has a high risk of causing edema, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, decreasing sperm counts, and decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit. Bosentan treatment may result in an improvement of clinical, angiographic and endothelial function outcomes. Bosentan should be investigated further in the management of Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO) patients. Only two out of 13 extremities underwent amputation (one major and one minor) after Bosentan treatment.

* Bottlenose-dolphin SCN4A (Voltage-gated sodium channel 4 alpha) factors might help dolphins attain high-speed locomotion. It enables precise matching of motor output and sensory tuning, that is, motor systems must be tuned so that the rate of information flow generated by its movement through the world matches or at least does not exceed the information-encoding rate of its sensors. The mp3 features a different frequency in each channel.

* BPC-157 peptide has anti-ulcer peptidergic properties. Protects the endothelium and promotes the process of angiogenesis. Also used for wound healing, including tendons wounds; muscle relaxant, and blood flow regulation throughout the gastro-intestinal tract. Its wound-healing and anti-inflammatory properties can provide aid in the treatment to various inflammatory bowel diseases and quelling the effects of periodontitis around the teeth.

* bpV-HOpic is a bisperoxo oxovanadate dipotassium salt coordinated to 5-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylate. This vanadium compound has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP) and PTEN, and has been described to act as an insulin mimetic. This compound has been shown to activate the insulin receptor kinase of hepatoma cells, stimulate lipogenesis in adipocytes, and to enhance PI3K/Akt signaling that could prevent ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury to the myocardium. PTEN helps to prevent excessive cell growth under normal conditions and peripheral nerves from regenerating. Peripheral nerve damage can lead to pain, tingling, numbness or difficulty coordinating hands, feet, arms or legs. This can happen with diseases like diabetes, an injury due to a crushed or cut nerve, or other conditions known as neuropathy. PTEN inhibition facilitates intrinsic regenerative outgrowth of adult peripheral axons.

* Brachial Plexus Lesion, also known as brachial plexus injuries, is related to aneurysm and non-recovering obstetric brachial plexus lesion. An important gene associated with Brachial Plexus Lesion is SERPINI2 (Serpin Family I Member 2), and among its related pathways are G-protein signaling M-RAS regulation pathway and Guidance Cues and Growth Cone Motility. Affiliated tissues include skin and spinal cord, and related mouse phenotypes are behavior/neurological and growth/size/body region. A brachial plexus neuropathy characterized by an abnormality, usually caused by disease or trauma, located in the brachial plexus.

* Bradykinin peptide has multiple physiological effects such as smooth muscle contraction, hypotension induction, natriuresis and diuresis, decrease in blood glucose level, inflammation mediator, and increase of vascular permeability.

* Brain Ischemia is related to ischemia and neuronitis. An important gene associated with Brain Ischemia is KCNB1 (Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily B Member 1), and among its related pathways are Endothelin Pathways and Melatonin metabolism and effects. The drugs etomidate and pentoxifylline have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, cortex and endothelial. A condition in which there is insufficient blood flow to the brain to meet metabolic demand.

* BRD4780 is a promising lead for the treatment of toxic proteinopathies. Intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins causes toxic proteinopathies, diseases without targeted therapies. Mucin 1 kidney disease (MKD) results from a frameshift mutation in the MUC1 gene (MUC1-fs). MKD is a toxic proteinopathy. Intracellular MUC1-fs accumulation activated the ATF6 unfolded protein response (UPR) branch. BRD4780, a small molecule that clears MUC1-fs from patient cells, from kidneys of knockin mice and from patient kidney organoids. MUC1-fs is trapped in TMED9 cargo receptor-containing vesicles of the early secretory pathway. BRD4780 binds TMED9, releases MUC1-fs, and re-routes it for lysosomal degradation, an effect phenocopied by TMED9 deletion. BRD4780 is a promising lead for the treatment of MKD and other toxic proteinopathies. This is in fact a novel mechanism for the entrapment of misfolded proteins by cargo receptors and a strategy for their release and anterograde trafficking to the lysosome.

* Breathing Difficulty-Heliox Therapy. Heliox is a mixture of helium and dioxygen. Heliox is a medical treatment for patients with difficulty breathing. Helium is an odorless, non-explosive and biologically inert gas. It has been used for a long time as a mixture with oxygen, known as heliox, in the treatment of upper and lower airway obstruction, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiolitis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Heliox has the following benefits: Reduces resistance to flow within the airways and consequently decreases the work of breath during spontaneous and non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation; provides an optimal patient-ventilator interaction; and reduces destructive hemodynamic effects. Additionally, heliox is used in children during bronchoscopy, even as a treatment for pneumothorax and hyperammonemia. The helium–oxygen mixture was used in the treatment of severe asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchoalveolitis, post-extubation pathologies and pharyngo–laryngeal edema. Also, it is usually less known that heliox can be used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of acute respiratory distress or ventilatiory-induced lung inflammation.

* Brodalumab is a human monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

* Bromantane is an atypical psychostimulant and anxiolytic drug of the adamantane family related to amantadine and memantine which is used in Russia in the treatment of neurasthenia. Although the effects of the bromantane have been determined to be dependent on the dopaminergic and possibly serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, its exact mechanism of action is unknown, and it is distinct in its properties relative to typical psychostimulants such as amphetamine. Because of its unique aspects, bromantane has sometimes been described instead as an adaptogen and actoprotector. Asthenia is a term used by the medical community to refer to weakness. It is a psychopathological condition characterized by extreme acute or chronic loss of strength. This condition may lead to sleep disturbances, fatigue, or lack of energy as well as hyperesthesia, which is an extreme sensitivity of the skin. Bromantane is described primarily as a mild psychostimulant and anxiolytic. It is also said to possess antiasthenic properties. Bromantane is reported to improve physical and mental performance, and hence could be considered a performance-enhancing drug.

* Bronchitis, also known as chronic bronchitis, is related to bronchial disease and sinusitis, and has symptoms including cough, shortness of breath and low fever. An important gene associated with Bronchitis is ELANE (Elastase, Neutrophil Expressed), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Allograft rejection. The drugs Augmentin and Avelox I.V. have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lung, testes and skin, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and immune system. A bronchial disease that is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes.

* BRPF1 factor or Peregrin is an epigenetic regulator to the healthy development of the hippocampal's dentate gyrus. It changes the way specific genes function without altering their DNA sequence in this part of the brain associated with learning, memory and neural stem cells.

* BTBD3 optimizes neuronal shape to receive sensory input more efficiently. Seeking to uncover the molecule that enables high acuity sensing by examining brain regions that receive information from the senses. It was found that areas responsible for touch in mice and vision in ferrets contain this protein.

* BTZ043 is a new antitubercular drug candidate which targets the DprE1 (Rv3790) subunit of the enzyme decaprenylphosphoryl-beta-d-ribose 2'-epimerase. The new compound inhibits the enzyme which produces the molecule linking the various layers of the bacterial cell wall. BTZ043 acts as a new antimicobacterial agent that kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

* Bucladesine or dibutyryl cyclic-AMP (db-cAMP) has a significant effect on neural regeneration. Exogenous administration of db-cAMP into the injured area significantly improved motor recovery in a rat ischemia model. Additionally, the db-cAMP treated rat groups showed increased expression of growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43), a protein associated with axon regeneration and neural regeneration. Treatment with db-cAMP also effectively induces neuronal differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), resulting in a 67.5 fold increase of cells expressing beta III tubulin, a neural precursor protein, over control. Bucladesine showed significant attenuation in the morphine withdrawal syndrome in the wild-type mice. Treatment with bucladesine suppresses proliferation and malignancy enhances cytoplasmic process formation and increases cytoplasmic glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), suppressing malignant glioma invasion by decreasing the expression of CD44 isoforms.

* Buerger Disease, also known as thromboangiitis obliterans, is related to peripheral vascular disease and arteries, anomalies of. An important gene associated with Buerger Disease is APOH (Apolipoprotein H), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Integrin Pathway and Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+. The drugs Citric Acid and Anesthetics have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Adipose and Adipose, and related phenotypes are hyperhidrosis and arthralgia. A recurring progressive inflammation and thrombosis (clotting) of small and medium arteries and veins of the hands and feet. It is strongly associated with use of tobacco products, primarily from smoking, but is also associated with smokeless tobacco.

* Bupicomide is a chemical compound used experimentally as a beta blocker and clinically as a strong vasodilator with the noted side effects of reduced systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure. As the result of the screening program examining microbial fermentation products for pharmacological activity (other than antibiotic activity), fusaric acid was isolated from Fusarium oxysporum following the discovery that extracts were potent inhibitors of Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and thus interfered with the biosynthesis of the pressor neurohormone, norepinephrine. To refine this lead, amidation via the acid chloride was carried out to give antihypertensive analog bupicomide.

* Bupropion is a medication primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and to support stopping smoking. It is an effective antidepressant on its own, but is also used as an add-on medication in cases of incomplete response to first-line SSRI antidepressants. Bupropion is taken in tablet form and is available only by prescription in most countries. Common side effects include dry mouth, trouble sleeping, agitation, and headaches. Serious side effects include an increased risk for epileptic seizures and suicide. The risk of seizures caused the drug to be withdrawn from the market for some time and then the recommended dose to be reduced. In comparison to some other antidepressants, it does not cause as much sexual dysfunction or sleepiness, and may result in weight loss. It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant. It acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) and a nicotinic receptor antagonist. Chemically, bupropion is an aminoketone that belongs to the class of substituted cathinones and is similar to phenethylamines.

* Burning Mouth Syndrome, also known as stomatodynia, is related to trigeminal neuralgia and autonomic nervous system disease, and has symptoms including oral manifestations An important gene associated with Burning Mouth Syndrome is TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and Regulation of IFNA signaling. The drugs Clonazepam and GABA Agents have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include tongue, testes and brain, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and cardiovascular system. Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by long-lasting burning sensations of the mouth. The pain may affect the tongue, gums, lips, palate, throat, or the entire mouth.

* Burns is related to glossitis and vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. An important gene associated with Burns is TTR (Transthyretin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Aldosterone synthesis and secretion and MAPK signaling pathway. The drugs silver nitrate and Bacitracin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Umbilical Cord, skin and eye, and related phenotypes are Increased cell death in breast cancer cell lines (MCF10A, MDA-MB-435) and hematopoietic system. A burn is damage to your body's tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. Another kind is an inhalation injury, caused by breathing smoke.

* Buruli Ulcer, also known as buruli ulcer, susceptibility to, is related to bacterial infectious disease and hemorrhagic fever, and has symptoms including nodule An important gene associated with Buruli Ulcer is SLC11A1 (Solute Carrier Family 11 Member 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Immune response NFAT in immune response. The drugs Rifampicin and Streptomycin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, bone and t cells, and related phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and endocrine/exocrine gland. An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans.

* Buspirone is a human antidepressant drug. It has been shown to be effective in a significant number of cats with elimination (urination or defecation) disorders such as inappropriate urination, especially urine marking and other behavior problems. There is some evidence that buspirone on its own may be useful in the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women.

* Buthus Martensii Lipolysis activating factor 1 alpha (LVP1-a) from scorpion venom activates lipolysis (literally the burning of fat).

* Butorphanol is a morphinan-type synthetic agonist–antagonist opioid analgesic most closely structurally related to levorphanol. The most common indication for butorphanol is management of migraine. It may also be used parenterally for management of moderate-to-severe pain, as a supplement for balanced general anesthesia, and management of pain during labor. Butorphanol is also quite effective at reducing post-operative shivering (owing to its Kappa agonist activity). Butorphanol is more effective in reducing pain in women than in men. As with other opioid analgesics, central nervous system effects (such as sedation, confusion, and dizziness) are considerations with butorphanol. Nausea and vomiting are common. Less common are the gastrointestinal effects of other opioids (mostly constipation). Another side effect experienced by people taking the medication is increased perspiration. In veterinary anesthesia, butorphanol is widely used as a sedative and analgesic in dogs, cats and horses.