Modern Medicine in Digital format

* Obestatin (11-23) peptide, derived from the ghrelin gene, suppresses food intake, inhibits jejunal contraction, and decreases body-weight gain. The peptide shares the precursor with a food intake stimulating peptide, ghrelin, but possesses reducing effects on food intake, gut motility and body weight.

* OC-000459 significantly reduces both nasal and ocular symptoms in allergic subjects after exposure to grass pollen. Treatment with OC-000459 is well tolerated and leads to a significant and persistent reduction in the symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis. The CRTH2 antagonist OC-000459 reduces airway inflammation and improves lung function in moderate persistent asthma. OC-000459 is a potent, selective, and orally active DP2 antagonist that retains activity in human whole blood and inhibits mast cell-dependent activation of both human Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils. It has also been used for the treatment of baldness.

* Ocular Dominance is related to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and depression. An important gene associated with Ocular Dominance is GRIN1 (Glutamate Ionotropic Receptor NMDA Type Subunit 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PEDF Induced Signaling and CREB Pathway. The drugs Anesthetics and Phenylephrine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include cortex, eye and retina, and related phenotypes are Decreased caspase 3/7 activity and Reduced mammosphere formation. The tendency to prefer visual input from one eye to the other, somewhat analogous to the laterality of right- or left-handedness; however, the side of the dominant eye and the dominant hand do not always match.

* Olcegepant is a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonist drug which has anti-migraine effects without apparent cardiovascular effects.

* Oleocanthal is a phenylethanoid known to prevent heart disease, calcium buildup in arteries, and veins, and is the target of many studies for other cardiovascular disease therapies. It has strong indications as a therapeutic measure against degenerative joint disease due to its anti-inflammatory properties. The effects of many diseases associated with inflammation such as asthma’s inflammation of the lungs are reduced with olencanthal.

* Olfactory receptors stimulation. The Olfactory Receptors (OR) included are OR2T2P, OR10T1P, OR10R1P, OR10R3P, OR2W3P. (See notes below for pseudogene rationale)

* Olodaterol is a bronchodilator treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with COPD including chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema.

* Omalizumab is an humanized antibody originally designed to reduce sensitivity to inhaled or ingested allergens, especially in the control of moderate to severe allergic asthma, which does not respond to high doses of corticosteroids. Also effective in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Presently, the drug is being actively studied in clinical trials for various allergic diseases and some non-allergic diseases, especially skin diseases. Unlike an ordinary anti-IgE antibody, it does not bind to IgE that is already bound by the high affinity IgE receptor on the surface of mast cells, basophils, and antigen-presenting dendritic cells.

* Omaveloxolone (RTA 408) is a second generation member of the synthetic oleanane triterpenoid compounds and currently in clinical development. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that omaveloxolone possesses antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities and the ability to improve mitochondrial bioenergetics. Omaveloxolone is currently under clinical investigation for a variety of indications, including Friedreich’s ataxia, mitochondrial myopathies, immunooncology, and prevention of corneal endothelial cell loss following cataract surgery. The effects of omaveloxolone and related synthetic triterpenoid compounds have been documented in over 200 peer-reviewed scientific manuscripts. The mechanism of action of omaveloxolone and its related compounds has been demonstrated to be through a combination of activation of the antioxidative transcription factor Nrf2 and inhibition of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. Nrf2 transcriptionally regulates multiple genes that play both direct and indirect roles in producing antioxidative potential and the production of cellular energy (i.e., adenosine triphosphate or ATP) within the mitochondria. Consequently, unlike exogenously administered antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E or Coenzyme Q10), which provide a specific and finite antioxidative potential, omaveloxolone, through Nrf2, broadly activates intracellular and mitochondrial antioxidative pathways, in addition to pathways that may directly increase mitochondrial biogenesis (such as PGC1α) and bioenergetics.

* Omega-3 Derived SPMs. SPM are metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or n-3 DPA; these metabolites are termed lipoxins (Lx), resolvins (Rv), protectins (PD) (also termed neuroprotectins [NP]), and maresins (MaR). EPA, DHA, and n-3 DPA are n-3 fatty acids; their conversions to SPM are proposed to be one mechanism by which n-3 fatty acids may ameliorate inflammatory diseases. SPM act, at least in part, by either activating or inhibiting cells through binding to and thereby activating or inhibiting the activation of specific cellular receptors. The inflammation-based diseases which may be treated by such metabolically resistant SPM analogs include not only pathological and tissue damaging responses to invading pathogens but also a wide array of pathological conditions in which inflammation is a contributing factor such as allergic inflammatory diseases (e.g. asthma, rhinitis), autoimmune diseases ( e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), psoriasis, atherosclerosis disease leading to heart attacks and strokes, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and certain dementia syndromes (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease). Excessive inflammatory responses to insult as well as many pathological inflammatory responses that contribute to these diseases may reflect, in part, a failure in this class switching. Diseases caused or worsened by non-adaptive inflammatory responses may be amenable to treatment with SPM. SPMs also stimulate anti-inflammatory and tissue reparative types of responses in epithelium cells, endothelium cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, goblet cells, and kidney podocytes as well as activate the heme oxygenase system of cells thereby increasing the production of the tissue-protective gaso-transmitter, carbon monoxide in inflamed tissues.

* Omega-3 fatty acids foster the development of brain circuitry and the speedy processing of information. They also play important roles in stabilizing mood and staving off cognitive decline. Low levels of omega-3s are linked to poor memory and depressive mood. Omega-3 fats are also critical for the formation of anti-inflammatory molecules in the body that protects against pain and disorders like arthritis and joint problems. Omega-3s might be involved: cardiovascular disease and its risk factors; infant health and neurodevelopment; cancer prevention; Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and cognitive function; age-related macular degeneration; dry eye disease; rheumatoid arthritis; and other conditions. In pets, omega-3 fatty acids may also help to promote weight loss.

* Omiganan is an anti-inflammatory peptide used for severe acne and rosacea.

* OP-145 is a synthetic 24-mer peptide derived from LL-37 for binding to lipopolysaccharides or lipoteichoic acid used in chronic bacterial middle ear infection.

* OPN 129-144 peptide. Phosphorylated osteopontin peptides suppress crystallization by inhibiting the growth of calcium oxalate crystals. Inhibition of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) formation and initiation of the dihydrate (COD) phase by osteopontin (OPN) have been proposed to play an important role in preventing kidney stone formation.

* Oppositional Defiant Disorder is related to depression and anxiety, and has symptoms including photophobia, restlessness and personality changes. An important gene associated with Oppositional Defiant Disorder is DRD4 (Dopamine Receptor D4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Circadian entrainment and Transmission across Chemical Synapses. The drugs Risperidone and Dopamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and eye, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and homeostasis/metabolism. A specific developmental disorder that is characterized by a pattern of angry mood, defiant behavior and vindictiveness in children and adolescents.

* Oral Candidiasis, also known as thrush, is related to candidiasis and severe combined immunodeficiency, and has symptoms including oral manifestations An important gene associated with Oral Candidiasis is DEFB4A (Defensin Beta 4A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Defensins. The drugs Fluticasone and Fluconazole have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include tongue, skin and kidney. A candidiasis that involves fungal infection of the mucous membrane of the mouth by Candida species, which is characterized by thick white or cream-colored deposits on inflamed mucosal membranes.

* Orexin antagonist peptides. Selective orexin receptor antagonists may be used as a therapy to prevent relapse of addictive behavior, anxiety, and sleep insomnia. Each product plays for four minutes. In order, Almorexant HCl dual orexin receptor inhibitor, TCS OX2 29 orexin-2 receptor antagonist, Suvorexant dual orexin receptor inhibitor, SB408124 orexin-1 receptor antagonist.

* Orexin peptides. The neuropeptide orexin-A has been shown to rapidly reverse the neurological effects of sleep deprivation and the mental fatigue deprivation can cause. Orexin is produced in the lateral hypothalamus and has been shown to be deficient during narcoleptic seizures. The mental fatigue or seizures sleep deprivation can cause result from the exhaustion of the peptide orexin, which atonic sleep seems to restore. Atonic sleep results in the cessation of energy to muscle readiness and the increase of energy uptake by vital bodily systems inclusive of brain structure. This process is a means to sustain survival through periods of food deprivation rather than a corrective measure of brain function. Humans are biological species and experience functional breakdown when deprived of sleep because of neurological dependency on a process associated with survival strategies. Orexin-B has similar effects. Each item plays for eight minutes. In order, Orexin-A, Orexin-B.

* Org2766 peptide affects recovery of damaged functions resulting from injury to neural tissue, and recovery of sensorimotor function following peripheral nerve damage -affecting i.e. spatial learning. Aging studies also evidence neurotrophic effects of Org2766 on recovery after injury to the central nervous system.

* Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, is related to rheumatoid arthritis and spondylolisthesis, and has symptoms including arthralgia, back pain and metatarsalgia. An important gene associated with Osteoarthritis is COL2A1 (Collagen Type II Alpha 1 Chain), and among its related pathways are IL-9 Signaling Pathways and their Primary Biological Effects in Different Immune Cell Types and Syndecan-1-mediated signaling events. The drugs chondroitin sulfates and diclofenac have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include joint, bone and bone marrow, and related mouse phenotypes are limbs/digits/tail and immune system. An arthritis that has material basis in worn out cartilage located in joint.

* Osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) is a key factor in the mechanism of the systemic osteogenic response to local bone marrow injury. Recent histologic studies have shown that OGP enhances fracture healing in experimental animals. OGP and/or its derivatives are suggested as a potential therapy for the acceleration of bone regeneration in instances of fracture repair and perhaps other bone injuries.

* Osteomyelitis is related to chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and mycobacterium fortuitum, and has symptoms including bone pain and pain in limb. An important gene associated with Osteomyelitis is IL1RN (Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. The drugs leucovorin and Trimethoprim have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, testes and bone marrow, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and hematopoietic system. A bone inflammation disease that has material basis in infection located in bone or located in bone marrow.

* Osteoporotic Fracture, also known as osteoporotic fractures, is related to bone mineral density qtl18, osteoporosis and osteoporosis. An important gene associated with Osteoporotic Fracture is COL1A1 (Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain). Affiliated tissues include bone, bone marrow and prostate.

* OSU-6162 is a compound which acts as a partial agonist at both dopamine D2 receptors and 5-HT2A receptors. It can counteract both hyperdopaminergic and hypodopaminergic states, and has antipsychotic, anti-addictive and anti-Parkinsonian effects in animal studies. OSU6162 might be a valuable drug candidate for memory deficits and other cognitive impairments. Coadministration of OSU6162 with L-Dopa normalizes preproenkephalin mRNA expression in the sensorimotor striatum of primates with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. OSU6162, rescues striatal neurons with normal and expanded polyglutamine chains in huntingtin protein from exposure to free radicals.

* Otosclerosis is related to bone fracture and ankylosis, and has symptoms including earache An important gene associated with Otosclerosis is OTSC5 (Otosclerosis 5), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Degradation of the extracellular matrix and Human Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency. The drugs Acetylcysteine and Antioxidants have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, testes and skin, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and craniofacial. An otitis interna characterized by an abnormal bone growth in the middle ear.

* Ovarian Disease, also known as ovarian dysfunction, is related to endometriosis and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and has symptoms including pelvic pain and mittelschmerz. An important gene associated with Ovarian Disease is GNRH1 (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Prolactin Signaling Pathway and Peptide hormone metabolism. The drugs Metformin and Ganirelix have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include ovary, testes and lung, and related phenotypes are endocrine/exocrine gland and homeostasis/metabolism. Endocrine disorders or disorders of the reproductive system.

* Overnutrition is related to nutritional deficiency disease and body mass index quantitative trait locus 14. An important gene associated with Overnutrition is LEP (Leptin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. and Common Cytokine Receptor Gamma-Chain Family Signaling Pathways. The drugs Aspirin and Moxonidine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, brain and heart, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and adipose tissue. A form of malnutrition in which the intake of nutrients is oversupplied. The amount of nutrients exceeds the amount required for normal growth, development, and metabolism.

* Oxaloacetate is an organic compound which takes part in several metabolic processes such as synthesis of amino acids and fatty acids, and also regulates mitochondrial and brain function. Among its other benefits (it is an antioxidant, brain function enhancer, and a modulator of certain age-related genes such as FOXO) it is also an effective mTOR modulator. It may also be considered as an mTOR mimetic which means that it has additional benefits which are similar to other mTOR inhibitors (such as modulation of apoptosis and reduction of glutamate) but that these benefits originate from mechanisms other than mTOR inhibition.

* Oxygen Therapy is dioxygen O2, or molecular oxygen essential for cellular respiration in all aerobic organisms, providing most of the chemical energy released. Oxygen is widely used in emergency medicine, both in hospital and by emergency medical services or those giving advanced first aid. In the pre-hospital environment, high-flow oxygen is indicated for use in resuscitation, major trauma, anaphylaxis, major bleeding, shock, active convulsions, and hypothermia. Oxygen therapy, also known as supplemental oxygen, is the use of oxygen as a medical treatment. This can include for low blood oxygen, carbon monoxide toxicity, cluster headaches, and to maintain enough oxygen while inhaled anesthetics are given. Long-term oxygen is often useful in people with chronically low oxygen such as from severe COPD or cystic fibrosis. A common use of supplementary oxygen is in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the occurrence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema, a common long-term effect of smoking, who may require additional oxygen to breathe either during a temporary worsening of their condition, or throughout the day and night. High concentration oxygen is used as home therapy to abort cluster headache attacks, due to its vaso-constrictive effects. People who are receiving oxygen therapy for low oxygen following an acute illness or hospitalization should not routinely have a prescription renewal for continued oxygen therapy without a physician's re-assessment of the person's condition. If the person has recovered from the illness, then the hypoxemia is expected to resolve and additional care would be unnecessary and a waste of resources. Oxygen therapy is not recommended for people who have suffered pulmonary fibrosis or other lung damage resulting from bleomycin treatment. High levels of oxygen given to infants cause blindness by promoting overgrowth of new blood vessels in the eye obstructing sight. This is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Oxygen has vasoconstrictive effects on the circulatory system, reducing peripheral circulation.

* Oxyntomodulin peptide induces weight loss, reduces appetite, and alters the levels of adipose hormones in overweight and obese people.

* Ozonated Saline Solution is ozone, oxygen, sodium chloride and water. The complementary treatment with ozonated saline improves oxygen metabolism, reduces oxidative stress, acts as a "powerful anti-inflammatory" and as an antiplatelet agent that prevents thrombus formation. According to a spanish study's conclusions, this treatment with ozone therapy would also help treat collateral damage caused by the coronavirus, such as pulmonary thrombi. It does not solve pulmonary fibrosis because it is scarring in the lung, it is dead tissue and that cannot be recovered, but it can optimize oxygenation, oxygen metabolism and help that patient to have a blood more oxygenated, improve the quality of life. It is not recommended for everyone. Those excluded are people suffering from favism, a disease that tends to bleed due to a lack of phosphate dehydrogenase, pregnant women, people who have had a recent acute myocardial infarction, and those with ongoing epileptic states. The protocol consisted of 10 days of treatment, but that was the theory, because the practice was much faster. The patients responded very quickly and none of them received the 10 treatments, therefore, the recycling of treatment was much greater. On the fifth day we were already discharging, with low-risk laboratories, they were not cured, but with low-risk laboratories that allowed them to continue their outpatient follow-up, isolated at home. The one who received the most treatment reached eight doses and no more was needed. In addition to applying it as a supportive treatment, the medical team led by Dr. Schwartz also used it prophylactically. "We developed a prophylactic protocol that was made for all exposed health personnel, those who were in the front line, ourselves and even our families. Here nothing was improvised and none got sick." Besides killing 99% of viruses, yeast and protozoa, fungi and bacteria in the air, ozone can help with cancer, aging, infections and more.