Modern Medicine in Digital format

* RADA-16 peptide. Self-assembling peptides have shown that they can be used to establish nanofiber barriers that, when applied directly to a wound in the brain, spinal cord, femoral artery, liver, or skin of a mammal, could achieve complete hemostasis in less than 20s. This therapy stops bleeding without the use of pressure, cauterization, vasoconstriction, coagulation, or cross-linked adhesives. Unlike other hemostatic agents, self-assembling peptides do not have any pyrogenicity and do not undergo systemic coagulation, which can be a safety issue in animals. This reduces the risk of secondary damage and of the problems caused by the chemical and biological contaminants that are typically present in animal-derived biomaterials such as collagen.

* RADA16 plus EE-3-SO4. RADA16 is a self-assembling peptide that can be used to establish nanofiber barriers that, when applied directly to a wound in the brain, spinal cord, femoral artery, liver, or skin of a mammal, could achieve complete hemostasis in less than 20s. This therapy stops bleeding without the use of pressure, cauterization, vasoconstriction, coagulation, or cross-linked adhesives. EE-3-SO4 is a drug derived from the female hormone estrogen that may help patients with severe bleeding survive long enough to get to appropriate medical care. It is extremely effective in improving cardiovascular functions and boosting survival rates following injuries with extreme hemorrhage.

* Radial Neuropathy is related to radial nerve lesion and neuropathy. An important gene associated with Radial Neuropathy is PC (Pyruvate Carboxylase), and among its related pathways are Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis and Neural Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers. Related mouse phenotype Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2). A type of mononeuropathy which results from acute trauma to the radial nerve that extends the length of the arm.

* Radiculopathy, also known as nerve root disorder, is related to meningitis and lymphadenitis, and has symptoms including neuralgia An important gene associated with Radiculopathy is IL6 (Interleukin 6), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and ERK Signaling. The drugs Dexamethasone and Acetaminophen have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, testes and spinal cord, and related phenotypes are Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor) and Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor). A disorder of spinal nerve roots.

* Radioulnar Synostosis, also known as congenital radioulnar synostosis, is related to radioulnar synostosis with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia 2 and radioulnar synostosis with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia 1, and has symptoms including limited elbow extension and dislocated radial head. An important gene associated with Radioulnar Synostosis is MECOM (MDS1 And EVI1 Complex Locus), and among its related pathways/superpathways are MAPK signaling pathway and Pathways in cancer. Affiliated tissues include bone, bone marrow and brain, and related phenotypes are Condensed cis-Golgi and cellular. Congenital radioulnar synostosis is rare. Post-traumatic cases are most likely to develop following surgery for a forearm fracture, this is more common with high-energy injuries where the bones are broken into many pieces (comminuted). It can also develop following soft tissue injury to the forearm where there is haematoma formation.

* Ramatroban is a thromboxane receptor antagonist. It is also a DP2 receptor antagonist. It is indicated for the treatment of coronary artery disease. It has also been used for the treatment of asthma and baldness.

* RB-1 factor can allow for the regrowth of cells in the inner ear and potentially restore hearing and balance caused by the loss of sensory hair cells. Noise is one of the most common causes of hearing loss. Balance is heavily affected by the loss of these cells. Some individuals who have lost a significant amount of sensory hair cells in the vestibular organs, the part of the inner ear controlling balance and equilibrium, are unable to walk on their own two feet any longer. After a two-week period of lessening the expression of the RB1 gene in transgenic mice, inner-ear cells have regrown without adverse side effects previously observed in other retinoblastoma mouse models. The protein encoded by this gene is a negative regulator of the cell cycle and was the first tumor suppressor gene found. The encoded protein also stabilizes constitutive heterochromatin to maintain the overall chromatin structure. Defects in this gene are a cause of childhood cancer retinoblastoma (RB), bladder cancer, and osteogenic sarcoma.

* RCGD423 activates a cellular signaling pathway called JAK-Stat, which transmits information from outside the cell to the nucleus of the cell. The research showed that JAK-Stat activation leads to the increased production of lactate and this in turn drives hair follicle stem cell activation and quicker hair growth. RCGD423 also promotes cartilage growth while also stopping the inflammation that leads to cartilage degeneration.

* Reactive Arthritis, also known as reiter syndrome, is related to hepatitis b and systemic lupus erythematosus, and has symptoms including abnormality of the oral cavity, abnormality of the urethra and hyperkeratosis. An important gene associated with Reactive Arthritis is HLA-B (Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, B), and among its related pathways are IL-15 Signaling Pathways and their Primary Biological Effects in Different Immune Cell Types and Legionellosis. Affiliated tissues include t cells, heart and endothelial, and related mouse phenotypes are neoplasm and no phenotypic analysis. An arthritis that is an autoimmune disease which develops due to an infection located elsewhere in the body.

* Rectal Disease, also known as rectal diseases, is related to proctitis and scalp dermatosis, and has symptoms including abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea. An important gene associated with Rectal Disease is KIDINS220 (Kinase D Interacting Substrate 220), and among its related pathways/superpathways is MSP-RON Signaling. The drugs Aspirin and Iron have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, colon and testes.

* Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, also known as algodystrophy, is related to complex regional pain syndrome and algoneurodystrophy, and has symptoms including back pain, headache and neuralgia. An important gene associated with Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy is CALCA (Calcitonin Related Polypeptide Alpha), and among its related pathways are Endothelin Pathways and Adipocytokine signaling pathway. The drug ethanol has been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, bone and spinal cord. A complex of symptoms that may develop after trauma, disease or "spontaneously" and has obligatory pain and at least three of the four following symptoms: 1. Difference in skin color relative to the other limb. 2. Diffuse edema. 3. Difference in skin temperature relative to the other limb. 4. Limited active range of motion.

* Remdesivir is a monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analogue, with antiviral activity against EBOV. Remdesivir exhibits antiviral activity against multiple variants of EBOV and other filoviruses in cell-based assays. The broad-spectrum antiviral activity of Remdesivir in vitro against other pathogenic RNA viruses, including filoviruses, arenaviruses, and coronaviruses, suggests the potential for wider medical use. Remdesivir inserts into viral RNA chains, causing their premature termination. It is being studied during 2020 as a possible post-infection treatment for COVID-19.

* Reproxalap is an immune-modulating reactive aldehyde species (RASP) inhibitor that works by covalently binding to free aldehydes and diminishing excessive RASP levels, which are generally elevated in ocular and systemic inflammatory disease. Reproxalap offers a new mechanism for reducing ocular inflammation in allergic conjunctivitis, dry eye disease, and anterior uveitis.

* Resiquimod is a drug that acts as an immune response modifier, and has antiviral and antitumour activity. It is used as a topical gel in the treatment of skin lesions such as those caused by the herpes simplex virus and cutaneous T cell lymphoma, and as an adjuvant to increase the effectiveness of vaccines. Systemic administration has also been demonstrated through nanoparticle encapsulation, resulting in effective cancer immunotherapy through stimulation of tumor-associated macrophages. It has several mechanisms of action, being both an agonist for toll-like receptor 7 and 8, and an upregulator of the opioid growth factor receptor.

* Resolvin E1(1-) is an icosanoid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of resolvin E1; major species at pH 7.3. It has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is an icosanoid anion, a hydroxy fatty acid anion, a long-chain fatty acid anion and a polyunsaturated fatty acid anion. It is a conjugate base of a resolvin E1. Resolvins are under preliminary research for their involvement in promoting restoration of normal cellular function following the inflammation that occurs after tissue injury.

* Respiratory Allergy, also known as airway allergy, is related to pollen allergy and sinusitis. An important gene associated with Respiratory Allergy is IL5 (Interleukin 5), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. The drugs Fluticasone and Hydrocortisone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, skin and t cells, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and homeostasis/metabolism. A hypersensitivity reaction type I disease located in the respiratory tract.

* Retinal Degeneration, also known as degeneration of retina, is related to peripheral retinal degeneration and enhanced s-cone syndrome. An important gene associated with Retinal Degeneration is RPE65 (RPE65, Retinoid Isomerohydrolase), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins and Visual Cycle in Retinal Rods. The drugs Lidocaine and Dorzolamide have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, retina and endothelial, and related phenotypes are nervous system and pigmentation. A retinal disease that is characterized by deterioration of the retina caused by the progressive and eventual death of the cells of the retina.

* Retinal Detachment is related to persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, autosomal recessive and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. An important gene associated with Retinal Detachment is RHO (Rhodopsin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are ERK Signaling and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The drugs Lidocaine and Ketorolac have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, retina and brain, and related phenotypes are retinal detachment and cardiovascular system. A disorder of the eye in which the retina separates from the layer underneath.

* RGFP966 is a drug now being used in cancer therapies to stop the activation of genes that turn normal cells into cancerous ones. Moreover, new research shows it made rats made more attuned to what they were hearing, able to retain and remember more information, and develop new connections that allowed these memories to be transmitted between brain cells. People learning to speak again after a disease or injury as well as those undergoing cochlear implantation to reverse previous deafness, may be helped by this type of therapeutic treatment. The application could even extend to people with delayed language learning abilities or people trying to learn a second language. People normally remember an experience with limited detail -not everything we see, hear and feel is remembered. RGFP966, a HDAC3 inhibitor helps memory become closer to a snapshot of the actual experience instead of being sparse, limited or inaccurate.

* Rheumatoid arthritis molecular therapy features monoclonal antibodies to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 receptors. The goal is to reduce excessive immune reactions. Unless stated otherwise each item plays for 6m.
Left channel: Curcumin/Piperine/Quercetin (2m), Golimumab, Tocilizumab, Adalimumab, Etanercept, Certolizumab pegol.
Right channel: Curcumin/Piperine/Quercetin (2m), Stigmastanol, Glucosamine, Taurine, Niacin, MSM.

* Rhinosporidiosis, also known as infection by rhinosporidium seeberi, is related to laryngitis and chronic rhinitis. An important gene associated with Rhinosporidiosis is DCXR (Dicarbonyl And L-Xylulose Reductase), and among its related pathways/superpathways are NF-kappaB Signaling and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers. Affiliated tissues include eye, skin and trachea. A parasitic Ichthyosporea infectious disease that is a chronic granulomatous infection of the mucous membranes caused by the parasite Rhinosporidium seeberi, which manifests as vascular friable polyps that arise from the nasal mucosa or external structures of the eye.

* Ribavirin is a guanosine (ribonucleic) analog used to stop viral RNA synthesis and viral mRNA capping, thus, it is a nucleoside inhibitor. Ribavirin is used primarily to treat hepatitis C, it has also been used as a treatment for herpes simplex virus. It is active against a variety of RNA and DNA viruses.

* Rifampicin is an antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, leprosy, and Legionnaires’ disease. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. It often turns urine, sweat, and tears a red or orange color. Liver problems or allergic reactions may occur. It is part of the recommended treatment of active tuberculosis during pregnancy, though its safety in pregnancy is not known. Rifampicin is of the rifamycin group of antibiotics. It works by decreasing the production of RNA by bacteria. Rifampicin can be used alone in patients with latent tuberculosis infections to prevent or prolong the development of active disease because only small numbers of bacteria are present. Rifampicin is also used to treat nontuberculous mycobacterial infections including leprosy (Hansen's disease) and Mycobacterium kansasii. It is also used in the treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections as associated with Buruli ulcer. Rifampicin is used to treat itchiness caused by primary biliary cholangitis.

* Rilonacept, also known as IL-1 Trap is an interleukin 1 inhibitor. Rilonacept is a dimeric fusion protein consisting of the ligand-binding domains of the extracellular portions of the human interleukin-1 receptor component (IL-1R1) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) linked in-line to the fragment-crystallizable portion (Fc region) of human IgG1 that binds and neutralizes IL-1. Rilonacept is used for the treatment of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), including familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome and neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease. (Among the top most expensive meds - Arcalyst)

* Rintatolimod is an immunomodulatory double stranded RNA drug. Rintatolimod has been proposed and tested as a treatment for illnesses including chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and as a synergist with existing antivirals for Avian Flu. Rintatolimod protects and stimulates the innate immune system by binding to Toll-like receptors 3 (TRL-3), and activating the TLR-3 receptors for broad-spectrum immune response. TLR-3 receptors are located on cell surfaces. They are part of a family of “pattern recognition” receptors that detect pathogens immediately, even those the body has not yet encountered, long before adaptive immunity can intervene against foreign invaders. These receptors are critical to the first line of immunological defense against a broad range of pathogens, including otherwise lethal viruses and various forms of cancer. When Rintatolimod binds to TRL-3 receptors the virus cannot do so and the body is able to marshal its defenses and launch an assault on the virus. Rintatolimod is designed to boost cellular defenses against viruses and tumors, and can be used for Avian Flu, AIDS, and other depressed immune-system related diseases. Studies using Ampligen are in progress and in preparation. Other suggested uses include Ebola and Smallpox.

* Risdiplam is an investigative oral therapy for all types of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy). Risdiplam works by potentially rectifying the underlying cause of SMA: a reduced amount of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. This protein is essential to the health of motor neurons, the nerve cells that control muscle movement. The brain and spinal cord relay messages to the muscles via motor neurons. The correct transmission of these messages is vital for muscle health because they instruct muscles to contract and move. SMN protein deficiency leads to the break down of nerve cells and impedes their ability to work, causing muscles to atrophy. Risdiplam is a splicing modifier, meaning it changes the way the pre-mRNA is spliced so that it contains all the information necessary to make functional SMN protein. In this way, risdiplam promotes the production of a full-length and functional SMN protein from the SMN2 gene. It is expected that this promotion will increase working SMN protein levels inside cells, to support muscle health.

* Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the protein CD20, which is primarily found on the surface of immune system B cells. Rituximab destroys B cells and is therefore used to treat diseases which are characterized by excessive numbers of B cells, overactive B cells, or dysfunctional B cells. This includes many lymphomas, leukemias, transplant rejection, and autoimmune disorders.

* R-lipoic acid, reduced lipoic acid or dihydrolipoic acid is the biologically active form of the mitochondrial antioxidant, alpha lipoic acid. R-lipoic acid is directly involved in cellular metabolism and is a vital component of the intracellular antioxidant cycle, able to scavenge a variety of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) while recycling vitamins C, E and glutathione. R-lipoic readily crosses the blood brain barrier and has been shown effective for elevating intracellular glutathione levels. R-LA helps regulate neuronal calcium homeostasis, regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, and alters the expression of toxic genes. R-lipoic acid has been used to treat diabetes and has been recommended as a neuroprotective agent. R-LA enhances glucose uptake, inhibits glycosylation (where sugar abnormally attaches to protein) and helps skin's health and vitality. Dihydrolipoic acid may also be used to help energize the kidneys and neutralize toxins, including creatinine.

* RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a combination of chemicals called nucleotides that are made by the body. They appear to be essential under conditions of rapid growth such as intestinal development, liver surgery or injury, and also during challenges to the immune system. People take RNA/DNA combinations to improve memory and mental sharpness, treat or prevent Alzheimer's disease, treat depression, increase energy, tighten skin, increase sex drive, and counteract the effects of aging.

* RNA stands for ribonucleic acid. RNA is used to treat skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis, as well as hives and shingles. RNA plays many biological roles that involve the coding and expression of genes. Viruses may also use RNA to encode their genes. RNA also performs many functions in multi-cell organisms, including catalyzing biochemical reactions, responding to cellular signals and regulating gene expression. The primary value of RNA is its ability to assist in the rapid proliferation of cells. This property is especially useful during surgery, injury and attacks on the immune system.

* RO-5166017 acts as a potent and selective agonist for the trace amine-associated receptor 1, with no significant activity at other targets. Some TAAR1 receptor agonists are methamphetamine, MDMA and 3-iodothyronamine. In animal studies RO-5166017 was shown to prevent stress-induced hyperthermia and block dopamine-dependent hyperlocomotion, as well as blocking the hyperactivity which would normally be induced by an NMDA antagonist. Current studies strongly support that TAAR 1 is implicated in the functional regulation of monoaminergic systems, especially dopaminergic system, and that TAAR 1 serves as a homeostatic “brake” system that is involved in the modulation of dopaminergic activity. TAAR 1 agonists reduce the neurochemical effects of cocaine and amphetamines, attenuate abuse- and addiction-related behavioral effects of cocaine and methamphetamine. Besides, TAAR1 agonists may be promising therapeutic agents for reducing relapse susceptibility during abstinence.

* Romosozumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets sclerostin for the treatment of osteoporosis.

* Root Caries, also known as dental caries of root surface, is related to periodontitis and viral meningitis. An important gene associated with Root Caries is DSPP (Dentin Sialophosphoprotein), and among its related pathways are BRCA1 Pathway and Transcription Ligand-dependent activation of the ESR1/SP pathway. Affiliated tissues include bone, and related mouse phenotypes are liver/biliary system and neoplasm.

* Root Resorption is related to singleton-merten syndrome 1 and prothrombin
thrombophilia. An important gene associated with Root Resorption is TNFSF11 (TNF Superfamily Member 11), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cytokine Signaling in Immune system and Development Endothelin-1/EDNRA signaling. The drugs Mitogens and Chlorhexidine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone and thyroid, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and homeostasis/metabolism. A process by which all or part of a tooth structure is lost due to activation of the body's innate capacity to remove mineralized tissue, as mediated via cells such as osteoclasts.

* Royalactin or MRJP1 factor is the active ingredient in royal jelly. Major royal jelly protein 1 induces the differentiation of honeybee larvae into queens.

* RPE65 factor encodes the retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein. The retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein is located in the retinal pigment epithelium and is involved in the conversion of all-trans retinol to 11-cis retinal during phototransduction, which is then used in visual pigment regeneration in photoreceptor cells. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Leber's congenital amaurosis type 2 (LCA2) and retinitis pigmentosa.

* RQ-00000010 for the treatment of GERD, functional dyspepsia and chronic constipation. Is useful for treating diseases mediated by 5-HT4 receptor activity eg such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric motility disorder, dyspepsia, constipation, esophagitis, diabetes, CNS and cardiovascular diseases. RQ 00000010, 5-HT4 receptor agonist, which is useful in the treatment or alleviation of disease conditions mediated by 5-HT4 receptor activity; in particular 5-HT4 receptor agonistic activity, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastrointestinal disease, gastric motility disorder, non-ulcer dyspepsia, functional dyspepsia (FD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), constipation, dyspepsia, esophagitis, gastroesophageal disease, gastritis, nausea, central nervous system disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive disorder, emesis, migraine, neurological disease, pain, cardiovascular disorders, cardiac failure, heart arrhythmia, diabetes, and apnea syndrome.

* Rutin helps the body utilize vitamin C and produce collagen (skin's main building blocks), can be used to treat conditions such as hemorrhoids and high blood pressure (hypertension), and can also reduce cholesterol levels. Rutin can be very helpful in treating strained blood vessels in such conditions as hemorrhoids due to rutin's ability to maintain capillary flexibility and strength. The capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body, and when they get strained in the anal region due to overweight or pregnancy, having chronic diarrhea or constipation, or other reasons, the results are swollen blood vessels, or hemorrhoids. Rutin is considered to be an antioxidant, meaning that it binds to damaging free radicals in the body and neutralizes them. Free radicals turn LDL cholesterol into plaques, which in turn can block arteries and prevent normal blood flow (a condition known as atherosclerosis). Blocked arteries can lead to such cardiovascular conditions as hearth disease and stroke. Rutin can also be used to treat Meniere's disease, a condition that causes ringing in the ears (tinnitus), dizziness and intermittent hearing loss. Hydroxytyrosol has demonstrated an exceptional capacity for neutralizing free radicals and can be a powerful tool in the fight against oxidative stress and chronic disease. In a study, Hydroxytyrosol has been shown to double vitamin C levels in blood.

* Ruxolitinib is a JAK1 and JAK2 Inhibitor a small-molecule ATP mimetic that inhibits both JAK1 and JAK2, results in a dramatic decrease in levels of inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Ruxolitinib is clinically used for the treatment of myelofibrosis, a bone marrow disorder, and is being investigated for the treatment of certain cancers and autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis. It may also help growing eyelashes.

* RWJ-56110 is a selective protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) antagonist; displays no activity at PAR2, PAR3, or PAR4 subtypes. Blocks thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and activation of MAPK in HUVECs. Also inhibits angiogenesis in a chick embryo angiogenesis model in vivo. Antagonists of the thrombin–protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 interaction may provide benefits in arterial thrombosis patients.