Modern Medicine in Digital format

* C5 or complement component 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C5 gene. Complement component 5 is involved in the complement system. It is cleaved into C5a and C5b. C5a plays an important role in chemotaxis. C5b forms the first part of the complement membrane attack complex. Deficiency is thought to cause Leiner's disease. Complement component 5 is the fifth component of complement, which plays an important role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. This protein is composed of alpha and beta polypeptide chains that are linked by a disulfide bridge. An activation peptide, C5a, which is an anaphylatoxin that possesses potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity, is derived from the alpha polypeptide via cleavage with a convertase. The C5b macromolecular cleavage product can form a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for formation of the membrane attack complex, which includes additional complement components. Mutations in this gene cause complement component 5 deficiency, a disease where patients show a propensity for severe recurrent infections. Defects in this gene have also been linked to a susceptibility to liver fibrosis and to rheumatoid arthritis. The drug eculizumab (Soliris) prevents cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b. (Among the top most expensive meds - Soliris)

* Cabozantinib is a small molecule inhibitor of the tyrosine kinases c-Met and VEGFR2, and has been shown to reduce tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis.

* CADM2 factor's has activity in the frontal and cingulate cortex in the brain - which are areas involved in thinking speed. Thus, the gene is linked to the communication process between brain cells. This gene is a candidate for autism and personality, but based on the pathway and expression analyses it may also be relevant to a broad range of neuropsychiatric diseases including dementias. Findings suggest that genetic variation in the CADM2 gene is associated with individual differences in information processing speed.

* Caffeine and L-Theanine. The caffeine will help to promote alertness, attention and wakefulness, but the L-theanine helps to mitigate many of the negative side effects of caffeine. More importantly, there seems to be a synergy that allows you to focus on your tasks a lot better.

* Calcific Tendinitis is related to tendinitis and episodic pain syndrome, familial, 1. An important gene associated with Calcific Tendinitis is SPP1 (Secreted Phosphoprotein 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and Lysosome. The drugs Triamcinolone and Epinephrine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, pituitary and hypothalamus, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and immune system. A disorder characterized by deposits of hydroxyapatite (a crystalline calcium phosphate) in any tendon of the body.

* Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) Alfa and Beta exert a broad range of biological effects such as vasodilation, increasing rate and force of cardiac contraction, regulation of calcium and glucose metabolism, reduction of gastrointestinal motility, and inflammation.

* Calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP (8-37) is a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) peptide that works as competitive antagonist, blocking the binding of full length CGRP. It has been shown to inhibit neurogenic vasodilation induced by trigeminal ganglion nerve stimulation.

* Calcitonin peptide causes a rapid but short-lived drop in the level of calcium and phosphate in blood by promoting their assimilation in bones.

* Calcitriol is prescribed for treatment of hypocalcaemia – hypoparathyroidism, osteomalacia (adults), rickets (infants, children), renal osteodystrophy, chronic kidney disease, treatment of osteoporosis, prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Calcitriol is also administered for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Calcitriol is the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D. Calcitriol increases the level of calcium (Ca2+) in the blood by increasing the uptake of calcium from the gut into the blood, and possibly increasing the release of calcium into the blood from bone.

* Camphor relieves itching from insect bites, minor skin irritation, or joint pain. It is absorbed in the skin epidermis, where it stimulates nerve endings sensitive to heat and cold. The action on nerve endings also induces a slight local analgesia. Camphor inhibits coughing and relieves upper airway congestion due to the common cold. Camphor has been used in traditional medicine over centuries, probably most commonly as a decongestant. Camphor was used in ancient Sumatra to treat sprains, swellings, and inflammation.

* Canakinumab is a human monoclonal antibody targeted at interleukin-1 beta. Used for cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), a spectrum of autoinflammatory syndromes including familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle–Wells syndrome, and neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease. Canakinumab was being developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis but this trial was completed in October 2009. Canakinumab is also in phase I clinical trials as a possible treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gout and coronary artery disease.

* Candidiasis, also known as systemic candidiasis, is related to esophageal candidiasis and churg-strauss syndrome. An important gene associated with Candidiasis is AIRE (Autoimmune Regulator), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Cytokine Signaling in Immune system. The drugs Fluconazole and Miconazole have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, heart and skin, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and homeostasis/metabolism. An opportunistic mycosis that involves fungal infection of the mouth, throat, skin, scalp, vagina, fingers, nails, bronchi, lungs, heart and brain by Candida species, of which Candida albicans is the most common. Systemic Candida infections are usually confined to severely immunocompromised persons.

* Cannabinoid receptors' CNR1-CNR2 activation is the trigger to regulating a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain and pleasure sensation, immune system, mood, and memory. The right channel plays the frequency of CNR1 and the left channel plays that of CNR2.

* CAPE or caffeic acid phenylethyl ester is an active component of propolis from honeybee hives. A study using CAPE showed a positive effect on reducing carcinogenic incidence. It is known to have antimitogenic, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties in vitro. Another study also showed that CAPE suppresses acute immune and inflammatory responses and holds promise for therapeutic uses to reduce inflammation. This anti-cancer effect was also seen when mice skin was treated with bee propolis and exposed to TPA, a chemical that induced skin papillomas. CAPE significantly reduced the number of papillomas. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of nuclear transcription factor, NF-kappaB, activation.

* Capillary Disease, also known as disease of capillaries, is related to subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis and melanoacanthoma, and has symptoms including cardiovascular symptoms and vascular pain. An important gene associated with Capillary Disease is IL2 (Interleukin 2), and among its related pathways are IL-15 Signaling Pathways and their Primary Biological Effects in Different Immune Cell Types and Cytokines and Inflammatory Response. Affiliated tissues include the capillaries, heart and testes, and related mouse phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and immune system. A vascular disease that is located in the capillaries.

* Carbohydrate Metabolic Disorder, also known as carbohydrate metabolism, inborn errors, is related to galactosemia and glycogen storage disease v. An important gene associated with Carbohydrate Metabolic Disorder is INS (Insulin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Metabolism and Glycosaminoglycan metabolism. The drugs Cyclophosphamide and Primaquine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, kidney and bone, and related phenotypes are no effect and homeostasis/metabolism. An inherited metabolic disorder that affect the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates.

* Carbuncle, also known as carbuncle and furuncle of any part of face except eye, is related to lung cancer and griscelli syndrome, type 1. An important gene associated with Carbuncle is SPAG1 (Sperm Associated Antigen 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Apoptotic Pathways in Synovial Fibroblasts and ERK Signaling. The drugs Iodine and Povidone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, skin and kidney, and related phenotypes are Decreased substrate adherent cell growth and Decreased substrate adherent cell growth. A painful circumscribed inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, resulting in suppuration and sloughing, and having a tendency to spread somewhat like a boil, but more serious in its effects.

* Cardiac Arrest, also known as cardiopulmonary arrest, is related to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and ventricular fibrillation, paroxysmal familial, 1, and has symptoms including angina pectoris, chest pain and edema. An important gene associated with Cardiac Arrest is PLN (Phospholamban), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Aldosterone synthesis and secretion and Cardiac conduction. The drugs Clonazepam and Valproic Acid have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, brain and breast, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and cardiovascular system. A sudden loss of blood flow resulting from the failure of the heart to effectively pump.

* Cardiac hypertrophy gene therapy, addresses age related cardiac hypertrophy. GDF11 is a blood circulating factor that has the ability to reverse cardiac hypertrophy related to aging. GDF11 gene expression and protein abundance decreases with age. Its expression causes youthful regeneration of cardiomyocytes, a reduction in the Brain natriuretic peptide (NPPB) and in the Atrial natriuretic peptide (NPPA). GDF11 also causes an increase in expression of SERCA-2 (ATP2A2), an enzyme necessary for relaxation during diastolic functions. GDF11 activates the TGF-beta pathway in cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and suppresses the phosphorylation of Forkhead (FOX proteins) transcription factors, thus producing an "anti-hypertrophic effect", aiding in the reversal process of age-related hypertrophy, on the cardiomyocytes. KLF4 functions as a negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy. A shortage of the genetic factor KLF4, which regulates endothelial cells lining the interior of blood vessels, makes the lining more prone to the buildup of harmful plaque, fat deposits and more susceptible to clot formation. Conversely, sufficient levels of KLF4 protect the inner lining of blood vessels from toxins and other harmful agents that trigger the buildup of plaque and clot formation. The recording includes frequencies of pro-hypertrophic Histone deacetylases' (HDACs) inhibitors to reduce NPPA and NPPB expression.
The products in playing order, KLF4 (3m), NPPA (2m), GDF11 (5m), ATP2A2 iso 1 (2m), ATP2A2 iso 4 (2m), ATP2A2 iso 3 (2m), ATP2A2 iso 5 (2m), ATP2A2 iso 2 (2m), NPPB (2m), Anantin (2m), Lavendustin A (2m), Trichostatin A (2m), Genistein (2m), Splitomicin (2m).

* Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor ), also known as hyperlipoproteinemia type iii risk factor, is related to ischemic heart disease and arthritis. An important gene associated with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor ) is AGTR1 (Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Peptide hormone metabolism and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications. Affiliated tissues include heart, endothelial and ovary, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and growth/size/body region. A condition characterized by increased total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and decreased HDL levels.

* Carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) converts a key metabolic molecule into a different compound called acetylcarnitine. Acetylcarnitine and CrAT offer an option for tiring muscles, a reserve which functions when there’s a sudden change in energy demand. When muscles run low on gas, they turn to acetylcarnitine to release metabolic raw materials they need for energy-producing reactions. But CrAT is ambivalent, and it can also orchestrate the opposite reaction, breaking up acetylcarnitine. Another research suggests that instead of releasing the key metabolic molecule during energy shortages, acetylcarnitine stashes the molecule so that it doesn’t interfere with power-producing reactions. Tests haven’t established that either acetylcarnitine and the related compound carnitine improve muscle endurance. Still, they could benefit some people whose levels of carnitine or CrAT have declined, such as older folks and individuals who are obese or have diabetes.

* Carnosine acts as an antiglycating agent, reducing the rate of formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) (substances that can be a factor in the development or worsening of many degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, chronic renal failure, and Alzheimer's disease), and ultimately reducing development of atherosclerotic plaque build-up. Chronic glycolysis is speculated to accelerate aging, making carnosine a candidate for therapeutic potential. Carnosine has been proven to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes formed from peroxidation of cell membrane fatty acids during oxidative stress. Carnosine is also a zwitterion, a neutral molecule with a positive and negative end. A vegetarian (especially vegan) diet provides less carnosine, compared to levels found in a more typical diet including meat. Carnosine can chelate divalent metal ions. Carnosine can increase the Hayflick limit in human fibroblasts, as well as appearing to reduce the telomere shortening rate. Carnosine is also considered as a geroprotector.

* Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, also known as carpal tunnel syndrome, familial, is related to peripheral nervous system disease and epicondylitis, and has symptoms including seizures, tremor and back pain. An important gene associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is TTR (Transthyretin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cytokine Signaling in Immune system and Human cytomegalovirus infection. The drugs Prednisolone phosphate and Lidocaine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, bone and thyroid, and related phenotypes are peripheral neuropathy and constrictive median neuropathy. A disorder caused by disturbances in nerve function (neuropathy), leading to pain and numbness or tingling (paresthesia) primarily in the wrist and hand.

* CART (55–102) and CART (62-102) fragment peptides seem to have an important function in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and interact with several central appetite circuits. They are inhibitors of food intake and are closely associated with leptin and neuropeptide Y, two important peptides in food intake regulation. These CART peptides are also involved in fear and startle behavior and may act as mediator or modulator of the actions of psycho-stimulant drugs. These CART fragments do not affect insulin secretion, even though they are expressed in the pancreas.

* CART factor or cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CARTPT gene. CART appears to have roles in reward, feeding, and stress, and it has the functional properties of an endogenous psychostimulant. CART is a neuropeptide that produces similar behaviour in animals to cocaine and amphetamine, but conversely blocks the effects of cocaine when they are co-administered. CART may be an important therapeutic target in the treatment of stimulant abuse. CART peptides are also involved in fear and startle behavior. CART is thought to play a key role in the opioid mesolimbic dopamine circuit that modulates natural reward processes. CART protects mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cellular proteins and lipids against the oxidative action of hydrogen peroxide, a widely used oxidant. It may have strong therapeutic properties for human diseases in which oxidative stress is strongly involved such as Parkinson's disease.

* Cartilage Disease, also known as cartilage diseases, is related to congenital short femur and cryptophthalmos, unilateral or bilateral, isolated, and has symptoms including back pain, muscle cramp and sciatica. An important gene associated with Cartilage Disease is COL10A1 (Collagen Type X Alpha 1 Chain), and among its related pathways are ECM proteoglycans and Endochondral Ossification. The drugs chondroitin sulfates and chondroitin sodium have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, skin and bone marrow, and related mouse phenotype immune system.

* Carvedilol is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, congestive heart failure (CHF), and left ventricular dysfunction in people who are otherwise stable. For high blood pressure, it is generally a second-line treatment. Common side effects include dizziness, tiredness, joint pain, low blood pressure, nausea, and shortness of breath. Severe side effects may include bronchospasm. Safety during pregnancy or breastfeeding is unclear. Use is not recommended with liver problems. Carvedilol is a nonselective beta blocker and alpha-1 blocker. How it improves outcomes is not entirely clear but may involve dilation of blood vessels. Carvedilol is indicated in the management of congestive heart failure (CHF), commonly as an adjunct to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitors) and diuretics. It has been clinically shown to reduce mortality and hospitalizations in people with CHF. The mechanism behind its positive effect when used long-term in clinically stable CHF patients is not fully understood, but is thought to contribute to remodeling of the heart, improving upon its structure and function. In addition, carvedilol is indicated in the treatment of hypertension and to reduce risk of mortality and hospitalizations in a subset of people following a heart attack. It can be used alone or with other anti-hypertensive agents. According to the FDA, carvedilol should not be used in people with bronchial asthma or bronchospastic conditions. It should not be used in people with second- or third-degree AV block, sick sinus syndrome, severe bradycardia (unless a permanent pacemaker is in place), or a decompensated heart condition. People with severe hepatic impairment are also advised to not take carvedilol. Carvedilol has been reported in low dose to result in resolution and long-term remission of the red scrotum syndrome.

* CASIN is a CDC42 factor inhibitor. Hematopoietic stem cells detect infectious agents themselves and begin to divide -- that is, without signals from growth factors. This direct production of defensive cells damages hematopoiesis in the long term, however, which could lead to malignant hematopoietic stem cell diseases at advanced age. HSCs are stem cells that originate in the bone marrow and generate all of the body's red and white blood cells and platelets. They are an essential support mechanism of blood cells and the immune system. As humans and other species age, HSCs become more numerous but less effective at regenerating blood cells and immune cells. This makes older people more susceptible to infections and disease, including leukemia. A pharmacologic inhibitor of Cdc42, CASIN, can reduce the protein's activity in the cells. The improved structural organization, increased polarity and restored functionality in the older cells to levels found in young cells. HSCs rejuvenated by targeting Cdc42 do function similarly to young stem cells. CASIN reduces active levels of Cdc42 in aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to that in young HSCs. Reverses the aging-related and polarity phenotype of aged HSCs to that of young HSCs in vivo. Increases histone H4K16 acetylation in aged HSCs.

* Caspofungin is a lipopeptide antifungal drug. It is a member of a new class of antifungals termed the echinocandins. It works by inhibiting the enzyme (1→3)-beta-D-glucan synthase and thereby disturbing the integrity of the fungal cell wall. Caspofungin is indicated against presumed fungal infections in febrile, neutropenic adult patients and in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis in adult patients whose disease is refractory to, or who are intolerant of, other antifungal agents (i.e., conventional or lipid formulations of amphotericin B and/or itraconazole). Additionally, is indicated for the treatment of candidemia, some specific Candida infections (intra-abdominal abscesses, peritonitis, pleural cavity infections, and esophagitis) and general invasive candidiasis in adult patients.

* Castor Oil has been used and recommended for its powerful medicinal and curative effects for centuries by physicians. Castor oil is extracted from the seeds of the castor oil plant (ricinus communis). Castor oil is a mild and effective laxative. Castor oil has been documented to discharge tape worms successfully. It can give immense relief from arthritis, back pain and general muscle aches and soreness. It cures sleeplessness and insomnia. Castor oil treats skin infections, relieves stomachaches and colic in babies and alleviates period pain and menstrual cramps. Castor oil shrinks swollen lymph nodes, hemorrhoids and, cures vaginal infections and urinary tract infections. In addition, relieves gallbladder pain, tootaches, aching feet and, boosts the immune system, increases lymphocytes. Castor oil drains and heals pilonidal cysts with little or no scarring. Castor oil softens skin naturally by penetrating the surface layers. By penetrating deeply into the skin, it can hydrate cells and prevent wrinkles. Castor oil cures acne and keeps the skin looking smooth, youthful and unlined. beside, breaks up external and internal scar tissue, and prevents new scars from forming. Castor oil soothes shingles, thickens eyelashes and eyebrows, prevents hair loss and regenerates hair. Castor oil keeps hair looking soft and shiny, softens thick calluses and removes corns, cures skin infections like athlete’s foot and ringworm, prevents stretch marks and, will remove moles, warts and age spots (liver spots).

* Catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one catalase molecule can convert millions of molecules of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen each second. Hydrogen peroxide is a harmful byproduct of many normal metabolic processes; to prevent damage to cells and tissues, it must be quickly converted into other, less dangerous substances. To this end, catalase is frequently used by cells to rapidly catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into less-reactive gaseous oxygen and water molecules. According to recent scientific studies, low levels of catalase may play a role in the graying process of human hair. Hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced by the body and catalase breaks it down. If catalase levels decline, hydrogen peroxide cannot be broken down as well. This allows the hydrogen peroxide to bleach the hair from the inside out. This finding may someday be incorporated into cosmetic treatments for graying hair.

* Cat-cathelicidins combines two cat's endogenous cathelicidins. Cathelicidins serve a critical role in mammalian innate immune defense against invasive bacterial infection.

* Catechin is a type of phytochemical which controls the harmful substances caused due to smoking and scavenger of indoor air pollutants.

* Cat-filaggrin factor FLG2 is a predicted sequence of the cat's specific filament-associated protein that binds to keratin fibers in epithelial cells. Filaggrin is essential for the regulation of epidermal homeostasis. Within the stratum corneum, filaggrin monomers can become incorporated into the lipid envelope, which is responsible for the skin barrier function. Alternatively, these proteins can interact with keratin intermediate filaments. Filaggrin undergoes further processing in the upper stratum corneum to release free amino acids that assist in water retention.

* Cathelicidin Peptide LL37 is anti-microbial peptide. LL-37 corresponds to aa 134-170 of the human cationic antimicrobial protein 18 (hCAP18). The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin protects the urinary tract against invasive bacterial infection. It plays an important role in the first line of defense against local infection and systemic invasion of pathogens at sites of inflammation and wounds. It showed potential antimicrobial activities against wide spectrum of microorganisms including Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, and fungi. It had similar antimicrobial abilities against both standard and clinically isolated drug-resistant strains. Cathelicidin-AM could rapidly exert its antibacterial activities.

* Cat-PAD is a cat peptide antigen desensitisation for treating cat allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.

* Cauda Equina Syndrome, also known as polyradiculopathy, is related to cauda equina neoplasm and cauda equina intradural extramedullary astrocytoma, and has symptoms including edema of spinal cord, radicular pain and pain in spine. An important gene associated with Cauda Equina Syndrome is DPYSL3 (Dihydropyrimidinase Like 3), and among its related pathways are Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes and BDNF signaling pathway. Affiliated tissues include spinal cord, b cells and bone, and related mouse phenotypes are hearing/vestibular/ear and limbs/digits/tail. A peripheral nervous system disease that involves an acute loss of function of the lumbar plexus, neurologic elements (nerve roots) of the spinal canal below the termination (conus) of the spinal cord.

* CBD3 peptide interferes with signals that navigate calcium channels to produce pain. Unlike other substances that block pain signals, CBD3 does not directly inhibit the influx of calcium. CBD3 blocks pain in a variety of acute as well as chronic pain models without respiratory distress, cardiac irregularities and other problems caused by addictive opioids.

* CBD3A6K peptide suppresses inflammatory and neuropathic behavioral hypersensitivity by inhibiting the ability of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2) to bind to N-type voltage-activated calcium channels (CaV2.2). CBD3A6K is more stable and less prone to the unfolding observed with the parent CBD3 peptide.

* CCG-203971 reduces the migration of melanoma cells by 85 to 90%. The small-molecule drug compound goes after a gene’s ability to produce RNA molecules and certain proteins in melanoma tumors. This gene activity causes the disease to spread but the compound can shut it down. It is an antifibrotic agent; inhibits fibrosis by targeting the MRTF/SRF gene transcription pathway. Selectively inhibits proliferation of SSc-derived dermal fibroblasts but not that of normal fibroblasts. Inhibits expression of CTGF, alpha-SMA, and COL1A2 in SSc fibroblasts as well as in LPA and in TGFbeta-stimulated fibroblasts. Prevents bleomycin-induced skin thickening and collagen deposition in vivo. Also suppresses PC-3 cell migration in scratch wound assays.

* Celastrol is a triterpenoid antioxidant compound isolated from the Chinese Thunder of God vine (T. wilfordii). In an isolated rat liver assay of lipid peroxidation, celastrol had an equivalent to about 15 times the antioxidant potency of alfa-tocopherol.

* Celebrex (right) plus Gabapentin (left). Celebrex is a COX-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is used to treat the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute pain in adults, painful menstruation, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in patients two years or older. Gabapentin is a medication used as an anticonvulsant and analgesic. Originally it was developed to treat epilepsy, and is currently used to relieve neuropathic pain and restless leg syndrome. It is recommended as a first line agent for the treatment of neuropathic pain arising from diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and central neuropathic pain.

* Cellulitis is related to wells syndrome and scleritis, and has symptoms including fever, pruritus and exanthema. An important gene associated with Cellulitis is TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Developmental Biology. The drugs Lincomycin and Clindamycin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, testes and breast, and related phenotypes are cellular and growth/size/body region. A bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the skin.

* Central Nervous System Disease, also known as central nervous system diseases, is related to meningitis and nervous system disease, and has symptoms including headache, hemiplegia and hyperexplexia. An important gene associated with Central Nervous System Disease is HAR1A (Highly Accelerated Region 1A Dysfunction Pattern: ), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Tuberculosis and Bacterial infections in CF airways. The drugs Ritonavir and Propofol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, spinal cord and testes, and related phenotypes are cellular and homeostasis/metabolism. A nervous system disease that affects either the spinal cord (myelopathy) or brain (encephalopathy) of the central nervous system.

* Centrobin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNTROB gene. It is a centriole-associated protein that asymmetrically localizes to the daughter centriole, and is required for centriole duplication and cytokinesis. Removal of the daughter-centriole specific protein Centrobin (CNB) allows daughter centrioles to serve as basal bodies. Thus CNB-depleted neurons present two cilia, the standard, which is templated by the mother centriole and a second one templated by the daughter centriole from which CNB has been removed. Conversely, mother centrioles engineered to carry CNB cannot function as basal bodies and, therefore, neurons modified this way cannot assemble cilia. In humans, the lack of cilia, or cilia that do not work well, are the cause of a long list of disorders, known as ciliopathies, which include polydactyly, obesity, respiratory dysfunction, hearing impairment, and many others.

* CEP290 factor, centrosomal protein of 290 kDa plays an important role in centrosome and cilia development. This gene is vital in the formation of the primary cilium, a small antenna-like projections of the cell membrane that plays an important role in the photoreceptors at the back of the retina (which detect light and color) and in the kidney, brain, and many other organs of the body. The discovery of the CEP290 gene has led researchers to find another gene critical in retinal function, LCA5. Clinical trials involving gene replacement of these two genes have started in Philadelphia, where researchers are hopeful that Leber Congenital Amaurosis will one day be cured. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Joubert syndrome and nephronophthisis, and recently with a frequent form of Leber's Congenital Amaurosis, called LCA10. The presence of antibodies against this protein is associated with several forms of cancer.

* CEPO or carbamylated erythropoietin is formed by the chemical modification of the amino acid lysine to homocitrulline. It changes the receptor-binding capability of the EPO molecule. CEPO has a half-life of 4–6 hours. It is now known that EPO receptors are present in human skeletal muscle and their expression is elevated in chronic limb ischemia (CLI). It has also been shown that nonhaematopoietic derivatives of EPO decrease inflammation and apoptosis of ischaemic myotubes and may thus be used to selectively enhance the tissue-protective activity of EPO whilst avoiding the haematopoietic side effects in CLI. CEPO improved motor behavior and reduced motoneuron loss and astrocyte and microglia activation in the cervical spinal cord of wobbler mice, an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but had no effect on hematocrit values. CEPO like the parent compound EPO, protected primary motoneuron cultures from kainate-induced death in vitro. Both EPO receptor and the common CD131 beta chain were expressed in cultured motoneurons and in the anterior horn of wobbler mice spinal cord. Research results strongly support a role for the common beta chain CD131 in the protective effect of EPO derivatives on motoneuron degeneration.

* Cerebellar Disease, also known as cerebellar diseases, related to cerebellar hypoplasia and mental retardation with or without quadrupedal locomotion 1 and leukodystrophy, adult-onset, autosomal dominant, and has symptoms including ataxia, back pain and cerebellar ataxia. An important gene associated with Cerebellar Disease is CACNA1A (Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Myometrial Relaxation and Contraction Pathways and Dopamine-DARPP32 Feedback onto cAMP Pathway. The drugs Clonidine and Estradiol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include cerebellum, brain and eye, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and nervous system. The cerebellum is the area of the brain that controls coordination and balance. problems with the cerebellum include cancer genetic disorders ataxias - failure of muscle control in the arms and legs that result in movement disorders degeneration.

* Cerebellar Disease, also known as cerebellar diseases, related to spinocerebellar ataxia 1 and spinocerebellar ataxia 2, and has symptoms including ataxia, back pain and cerebellar ataxia. An important gene associated with Cerebellar Disease is CACNA1A (Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Myometrial Relaxation and Contraction Pathways and Dopamine-DARPP32 Feedback onto cAMP Pathway. The drugs Clonidine and Estradiol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include cerebellum, brain and liver, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and nervous system. Damage to the cerebellum often causes motor-related symptoms, the details of which depend on the part of the cerebellum involved and how it is damaged.

* Cerebral Hypoxia, also known as brain hypoxia, is related to hypoxia and anoxia. An important gene associated with Cerebral Hypoxia is FOS (Fos Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit), and among its related pathways are PDGFR-alpha signaling pathway and Signal transduction by L1. Affiliated tissues include brain, endothelial and monocytes, and related mouse phenotypes are Decreased viability with paclitaxel and neoplasm. A condition in which there is a decrease of oxygen supply to the brain even though there is adequate blood flow.

* Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak, also known as spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak, liquorrhea CSF, is related to spontaneous intracranial hypotension and intracranial hypotension, and has symptoms including neuromuscular manifestations, neurobehavioral manifestations and vertigo. An important gene associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak is PTGDS (Prostaglandin D2 Synthase). Affiliated tissues include brain, pituitary and bone.

* Cerebrovascular Disease, also known as cerebrovascular disorders, is related to ischemic heart disease and arthritis, and has symptoms including headache, transient ischemic attacks, stereotypic symptoms and angina pectoris. An important gene associated with Cerebrovascular Disease is NOTCH3 (Notch 3), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors and Binding and Uptake of Ligands by Scavenger Receptors. The drugs Rivastigmine and Amiloride have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, heart and testes, and related phenotypes are Decreased free cholesterol and Increased LDL uptake. An artery disease that is characterized by dysfunction of the blood vessels supplying the brain.

* Certolizumab pegol is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), for the treatment of Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

* Ceruletide Peptide also known as cerulein or caerulein, is a ten amino acid oligopeptide that stimulates smooth muscle and increases digestive secretions. Ceruletide is similar in action and composition to cholecystokinin. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction. It is used to induce pancreatitis in experimental animal models. Caerulein appears to be an effective agent in relieving biliary colic through a relaxation of Oddi's sphincter, and may be used in ultrasound differential diagnostics of terminal bile duct obstruction. Caerulein relieved renal colic in 75% of the examined patients; it is suggested that the effect of caerulein in this syndrome is due to central analgesic action.

* Cethrin inhibits ROCK, a signaling master switch that, when activated, triggers cell death and increases damage after SCI (Spinal Cord Injury). Tests in animals with SCI have found that Cethrin inhibits cell death and promotes neural regeneration. The Nogo Receptor 1 gene is required to suppress high levels of plasticity in the adolescent brain and create the relatively quiescent levels of plasticity in adulthood. In mice without this gene, juvenile levels of brain plasticity persist throughout adulthood. When researchers blocked the function of this gene in old mice, they reset the old brain to adolescent levels of plasticity.

* Cetuximab is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck cancer.

* CH223191 significantly reduces obesity and adiposity and ameliorates liver steatosis in male C57Bl/6J mice fed a Western diet. The AHR with its broad ligand binding specificity is a promising candidate for a potentially simple therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated complications. ( Moyer, Benjamin J. Inhibition of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor prevents Western diet-induced obesity. Model for AHR activation by kynurenine via oxidized-LDL, TLR2/4, TGFβ, and IDO1.

* Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, is related to charcot-marie-tooth disease, demyelinating, type 1a and charcot-marie-tooth disease and deafness, and has symptoms including seizures, tremor and back pain. An important gene associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease is MPZ (Myelin Protein Zero), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and COPI-independent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic. The drugs Lidocaine and Prednisolone phosphate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Peripheral Nervous System, brain and spinal cord, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and cardiovascular system. A neuromuscular disease that is characterized by a slowly progressive degeneration of the muscles of the foot, lower leg, hand and forearm.

* CHCHD10 factor-related disorders include Frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 (FTDALS2) is a neurodegenerative disorder with high intrafamilial variation with phenotypes such as frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Frontotemporal dementia is characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. Patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is characterized by the death of motor neurons in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord, resulting in fatal paralysis. Spinal muscular atrophy, Jokela type (SMAJ) is an autosomal dominant, slowly progressive, lower motor neuron disease. SMAJ is characterized by adult-onset of muscle cramps and fasciculations affecting the proximal and distal muscles of the upper and lower limbs. The disorder results in weakness and mild muscle atrophy later in life. Myopathy, isolated mitochondria l, autosomal dominant (IMMD) is a mitochondrial myopathy presenting with severe exercise intolerance, progressive proximal weakness, and lactic acidemia. The disorder is slowly progressive, with later involvement of facial muscles, muscles of the upper limbs, and distal muscles. Mutations in CHCHD10 has also been found to be associated with cerebellar ataxia, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and other mitochondrial diseases.

* Chenodeoxycholic acid has been used as medical therapy to dissolve gallstones. Medical therapy with oral bile acids has been used in patients who have small cholesterol stones, and for patients with larger cholesterol gallstones who are unable or reluctant to have surgery. CDCA treatment can cause diarrhea, mild reversible hepatic injury, and a small increase in the plasma cholesterol level. CDCA can be used in the treatment of cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis. CDCA has been used in several other conditions. As diarrhea is frequent when CDCA is used in gallstone dissolution, it has been studied as a possible treatment for constipation and has been shown to accelerate colonic transit and improve bowel function.

* CHIR-99021, an AMPK activator led to the mobilization of resident mesenchymal stem cells in the tooth pulp that had been exposed via the drilling of holes in mice molars. This GSK3beta inhibitor-induced stem cell mobilization promoted a natural process of reparative dentin formation that completely restored dentin, leading the authors to conclude that stimulation of mesenchymal stem cell mobilization and differentiation into odontoblast-like cells may represent a novel approach to clinical tooth restoration.

* CHIR99021-Metformin. AMPK activators Metformin and CHIR99021 improve gut bacteria in humans, Fragile X, promote inner ear, dental pulp, cancer stem cell differentiation. AMPK activation links the amelioration of pathological cellular defects in Fragile X Syndrome and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome with the gut microbiota, HIV-1 latency, adult and cancer stem cells, learning and memory, and the creation of all human life.

* CHIR99021-Valproic acid, both of which activate AMPK, significantly expanded cochlear supporting cells (i.e. “inner ear stem cells”) that expressed and maintained the epithelial stem cell marker Lgr5. Treatment with CHIR and VPA also led to the differentiation of Lgr5-expressing cells into hair cells in high yield, providing additional evidence that AMPK activation promotes differentiation of adult stem cells including inner ear stem cells, possibly leading to treatments for hearing loss. Interestingly, the authors demonstrated in a previous study that CHIR and VPA also promoted the multilineage differentiation of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells into mature enterocytes, goblet cells and Paneth cells. AMPK activation has also been shown to improve gut epithelial differentiation and metformin increases goblet and Paneth cell differentiation from intestinal epithelial cells, further indicating that AMPK activation likely represents a common mechanism of action linking structurally dissimilar compounds that enhance inner ear and intestinal stem cell maintenance and differentiation.

* Chlorine dioxide is a relatively simple remedy to heal various diseases. Chlorine dioxide attacks microbes and parasites. But it doesn’t go against the bacteria which we need for our own life. After the input into our body no poisonous residues are left behind. Chlorine dioxide kills pathogens on food and in the human body with oxygen. The only thing which is left over is a small amount of salt. Chlorine dioxide is also applied to sterilize red blood cells. Doing this it was possible to kill several HIV-1 cells. It can be used to cure almost any infectious disease including malaria, dengue, herpes, AIDs, and more. Like ozone and chlorine, chlorine dioxide is an oxidizing biocide and not a metabolic toxin. This means that chlorine dioxide kills microorganisms by disruption of the transport of nutrients across the cell wall, not by disruption of a metabolic process. Chlorine dioxide is a molecule which is being suggested for use against infections and cancer which are associated with microbes. This includes melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and breast cancer.

* Chlorophyll helps control hunger and cravings, controls body odor, encourages healing, promotes cleansing, protects DNA against fried foods, has a potent antioxidant action, a promising potential for cancer therapy, it is effective against candida albicans, relieves systemic redness and swelling, and promotes healthy iron levels. The recording presents chlorophylls A, B, C1 and C2.

* CHM factor encodes rab escort protein 1 also known as rab proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A 1. Mutations in this gene are a cause of choroideremia; also known as tapetochoroidal dystrophy (TCD). This X-linked disease is characterized by progressive dystrophy of the choroid, retinal pigment epithelium and retina.

* Cholecystokinin peptide (CCK-33) causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.

* Cholecystokinin preproprotein (CCK) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system that is responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. It's synthesised by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine and secreted in the duodenum.

* Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) acts primarily in the brain as an anxiogenic, CCK-4 reliably causes severe anxiety symptoms when administered to humans and is commonly used in scientific research to induce panic attacks for the purpose of testing new anxiolytic drugs.

* Cholestyramine is a bile acid sequestrant, which binds bile in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent its reabsorption. It is a strong ion exchange resin, which means it can exchange its chloride anions with anionic bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract and bind them strongly in the resin matrix. The functional group of the anion exchange resin is a quaternary ammonium group attached to an inert styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer. Cholestyramine removes bile acids from the body by forming insoluble complexes with bile acids in the intestine, which are then excreted in the feces. As a result of this loss of bile acids, more plasma cholesterol is converted to bile acids in the liver to normalise levels. This conversion of cholesterol into bile acids lowers plasma cholesterol levels. Bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine were first used to treat hypercholesterolemia, but since the introduction of statins, now have only a minor role for this indication. They can also be used to treat the pruritus, or itching, that often occurs during liver failure and other types of cholestasis where the ability to eliminate bile acids is reduced. Cholestyramine is commonly used to treat diarrhea resulting from bile acid malabsorption. Colestyramine is also used in the control of other types of bile acid diarrhea.

* Chondrocalcinosis gene therapy, deals with visible calcification of cartilage (both hyaline and fibrocartilage) which is thought to increase with age. Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPDD), chondrocalcinosis, pseudogout are alternative names that emphasize particular aspects of the clinical or radiographic findings. In theory, any joint may be affected of calcification of hyaline and/or fibrocartilage (knees, wrists, hip, spinal cord, fingers, toes). Calcium pyrophosphate crystal depositions may cause bone spurs, joint inflammation, synovitis, pain and raised white cell count. MV-related proteins involved in regulation of skeletal mineralisation during growth and aging, ALPL, ENPP1, ANKH, PHOSPHO1, and OPN also play a prominent role in mineral deposition. Common prevention and treatment drug frequencies are included in the recording.
In playing order, ANKH (5m), ENPP1 (5m), OPN (3m), PHOSPHO1 iso 3 (2m), PHOSPHO1 iso 2 (2m), PHOSPHO1 iso1 (2m), Methotrexate (1m), Colchicine (1m), ALPL (3m), Hydroxychloroquine (1m).

* Chondroitin, glucosamine and methylsulfonylmethane, or MSM, is used to support healthy joints and to reduce pain in those with osteoarthritis and other inflammatory joint problems. Chondroitin is a major constituent of the connective tissue in your body known as cartilage, which helps cushion your joints and prevent your bones from rubbing against each other. Chondroitin absorbs water and other fluids, which helps keep your cartilage hydrated and healthy. Like chondroitin, glucosamine is produced naturally in your body and plays a role in joint health. It helps build and repair cartilage that connects the joints. Glucosamine possesses anti-inflammatory properties. MSM is a sulfur-containing compound that helps support tendons and muscles.

* Chondromalacia patellae, Patella, Chondromalacia of, also known as chondromalacia patellae, is related to chondromalacia and brain stem angioblastoma, and has symptoms including abnormality of the patella An important gene associated with Patella, Chondromalacia of is EGR3 (Early Growth Response 3), and among its related pathways are ECM-receptor interaction and ECM proteoglycans. Affiliated tissues include bone, and related mouse phenotypes are Increased Nanog expression and Increased gamma-H2AX phosphorylation. An inflammation of the underside of the patella and softening of the cartilage.

* Chronic Conjunctivitis, also known as chronic conjunctivitis, unspecified, is related to asthma and simple chronic conjunctivitis. An important gene associated with Chronic Conjunctivitis is FCER2 (Fc Fragment Of IgE Receptor II), and among its related pathways are Inflammatory Response Pathway and IL12 signaling mediated by STAT4. Affiliated tissues include eye, thyroid and bone, and related mouse phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and hematopoietic system.

* Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis, is related to personality disorder and ulcerative colitis, and has symptoms including back pain, fatigue and fever. An important gene associated with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is RNASEL (Ribonuclease L), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cytokine Signaling in Immune system and PAK Pathway. The drugs Dopamine and Sodium oxybate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lymph node, testes and prostate, and related phenotypes are Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor) and behavior/neurological. A syndrome that involves prolonged and severe tiredness or weariness that is unrelated to exertion, is not relieved by rest and for a minimum of six months and is not directly caused by other conditions.

* Chronic Follicular Conjunctivitis is related to chlamydia and conjunctivitis. An important gene associated with Chronic Follicular Conjunctivitis is IL1A (Interleukin 1 Alpha), and among its related pathways/superpathways are IL-1 Family Signaling Pathways and Necroptosis. Affiliated tissues include eye, lung and brain, and related phenotypes are Decreased Tat-dependent HIV-LTR-beta-galactosidase protein expression and neoplasm. A type of conjunctivitis characterized by pinkish round bodies in the retrotarsal fold.

* Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy, also known as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, is related to demyelinating polyneuropathy and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. An important gene associated with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy is HP (Haptoglobin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and L1CAM interactions. The drugs Antibodies and gamma-Globulins have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include t cells, bone and skin, and related phenotypes are areflexia and unsteady gait. A neurological disorder that causes progressive weakness and impaired sensory function in the legs and arms.

* Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy, also known as polyradiculoneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating, is related to hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy and neuropathy, hereditary, with liability to pressure palsies. An important gene associated with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy is MPZ (Myelin Protein Zero), and among its related pathways/superpathways are TGF-Beta Pathway and Allograft rejection. The drugs Rho(D) Immune Globulin and gamma-Globulins have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include spinal cord, t cells and skin, and related phenotypes are cellular and homeostasis/metabolism. An autoimmune disorder, in which the myelin sheaths (the fatty covering on the fibers that insulate and protect the bodyâs nerves) are attacked by the bodies immune system.

* Chronic Pain, also known as pain - chronic, is related to cervicitis and chronic pain requiring intraspinal analgesia. An important gene associated with Chronic Pain is PTGS2 (Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2), and among its related pathways are Celecoxib Pathway, Pharmacodynamics and Photodynamic therapy-induced NF-kB survival signaling. Affiliated tissues include spinal cord, brain and testes, and related mouse phenotypes are integument and endocrine/exocrine gland. A pain that lasts a long time.

* Chronic Tic Disorder, also known as chronic motor or vocal tic disorder, is related to tic disorder and cytokine deficiency, and has symptoms including symptoms and recurrent muscle twitches (symptom). An important gene associated with Chronic Tic Disorder is DRD4 (Dopamine Receptor D4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Regulation of IFNA signaling and Immune response Fc epsilon RI pathway. The drugs Aripiprazole and Dopamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, colon and b cells, and related phenotype is homeostasis/metabolism. A tic disorder that is characterized by single or multiple motor or phonic tics, but not both, which are present for more than a year.

* Chronic Ulcer of Skin, also known as chronic wounds, is related to decubitus ulcer and pyoderma gangrenosum. An important gene associated with Chronic Ulcer of Skin is FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Pathways in cancer and Degradation of the extracellular matrix. The drugs Coal tar and Alginic acid have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, bone and testes, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and neoplasm. A sore on the skin or a mucous membrane, accompanied by the disintegration of tissue.

* Chronic Venous Insufficiency is related to peripheral artery disease and venous insufficiency. An important gene associated with Chronic Venous Insufficiency is ITGA4 (Integrin Subunit Alpha 4), and among its related pathways are Dissolution of Fibrin Clot and African trypanosomiasis. Affiliated tissues include kidney, liver and endothelial, and related mouse phenotypes are neoplasm and respiratory system. A medical condition in which the veins cannot pump enough blood back to the heart. The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux. As functional venous valves are required to provide for efficient blood return from the lower extremities, this condition typically affects the legs.

* Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers is related to chronic venous insufficiency and venous insufficiency. An important gene associated with Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers is TIMP1 (TIMP Metallopeptidase Inhibitor 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Apoptotic Pathways in Synovial Fibroblasts and ERK Signaling. The drugs Laxatives and Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, testes and bone, and related phenotypes are Reduced mammosphere formation and Decreased Salmonella-containing vacuole maturation. Wounds that are thought to occur due to improper functioning of venous valves, usually of the legs (hence leg ulcers). They are the major occurrence of chronic wounds, occurring in 70% to 90% of leg ulcer cases.

* Cibinetide is an experimental drug developed to treat sarcoidosis induced small fiber neuropathy. It also improves metabolic control and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes.

* Cilostazol is a quinolinone-derivative medication used in the alleviation of the symptom of intermittent claudication in individuals with peripheral vascular disease. It inhibits platelet aggregation and is a direct arterial vasodilator. Its main effects are dilation of the arteries supplying blood to the legs and decreasing platelet coagulation. Cilostazol is also frequently used off-label, at the same dose, for treatment of intracranial atherosclerosis and secondary stroke prevention.

* CJC-1295-DAC peptide is a long acting GHRH analog. Growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF or GHRF) or somatocrinin. In addition, GHRH also promotes slow-wave sleep. It is also known as deep sleep which is the part of sleep responsible for maximum muscle growth and memory retention level. Also it is beneficial in treating visceral fat deposits in obese AIDS patients and increasing levels of exogenous HGH to increase fat loss.

* Clascoterone is an antiandrogen medication which is under development for the treatment of acne and scalp hair loss in both males and females. It is given as a cream by application to the skin, for instance the face and scalp. Clascosterone is an antiandrogen, or antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. It shows no systemic absorption when applied to skin. A pilot clinical trial in 2011 of men treated with topical clascoterone 1% cream for acne found that the medication significantly reduced symptoms of acne and was well tolerated. Moreover, its effectiveness was significantly greater than that of the active comparator, tretinoin 0.05% cream. In a bioassay, the topical potency of the medication was greater than that of progesterone, flutamide, and finasteride and was equivalent to that of cyproterone acetate. Likewise, it is significantly more efficacious as an antiandrogen than other AR antagonists such as enzalutamide and spironolactone in scalp dermal papilla cells and sebocytes in vitro. In rodents, clascoterone has been found to possess strong local antiandrogenic activity, but negligible systemic antiandrogenic activity when administered via subcutaneous injection. Along these lines, the medication is not progonadotropic in animals.

* Clomifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) useful in those who are infertile due to anovulation or oligoovulation. Clomifene has become the most widely prescribed drug for ovulation induction to reverse anovulation or oligoovulation. Evidence is lacking for the use of clomifene in those who are infertile without a known reason.

* Clostridium histolyticum collagenase is an enzyme produced by the bacterium Clostridium histolyticum that dismantles collagen. It is used for the treatment of Dupuytren’s contracture and Peyronie’s disease. It is also used in the treatment of skin ulcers and sever burns, collagenase is able to digest collagen in necrotic tissue at physiological pH by hydrolyzing the peptide bonds of undenatured and denatured collagen. Collagenase thus contributes towards the formation of granulation tissue and subsequent epithelization of dermal ulcers and severely burned areas. The action of collagenase may remove substrates necessary for bacterial proliferation or may permit antibodies, leukocytes, and antibiotics better access to the infected area.

* CLP290 reactivates dormant nerves and, restores inhibition in injured spinal cord which leads to functional recovery. CLP290 is known to activate a protein called KCC2, found in cell membranes, which transports chloride out of neurons. After spinal cord injury, inhibitory neurons produce dramatically less KCC2. As a result, investigators found, they can’t properly respond to inhibitory signals from the brain. Instead, they respond only to excitatory signals that tell them to keep firing. And since these neurons’ own signals are inhibitory, the result is too much inhibitory signaling in the local spinal circuit. Bottom line: The brain’s commands telling the limbs to move aren’t relayed. By restoring KCC2, with either CLP290 or genetic techniques, the inhibitory neurons can again process inhibitory signals from the brain, so they fire less. This shifts the overall circuit back toward excitation, the researchers found, making it more responsive to input from the brain. This had the effect of reanimating spinal circuits disabled by the injury.

* Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency Disease, also known as coenzyme q10 deficiency, is related to coenzyme q10 deficiency, primary, 4 and coenzyme q10 deficiency, primary, 1, and has symptoms including cataract, hyperextensible skin and intellectual disability. An important gene associated with Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency Disease is COQ2 (Coenzyme Q2, Polyprenyltransferase), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Metabolism and Ubiquinol biosynthesis. The drugs Menthol and Simvastatin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include kidney, brain and skin, and related phenotype is adipose tissue. A mitochondrial metabolism disease that is characterized by a deficiency of CoQ10 resulting from reduced biosynthesis.

* COG1410, a small molecule ApoE-mimetic peptide facilitates behavioral recovery and provides neuroprotection after traumatic brain injuries. COG1410 significantly reduces the size of the injury cavity, the number of degenerating neurons in the frontal cortex and, appears to block the development of significant behavioral deficits and reduced tissue loss. COG1410 also reduces airways neutrophilia thus providing anti-inflammatory efficacy against innate immune responses in the airway.

* Cogpep peptide. Cogpep targets the ABCA1 transporter that improves the apoE - ABCA1 cooperation. Cogpep helps prevent cognitive impairment, decrease tau hyperphosphorylation, decrease neuronal amyloid Beta, increase (VGLUT1) and neurogenesis, increase ApoE receptor 2 (LRP8). It may also help in reducing the severity of Multiple Sclerosis, reverse arterial stiffness assocated with Preeclampsia at late pregnancy and early postpartum and, as an anti-atherosclerotic. ApoE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and is also over-represented in many other dementias including Parkinson's dementia, fronto-temporal dementia and traumatic brain injury suggesting a general metabolic culprit - lipid transport. ApoE4-driven dementia is found in approximately 60% of Alzheimer's patients and more than 2.5 million patients in the USA alone. The risk in apoE4 homozygote carriers is extra severe and increasing the likelihood to develop Alzheimer’s disease 12-fold. Recent data shows that apoE4 compared to apoE2 and apoE3 has impaired cooperation with its lipidation protein, the ATP Binding Cassette-A1 (ABCA1).

* Colivelin is an hybrid peptide synthesized to potentiate the neuroprotective effect of humanin (HN). Colivelin completely suppresses cell death induced by overexpressed Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD)-causative genes and beta-amyloid (1-43). It also suppresses memory impairment and might serve as a novel drug candidate for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

* Collagen Disease, also known as collagen diseases, is related to diffuse scleroderma and disseminated eosinophilic collagen disease. An important gene associated with Collagen Disease is COL1A1 (Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain), and among its related pathways are Inflammatory Response Pathway and Binding and Uptake of Ligands by Scavenger Receptors. The drugs prednisolone pwdr and prednisone pwdr have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, liver and endothelial, and related mouse phenotypes are cardiovascular system and respiratory system. Diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue.

* Collagen Type-17A1 has been noted by scientists as beneficial to keep skin “intact and unimpaired” through the process of cell competition. COL17A1 encourages cell competition by driving out weak cells and revitalizing stronger cells toward replication, and in the process, maintaining tissue fitness. Stem cells with higher potential or quality are thus selected for homeostasis, but their eventual loss of COL17A1 limits their competition, thereby causing ageing. The resultant hemidesmosome fragility and stem cell delamination deplete adjacent melanocytes and fibroblasts to promote skin ageing. Conversely, the forced maintenance of COL17A1 rescues skin organ ageing, thereby indicating potential angles for anti-ageing therapeutic intervention. The recording includes the sound frequency of COL17A1 and Hydroxytyrosol -for Vitamin C support.

* Collagen types 1 to 5. Collagen refers to a family of proteins that are the primary structural component of connective tissues, such as skin and cartilage. The substance makes up about a third of all the protein in the human body, more than any other type of protein in the body by mass. Collagen is responsible for several biological functions, one of which is to provide structural support in connective tissue, muscle, and skin. Collagen is the protein responsible for skin elasticity. It also plays a role in joint and bone health. Human bodies create collagen naturally. Over time, however, the production of this protein slows down.
Notes:
-The hydroxylase enzymes to synthetize collagen require vitamin C as a cofactor, a long-term deficiency in this vitamin results in impaired collagen synthesis and scurvy. These hydroxylation reactions are catalyzed by two different enzymes: prolyl-4-hydroxylase and lysyl-hydroxylase. Vitamin C also serves with them in inducing these reactions. In this service, one molecule of vitamin C is destroyed for each H replaced by OH.
-Hydroxyproline is a major component of the protein collagen, comprising roughly 13.5% of mammalian collagen. Hydroxyproline and proline play key roles for collagen stability.
-Use the recordings one at a time for a few days before going to the next.

* Colon Adenoma, also known as adenomatous polyp of colon, is related to colorectal cancer and familial adenomatous polyposis 4. An important gene associated with Colon Adenoma is GSTT2 (Glutathione S-Transferase Theta 2 (Gene/Pseudogene)), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Nanog in Mammalian ESC Pluripotency and Development HGF signaling pathway. The drugs Erythromycin and Adjuvants, Anesthesia have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include colon, testes and eye, and related phenotypes are Increased cell death HMECs cells and cardiovascular system. A colonic benign neoplasm that has material basis in epithelial tissue with glandular origin.

* Colonic Disease, also known as colonic diseases, is related to functional colonic disease and fallopian tube clear cell adenocarcinoma, and has symptoms including abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea. An important gene associated with Colonic Disease is NOD2 (Nucleotide Binding Oligomerization Domain Containing 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cytokine Signaling in Immune system and Prolactin Signaling Pathway. The drugs Bisacodyl and Benzocaine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include colon, liver and testes, and related phenotypes are Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2) and behavior/neurological.

* Commensal Bacterial Infectious Disease is related to inclusion conjunctivitis and pertussis. An important gene associated with Commensal Bacterial Infectious Disease is DPT (Dermatopontin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Allograft rejection and NF-KappaB Family Pathway. A bacterial infectious disease that results in infection by bacteria which are part of the normal human flora when one or more of the defense mechanisms designed to restrict them from the usually sterile internal tissues are breached by accident, by intent (surgery), or by an underlying metabolic or an infectious disorder.

* Common Cold, also known as acute nasopharyngitis [common cold], is related to myocardial infarction and asthma, and has symptoms including coughing, fever and pruritus. An important gene associated with Common Cold is CCL11 (C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 11), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. The drugs Montelukast and Ethanol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, testes and bone, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and homeostasis/metabolism. An upper respiratory tract disease which involves inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, eyes, and eustachian tubes with watery then purulent discharge. This is an acute contagious disease caused by rhinoviruses, human parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, or metapneumovirus.

* Common Wart is related to measles and mycobacterium abscessus, and has symptoms including raised wart. An important gene associated with Common Wart is CLEC7A (C-Type Lectin Domain Containing 7A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Activated TLR4 signalling. The drugs Miconazole and Salicylic acid have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, skin and kidney, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and immune system. A viral infectious disease that results in infection located in skin, has material basis in human papillomavirus (types 2 and 4). This infection has symptom raised wart with roughened surface, most common on hands, but can grow anywhere on the body.

* Compound 21 (C21) is the first potent and selective agonist of angiotensin AT2 receptors, preventing endothelial inflammation and leukocyte adhesion in vitro and in vivo. AT2 Agonist C21 prevents cognitive decline after permanent stroke in aged animals. AT2 Agonist C21 attenuates pulmonary inflammation in a model of acute lung injury. AT2 Agonist C21 attenuates the Progression of Lung Fibrosis and Pulmonary Hypertension in an Experimental Model of Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury. C21 has also shown a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic potential in various diseases including heart failure, myocardial infarction, chronic inflammatory diseases, and neurological diseases such as ischemic stroke. A pool of evidences suggest that C21, either alone or in combination with angiotensin receptor blockers such as Telmisartan could be extremely beneficial in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, a chronic inflammatory condition sharing its pathogenesis with aforementioned diseases. Pulmonary fibrosis, which is a hardening of the tissues of the lung that prevents its proper functioning is one of the long-term effects that Covid-19 could leave.

* Conantokin-G is a NR2B-selective, competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor. Blocks NMDA-evoked current in mouse cortical neurons; also inhibits NMDA-evoked responses in oocytes expressing N2RB, but not NR2A, subunits. Exhibits neuroprotective properties in vivo and in vitro.

* Conantokin-R is a potent, non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist that has been suggested to have NR2 subunit selectivity. Inhibits inward currents evoked by NMDA in central nervous system neurons and exhibits broad anticonvulsant and antiparkinsonian activity in vivo at doses devoid of behavioral toxicity.

* Conantokin-T is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. Inhibits Ca2+ influx and glutamate-induced toxicity in central nervous system neurons. Exhibits age-dependent physiological effects; induces a sleep-like state in young mice and hyperactivity in older mice.

* Congestive Heart Failure, also known as heart failure, is related to pulmonary edema and orthostatic intolerance, and has symptoms including tremor, angina pectoris and edema. An important gene associated with Congestive Heart Failure is MIR21 (MicroRNA 21), and among its related pathways/superpathways are MicroRNAs in cancer and Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The drugs Sodium Citrate and Furosemide have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Adipose and Lateral Plate Mesoderm, and related phenotype is muscle. A heart disease that is characterized by any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body.

* Conjunctivitis, also known as madras eye, is related to giant papillary conjunctivitis and papillary conjunctivitis, and has symptoms including bloodshot eye, conjunctival congestion and redness of eye. An important gene associated with Conjunctivitis is PLG (Plasminogen), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. The drugs Oralair and Bepotastine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, testes and skin, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and immune system. A conjunctival disease characterized by an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the outermost layer of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.

* Conjunctivochalasis is related to superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis and pulmonary emphysema. An important gene associated with Conjunctivochalasis is MMP3 (Matrix Metallopeptidase 3), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and GPCR Pathway. The drugs Hyaluronic acid and Ephedrine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, testes and thyroid, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and homeostasis/metabolism. A common eye surface condition characterized by the presence of excess folds of the conjunctiva located between the globe of the eye and the eyelid margin. Symptoms range from dry eye, epiphora, and irritation, to localized pain, foreign body sensation, subconjunctival hemorrhage, and ulceration.

* Connective Tissue Disease, also known as connective tissue diseases, is related to lipodermatosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, and has symptoms including sciatica, muscle cramp and back pain. An important gene associated with Connective Tissue Disease is FBN1 (Fibrillin 1), and among its related pathways are Legionellosis and Pertussis. Affiliated tissues include bone, skin and lung, and related mouse phenotypes are renal/urinary system and embryo. A musculoskeletal system disease that affects tissues such as skin, tendons, and cartilage. The recording plays only the pathways, other related genes are not included.

* Constipation is related to hypoganglionosis and hirschsprung disease 1. An important gene associated with Constipation is RET (Ret Proto-Oncogene), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Signaling by GPCR and Peptide ligand-binding receptors. The drugs Naloxone and Oxycodone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lung, colon and breast, and related phenotypes are Decreased viability and Decreased viability. A bowel dysfunction that is characterized by infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces.

* Contact Dermatitis, also known as contact dermatitis/eczema, is related to palladium allergic contact dermatitis and nickel allergic contact dermatitis, and has symptoms including pruritus and exanthema. An important gene associated with Contact Dermatitis is FLG (Filaggrin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and ERK Signaling. The drugs Bacitracin and Bronopol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, skin and t cells, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and cellular. A type of inflammation of the skin.

* Conversion Disorder, also known as hysterical neurosis, conversion type, is related to frontonasal dysplasia 1 and psychogenic movement, and has symptoms including waxy flexibility An important gene associated with Conversion Disorder is COMT (Catechol-O-Methyltransferase), and among its related pathways/superpathways is Biogenic Amine Synthesis. The drugs Ranibizumab and Triamcinolone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, brain and cortex, and related phenotypes are endocrine/exocrine gland and respiratory system. A somatoform disorder that involves numbness, blindness, paralysis or fits without a neurological cause.

* Copper peptides Iamin, Folligen, AHK and GHK. Copper functions as an antioxidant, ridding the body of the harmful negatively charged particles and protecting cells from damage. Copper also promotes the production of collagen, the main component of connective tissues including muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones and skin. Copper also helps the body produce healthy red blood cells, therefore preventing anemia, and plays a role in nerves and immune system. Each item plays for three minutes twelve seconds.
In order, AHK, GHK, Folligen, AHK, Iamin.

* Cordycepin has potential to relieve the symptoms of osteoarthritis. Cordycepin can prevent pain occurring after an injury to a joint, and also relieve existing pain. Cordycepin blocks the inflammatory process that cause pain in osteoarthritis, but does so in a completely different way and at a different stage in the process to existing painkillers such as corticosteroids and non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen.

* Corticobasal Degeneration, also known as corticobasal syndrome, is related to pick disease and progressive supranuclear palsy-corticobasal syndrome. An important gene associated with Corticobasal Degeneration is MAPT (Microtubule Associated Protein Tau), and among its related pathways/superpathways are NFAT and Cardiac Hypertrophy and Development Slit-Robo signaling. The drugs Iodine and cadexomer iodine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include cortex, brain and tongue, and related phenotypes are Decreased viability with paclitaxel and behavior/neurological. A progressive neurological disorder characterized by nerve cell loss and atrophy (shrinkage) of multiple areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia.

* Covid-19 Emergency is a suggested first line of response in case of respiratory distress, intestinal inflammatory response, or both. The recording plays the sound frequency of Perftoran, an artificial blood product used as an antishock and anti-ischemic agent. Dioxygen to provide oxygen delivery, and FEG tripeptide which has activity against diseases characterized by over exuberant inflammatory responses such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome and other acute inflammatory diseases. Arthritis, sepsis, acute pancreatitis, asthma, acute respiratory inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease. Inhibits cardiac, pulmonary, and intestinal anaphylactic activity, and decreases pulmonary and pancreatic inflammation. To treat Covid-19 try the Pandemic Viral Infection at RT-MB 42.

* Covid-19 Prevention, a natural compunds Mix for 2019-nCoV. 2019-nCoV, a novel coronavirus, caused the pneumonia outbreak in China and continue to expand. The host receptor for 2019-nCoV Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the same as the host receptor of SARS-CoV. Targeting ACE2 holds the promise for preventing 2019-nCoV infection. Chinese Medicine herbs could be a valuable pool for identifying active compounds for treating infection of 2019-nCoV. In this study, we summarize several active compounds including Baicalin, Scutellarin, Hesperetin, Nicotinamine and Glycyrrhizin that could have potential anti-2019-nCoV effects, and we conduct molecular docking to predict their capacity for binding ACE2, which may subsequently prevent the 2019-nCoV infection. We propose that these selected compounds worth further investigation for preventing 2019-nCoV. (Chen, H.; Du, Q. Potential Natural Compounds for Preventing 2019-nCoV Infection. Preprints 2020, 2020010358)

* Covid-19 Vaccine. Plitidepsin is a chemical compound extracted from the ascidian Aplidium albicans. It is currently undergoing clinical trial testing as a Covid-19 vaccine. Plitidepsin is used and approved for hematologic cancer in Australia, pending approval in New Zealand, Taiwan and South Korea. Like all didemnin compounds, plitidepsin exhibits antitumor, antiviral and immunosuppressive activities. It shows promise in shrinking tumors in pancreatic, stomach, bladder, prostate cancers, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and multiple myeloma.

* C-Peptide has active properties. It binds to a membrane structure, probably a G-protein coupled membrane receptor, eliciting a rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and subsequent activation of at least two enzyme systems, Na+,K+ ATPase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).
C-peptide administration leads to increased blood flow in skeletal muscle and skin, diminished glomerular hyperfiltration, reduced urinary albumin excretion and improved nerve function in patients with type 1 diabetes who lack
C-peptide, but not in healthy subjects. It has therefore been proposed that it might have therapeutic potential in preventing some of the late complications of diabetes.
C-peptide reflects insulin secretion, and the amount of insulin secreted reflects the metabolic needs of the body, i.e. the degree of insulin sensitivity or insensitivity. The body becomes more resistant to insulin with the onset of puberty, and again later in life when insulin resistance increases because of weight gain or for other reasons. C-peptide secretion by a healthy pancreas thus reflects the insulin requirement of the body.

* CRF or Corticotropin-releasing factor is a potent and efficacious agent in protecting skin against experimental thermal injury. Inhibits the edema and protein extravasation produced by heat applied.

* CRL-40940 or Flmodafinil is one of the newest nootropic supplements based on the popular nootropic supplement, Modafinil. It has most of the same side effects and main effects associated with Modafinil. It can be used when the point is in staying awake for a comparatively long period of time. This is a supplement that really gives people a lot of energy, so it’s a good one for the people who are planning on staying awake all night long. If they’re just after a short-term boost and they still want to be able to go to sleep shortly afterward, than Flmodafinil might not be the best choice. This is going to keep people awake for much longer than a few hours. Often times, people can’t really get themselves to study or to complete a project well before the deadline because they have a difficult time pushing themselves to work. This could be due to a general lack of energy, or it could be due to the fact that a lot of people are suffering from emotional blocks that are preventing them from working. Taking Flmodafinil manages to remove or diminish a lot of those emotional blocks, giving people significantly more energy and allowing them to finish all of their projects.

* CRL-40941 (also known as fladrafinil and fluorafinil) is a eugeroic closely related to adrafinil and modafinil. It is the bis(p-fluoro) ring-substituted derivative of adrafinil. CRL40941 promotes alertness, attention, wakefulness, positive mood, and other parameters, particularly in the elderly. It also may be used in depression and psychomotor retardation. CRL-40941 was found to produce antiaggressive effects in animals, which adrafinil does not produce.

* Crotamiton is a drug that is used both as a scabicidal (for treating scabies) and as a general antipruritic (anti-itching drug). It is a prescription, lotion-based medicine that is applied to the whole body to get rid of the scabies parasite that burrows under the skin and causes itching. Crotamiton is toxic to the scabies mite, The mechanism of action of crotamiton as a general antipruritic was reported, in which crotamiton inhibits TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) channel that is expressed in the skin, primary sensory neurons, and so on. The most common side effect of crotamiton is skin irritation.

* CRTC1 factor is a novel discovered cellular mechanism involved in memory consolidation and a gene therapy which reverses the loss of memory in mice models with initial stages of Alzheimer's disease. The set of genes involved in memory consolidation coincided with the genes regulating a protein which also controls genes related to the metabolism of glucose and to cancer. The alteration of this group of genes could cause memory loss in the initial stages of Alzheimer's disease.

* Cryosim-3 is novel TRPM8 agonist which relieves dry eye discomfort. C3 is a selective and potent TRPM8 agonist without TRPV1 or TRPA1 activity. The dense neural network of the ocular surface, especially of the cornea, generates the signs and symptoms of DED, namely, redness and tearing, and irritation, itch, pain and dysesthesia such as feelings of grittiness, soreness, the presence of a foreign object, dryness, and eye fatigue. It is likely that TRPV1 transduces the signals of heat, irritation, and pain from the ocular surface. The role of TRPM8 is multifaceted. TRPM8 may be associated with the detection of “dryness” on the eye surface because it is activated by evaporative cooling and by hyperosmolar solutions. TRPM8 may also be a direct stimulator of tear secretion from the lacrimal gland.

* Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma, also known as cutaneous t-cell lymphoma, is related to sezary's disease and adult t-cell leukemia. An important gene associated with Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma is CTAGE1 (Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma-Associated Antigen 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PEDF Induced Signaling and Akt Signaling. The drugs Bexarotene and Methoxsalen have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include t cells, skin and bone, and related phenotypes are hematopoietic system and immune system. A group of disorders characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cancerous T-cells (a type of white blood cells) in the skin resulting in an itchy, red rash that can thicken or form a tumor.

* Cutis Laxa, also known as generalized elastolysis, is related to cutis laxa, autosomal dominant 2 and cutis laxa, ad, and has symptoms including cutis laxa, patent ductus arteriosus and hernia of the abdominal wall. An important gene associated with Cutis Laxa is FBLN5 (Fibulin 5), and among its related pathways are Arginine and proline metabolism and Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination). Affiliated tissues include skin, heart and lung, and related mouse phenotypes are integument and muscle. A skin disease characterized by skin that is loose, hanging, wrinkled and lacking in elasticity; it can also affect connective tissue in other parts of the body, including the heart, blood vessels, joints, intestines and lungs.

* Cynnamaldehyde is an organic compound ocurring naturally which gives cinnamon its flavor and odor. The essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 90% cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamaldehyde is a potent inducer of apoptosis via ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Some early evidence shows that cinnamaldehyde blocks formation of Tau protein aggregation into neurofibrillary tangles, a major pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Cinnamaldehyde has antimicrobial properties. Cinnamaldehyde is also a TRPA1 activator, and can excite a subset of sensory neurons that are mainly cold-sensitive neurons, to cause nociceptive behavior in mice. Cinnamaldehyde has been found to improve metabolic health by acting directly on adipocytes and inducing them to start burning energy through a process called thermogenesis. Scientists had previously observed that cinnamaldehyde appeared to protect mice against obesity and hyperglycemia, but the mechanisms underlying these effects were not well understood. Researchers are currently investigating cinnamaldehyde as a potential anti-obesity drug. Cynnamaldehyde also activates TMEM16A channels by elevating the intracellular concentrations of calcium ions. Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) mediate diverse physiology in cells, which play important roles in neuronal and cardiac excitability, transduction of nerves, contraction of smooth muscle, epithelial Cl − secretion and fertilization. Diseases including cystic fibrosis, asthma, hypertension, diarrhea, gastrointestinal hypomotility disorders and various cancers are involved in CaCCs dysfunction.

* CYP3A4 or cytochrome P450 3A4, is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine. Its purpose is to oxidize small foreign organic molecules (xenobiotics), such as toxins or drugs, so that they can be removed from the body. While many drugs are deactivated by CYP3A4, there are also some drugs which are activated by the enzyme. Some substances, such as grapefruit juice and some drugs, interfere with the action of CYP3A4. These substances will therefore either amplify or weaken the action of those drugs that are modified by CYP3A4.

* Cytoglobin CYGB is a ubiquitously expressed hexacoordinate hemoglobin that may facilitate diffusion of oxygen through tissues, scavenge nitric oxide or reactive oxygen species, or serve a protective function during oxidative stress.