Modern Medicine in Digital format

* Ibutamoren or MK-677 is a potent, long-acting, orally-active, selective, and non-peptide agonist of the ghrelin receptor and a growth hormone secretagogue, mimicking the growth hormone (GH)-stimulating action of the endogenous hormone ghrelin. It has been shown to increase the secretion of several hormones including GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and produces sustained increases in the plasma levels of these hormones without affecting cortisol levels. Ibutamoren has been shown to sustain activation of the GH–IGF-1 axis and to increase lean body mass with no change in total fat mass or visceral fat. It is under investigation as a potential treatment for reduced levels of these hormones, such as in children or elderly adults with growth hormone deficiency, and human studies have shown it to increase both muscle mass and bone mineral density, making it a promising potential therapy for the treatment of frailty in the elderly.

* IC-2 was identified as a potent small molecule inhibitor capable of inducing the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocytes. IC-2 potently induced hepatic differentiation of human bone marrow mononuclear cells which express CD90 and CD271. These cells were found to induce the highest production of urea and glycogen, important hepatocyte functions, in response to IC-2 treatment. CD90+ CD271+ cells also highly expressed albumin mRNA. IC-2, a small-molecule compound suppresses Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, and also suppresses liver fibrosis. Renal fibrosis compromises kidney function, and it is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD ultimately progresses to end-stage kidney disease that can be cured only by kidney transplantation. IC-2 suppresses the TGF-beta1-induced fibrogenic response of tubular epithelial cells and thus could be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of renal fibrosis. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are expected to have utility as a cell source in regenerative medicine. The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) contributes to metastasis, recurrence, and resistance to chemo/radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The novel derivative of small-molecule WNT inhibitor, IC-2, has the potential to suppress liver CSCs and can serve as a promising therapeutic agent to improve the prognosis of patients with HCC.

* Icariin has been shown to treat impotence and improve sexual function. It is a PDE5 inhibitor that enhances the production of bioactive nitric oxide, as well as mimicking the effects of testosterone. It also shows antioxidant, antidepressant and neuroprotective effects in animal studies, as well as stimulating osteoblast activity in bone tissue which has been linked to a possible therapeutic role in the treatment of osteoporosis.

* Icatibant-Hymecrome. Icatibant is a medication for the symptomatic treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema (HAE) in adults with C1-esterase-inhibitor deficiency. It is not effective in angioedema caused by medication from the ACE inhibitor class. It is a peptidomimetic consisting of ten amino acids, which is a selective and specific antagonist of bradykinin B2 receptors. Bradykinin is a peptide-based hormone that is formed locally in tissue is, very often in response to a trauma. It increases vessel permeability, dilates blood vessels and causes smooth muscle cells to contract. Bradykinin plays an important role as the mediator of pain. Surplus bradykinin is responsible for the typical symptoms of inflammation, such as swelling, redness, overheating and pain. These symptoms are mediated by activation of bradykinin B2 receptors. Icatibant acts as a bradykinin inhibitor by blocking the binding of native bradykinin to the bradykinin B2 receptor. Little is known about the effects of icatibant on the bradykinin B1 receptor. A common theme that underpins many of the disease manifestations of COVID-19, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is inflammation and edema, or fluid build-up. An assorted cast of leaky blood vessels, immune cells (as well as the cytokines and other molecules produced by them), and plasma proteins such as clotting factors, bradykinin, and other kinins assume center stage in this spectacle of acute inflammation. Hymecromone (4-methylumbelliferone) is a drug used in bile therapy. It is used as choleretic and antispasmodic drugs and as a standard for the fluorometric determination of enzyme activity. Hymecrome is also a selective hyaluronic acid inhibitor. It has been demonstrated that the increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs of COVID-19 patients, can result in the production of hyaluronan or hyaluronic acid (HA) by inducing the expression of HA-synthase-2 (HAS2) this may contribute to ARDS and death. So, lowering HA levels through administration of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), and blocking the inflammatory cytokines could be effective for treating dyspnea and reducing the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients.

* Ichthammol, also called Drawing Salve is used in medicine (sometimes in combination) as a treatment for different skin diseases, including eczema and psoriasis. Bituminosulfonates are classified as local therapeutic agents with very good tolerability. Pharmacologically, Ichthammol has anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties. It is used to treat a variety of skin disorders as e.g. eczema, psoriasis, Acne rosacea and acne, and it decreases microorganisms in the area surrounding a skin condition. It is also used to relieve the discomfort of plant irritations, painful bites and stings or draw out splinters from the skin. In animals with wounds, dry hooves, inflammations, skin ailments and skin irritations. In otology, a mixture of glycerol and ichthammol is used for the topical treatment of ear infections. It is effective against Gram-positive organisms. The anti-inflammatory action is explained by its influence on the formation, secretion, and effect of inflammation mediators.

* Ichthyosis Vulgaris, also known as ichthyosis simplex, is related to keratosis and lichen planus, and has symptoms including trichorrhexis invaginata An important gene associated with Ichthyosis Vulgaris is FLG (Filaggrin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Developmental Biology and Keratinization. Affiliated tissues include skin and testes, and related phenotypes are eczematoid dermatitis and asthma. A skin disorder causing dry, scaly skin.

* Icilin is a synthetic super-agonist of the transient receptor potential M8 (TRPM8) ion channel. Although structurally not related with menthol it produces an extreme sensation of cold both in humans and animals. It is almost 200 times more potent than menthol and 2.5 times more efficacious. Despite their similar effects icilin activates the TRPM8 receptor in a different way. Icilin is effective in an experimental model of itch and pain. It is now used as a research tool for the study of TRP channeIs. icilin dose-dependently contracts the proximal and distal colon, and the contraction patterns observed for icilin are similar to those induced by allyl isothiocyanate - an organosulfur compound responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, radish, horseradish, and wasabi. A colon’s muscles contract to help move feces along the lower portion of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Potential uses include reduction of blood glucose levels, weight gain, or fat depot levels and treatments for metabolic syndrome, obesity, prediabetes, and type II diabetes. Other applications have been claimed, such as treating hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy, erectile dysfunction, kidney disease, and pancreatitis, among others.

* IDE-1 is an inducer of definitive endoderm 1. IDE1 activates the TGF-beta signaling pathway and induces definitive endoderm formation in human and mouse embryonic stem cells. It is also reported to increase the levels of Nodal expression, induce Smad2 phosphorylation and SOX17 expression. Beta cells are the major cells (70% of the total cells) in the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas, critical to store and release the hormone insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis. Irregularities with the normal functioning of beta cells can lead to either type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), where the islets are completely destroyed by the patient’s own immune system (autoimmune response), or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), where patients are unable to respond to insulin due to insulin resistance and inadequate production.

* Idebenone is a drug that was initially developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive defects. Chemically, idebenone is an organic compound of the quinone family. It is also promoted commercially as a synthetic analog of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). In cellular and tissue models, idebenone acts as a transporter in the electron transport chain of mitochondria and thus increases the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is the main energy source for cells, and also inhibits lipoperoxide formation. Positive effects on the energy household of mitochondria has also been observed in animal models. Idebenone improved learning and memory in experiments with mice. Research on idebenone as a potential therapy of Alzheimer's disease have been inconsistent, but there may be a trend for a slight benefit. It is a safe treatment for Friedreich's ataxia (FA), exhibiting a positive effect on cardiac hypertrophy and neurological function. Indications being explored include Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes) and primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Idebenone is claimed to have properties similar to CoQ10 in its antioxidant properties, and has therefore been used in anti-aging on the basis of free-radical theory. Clinical evidence for this use is missing. It has been used in topical applications to treat wrinkles.

* IDR-1018 is a small cationic synthetic peptide (VRLIVAVRIWRR-NH2) that has been developed based on bactenecin, a peptide antibiotic isolated from bovine neutrophil granules. This peptide has numerous biological activities that target both eukaryotic and bacterial cells. By targeting the eukaryotic host it acts as a modulator of the immune system, affecting macrophage polarization and reducing levels of lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production. By targeting both Gram-negative (e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria 1018 acts as a potent antibacterial: it kills bacteria, disperses biofilms and inhibits bacterial swarming. Potential practical applications of 1018 range from neuroprotection and wound healing to potentiation of antimalarial, antiviral and antibacterial compounds.

* IDS factor or iduronate 2-sulfatase is a sulfatase enzyme associated with Hunter syndrome. Iduronate 2-sulfatase is required for the lysosomal degradation of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Mutations in this X-chromosome gene that result in enzymatic deficiency lead to the sex-linked mucopolysaccharidosis type II, also known as Hunter syndrome. Iduronate-2-sulfatase has a strong sequence homology with human arylsulfatases A, B, and C, and human glucosamine-6-sulfatase. A splice variant of this gene has been described. (Among the top most expensive meds - Elaprase)

* IDUA factor or iduronidase is an enzyme with the system name glycosaminoglycan alpha-L-iduronohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of unsulfated alpha-L-iduronosidic linkages in dermatan sulfate. It is involved in the degeneration of glycosaminoglycans such as dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. It is found in the lysosomes of cells. A deficiency in the IDUA protein is associated with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). MPS, a type of lysosomal storage disease, is typed I through VII. Type I is known as Hurler syndrome and type I,S is known as Scheie syndrome, which has a milder prognosis compared to Hurler's. In this syndrome, glycosaminoglycans accumulate in the lysosomes and cause substantial disease in many different tissues of the body. IDUA mutations result in the MPS 1 phenotype, which is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. The defective alpha-L-iduronidase results in an accumulation of heparan and dermatan sulfate within phagocytes, endothelium, smooth muscle cells, neurons, and fibroblasts. (Among the top most expensive meds - Aldurazyme)

* IEM-1460 is an open-channel blocker of AMPA currents; selective for non-GluA2-containing receptors. It is a drug compound that can block damage caused by loud noise, raising the possibility of medication that prevents noise-induced hearing loss.. Loud noise can damage the inner ear and cause hearing loss. Two different types of receptors — those that allow calcium to pass through and those that don’t — are present at the same synapses. Normally, both are activated when transmitting sound information to the auditory nerve. IEM-1460 blocks the portion of these receptors that allows more calcium to pass through. In doing so, they prevent the damage, but the receptors that are not blocked allow hearing to continue. Blocking all of the receptors would, in theory, protect hearing but also cause temporary deafness — perhaps similar to the effect of wearing ear plugs. This would be helpful for long-term hearing preservation but not ideal in situations where people are exposed to dangerous levels of noise but still need to hear what is happening around them.

* IFNB1 factor or interferon beta 1 in humans is the protein encoded by the IFNB1 gene. The natural and recombinant protein forms have antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. Recent research has discovered that non-inheritable Parkinson's disease PD may be caused by functional changes in the immune regulating gene Interferon-beta (IFNB). Treatment with IFNB-gene therapy successfully prevented neuronal death and disease effects in an experimental model of PD. Researchers found that mice missing IFNB developed Lewy bodies in parts of the brain, which control body movement and restoration of memory, and as a result they developed disease and clinical signs similar to patients with PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).

* IGF-1 LR3 polypeptide is a synthetic analog of the naturally existing insulin growth factor (IGF). IGF-1 LR3 builds new muscle tissue by promoting nitrogen retention and protein synthesis. This causes the growth of muscles through both hyperplasia (which is an increase in number of muscle cells) and mitogenesis (which is the actual growth of new muscle fibers).

* IL23R factor plays a role in the immune response to infection. It provides instructions for making a receptor present on the surface of certain immune cells. These receptors are involved in triggering chemical signals inside the cell that promote inflammation and coordinate the immune system’s response to infection. It has been implicated in diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis.

* IM176OUT05 (IM) facilitated stemness induction and maintenance during an induced pluripotent stem cell generation process. IM treatment mildly inhibited mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and concurrently increased glycolysis, which accelerated stemness induction during the early phase of reprogramming. More importantly, the topical application of IM accelerated hair follicle regeneration by stimulating the progression of the hair follicle cycle to the anagen phase and increased the hair follicle number in mice. Furthermore, the stem cell population with a glycolytic metabotype appeared slightly earlier in the IM-treated mice. Stem cell and niche signaling involved in the hair regeneration process was also activated by the IM treatment during the early phase of hair follicle regeneration. Overall, these results show that the novel small molecule IM promotes tissue regeneration, specifically in hair regrowth, by restructuring the metabolic configuration of stem cells.

* Imiquimod is a patient-applied cream that acts as an immune response modifier prescribed to treat genital warts, Bowens disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ), and, secondary to surgery, for basal cell carcinoma, as well as actinic keratosis. Imiquimod yields profound antitumoral activity by acting on several immunological levels synergistically. Imiquimod stimulates the innate immune system by activating toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), commonly involved in pathogen recognition. Cells activated by imiquimod via TLR-7 secrete cytokines (primarily interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)). There is evidence that imiquimod, when applied to skin, can lead to the activation of Langerhans cells, which subsequently migrate to local lymph nodes to activate the adaptive immune system. Other cell types activated by imiquimod include natural killer cells, macrophages and B-lymphocytes. Imiquimod exerts its effect by increasing levels of the opioid growth factor receptor (OGFr). In experiments, blocking OGFr function with siRNA technology resulted in loss of any antiproliferative effect of imiquimod.

* Immune System Disease, also known as immune system and disorders, is related to primary immunodeficiency disease and c3 deficiency, and has symptoms including pathological conditions, signs and symptoms and pathergy reaction. An important gene associated with Immune System Disease is CCR5 (C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 5 (Gene/Pseudogene)), and among its related pathways are Defective GALNT12 causes colorectal cancer 1 (CRCS1) and Nef-mediates down modulation of cell surface receptors by recruiting them to clathrin adapters. Affiliated tissues include the immune system, testes and t cells, and related mouse phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and cellular. A disease of anatomical entity that is located in the immune system.

* Impotence, also known as erectile dysfunction, is related to vasculogenic impotence and gynecomastia, and has symptoms including unable to perform sex, inability to maintain erection and equilibration disorder. An important gene associated with Impotence is NOS1 (Nitric Oxide Synthase 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ and Relaxin signaling pathway. The drugs Methyltestosterone and Testosterone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include prostate, spinal cord and bone, and related phenotype is reproductive system. A common type of male sexual dysfunction. It is when a man has trouble getting or keeping an erection. ED becomes more common as you get older. But it's not a natural part of aging.

* IMU-838 (vidofludimus calcium) is a small molecule investigational drug under development for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, or RRMS, inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, and other chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. IMU-838 works by blocking the activity of an enzyme called dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). This is believed to reduce the activity of B-cells and T-cells, immune cells that drive inflammation that can damage the nervous system in multiple sclerosis. In animal studies of IMU-838, animals treated with large doses of the active moiety of IMU-838 were shown to lack detrimental effects on bone marrow, supporting the lack of an unspecific anti-proliferative effect regularly seen with many traditional immunomodulators. Based on the selectivity toward metabolically activated cells (with a high need for ribonucleic acid, or RNA, and deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, production), DHODH inhibition also leads to a direct antiviral effect, which has been demonstrated in various virus infected cells, such as influenza virus infections, cytomegolvirus infections and even hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses, such as Arenavirus. Treatment with IMU-838 may avoid virus reactivation, one of the major drawbacks of the long-term use of traditional immunomodulators. Efficacy of vidofludimus has been observed in several animal disease models for IBD, as well as systemic lupus erythematosus and transplant rejection. IMU-838 is also being investigated as a potential treatment for other diseases where an overactive immune system is thought to cause damage, including ulcerative colitis (a type of inflammatory bowel disease), primary sclerosing cholangitis and the coronavirus known as COVID-19.

* Inclisiran is a small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) molecule being investigated for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Inclisiran may be an option in the future as a cholesterol-lowering medication, where it would likely be used in patients who are unable to achieve their LDL-C targets despite maximally tolerated statin therapy or who are intolerant to statin therapy. Inclisiran works by targeting the PCSK9 enzyme; however, as opposed to PCSK9 inhibitors, which are antibodies that inhibit circulating PCSK9, inclisiran is a chemically synthesized small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule that reduces the production of PCSK9 through gene silencing. Once bound, inclisiran is rapidly taken in by the cell where it then binds to the RNA-induced silencing complex as well as the messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding PCSK9. The siRNA RISC complex cleaves the PCSK9 mRNA, preventing the synthesis of the PCSK9 protein. One siRNA RISC complex can do this degradation process with multiple PCSK9 mRNA. Without PCSK9 enzymes, there will be no lysosomal degradation of the LDL receptor, so LDL-C will bind the receptor, be recycled in the hepatocyte, and result in a lower serum LDL-C level.

* Indacaterol is an ultra-long-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

* Indanomycin from Streptomyces antibioticus is an active compound against Gram positive bacteria and insects. Indanomycin is antibiotic, antibacterial antiprotozoal, insecticidal and ionophore -binds ions reversibly. Indanomycin posseses affinity for both mono- and divalent ions and has been reported as a growth promotor in ruminants. Besides being an antibiotic agent, indanomycin attacks tumours and reduces hypertension.

* Infertility is related to male infertility and catsper-related male infertility, and has symptoms including pelvic pain An important gene associated with Infertility is NPHP4 (Nephrocystin 4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are G alpha (s) signalling events and Fertilization. The drugs Sodium Citrate and Metformin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include ovary, testes and skin, and related phenotypes are cellular and endocrine/exocrine gland. Infertility means not being able to become pregnant after a year of trying.

* Infiltrating Angiolipoma, also known as angiolipoma, infiltrating, is related to angiolipoma and ring chromosome 7. An important gene associated with Infiltrating Angiolipoma is VEGFC (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C), and among its related pathways/superpathways are GPCR Pathway and Cellular Senescence (REACTOME). Affiliated tissues include bone, lung and liver, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and immune system. A large intramuscular vessel haemangioma in which muscle mass gets replaced by fat tissue.

* Infiltrating Lipoma, also known as intramuscular lipoma, is related to lipomatosis, multiple and pleomorphic lipoma. An important gene associated with Infiltrating Lipoma is NFIB (Nuclear Factor I B). Affiliated tissues include tongue, colon and spinal cord, and related phenotypes are Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2) and Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2). A variant of lipoma that infiltrates adjacent tissues and tends to recur after excision.

* Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alfa) used to treat autoimmune diseases like psoriasis, Crohn's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ulcerative colitis.

* Influenza molecular therapy, frequencies for viral replication, neuraminidase and M2 protein inhibiton, immune system stimulation, antivirals, and symptomatic relief. Unless stated otherwise each item plays for 3m.
Left channel: Bavituximab, Diridavumab, Interferon alpha-2b, Arbidol, Lactoferrin, Anoro Ellipta, Oseltamivir, Zanimivir, Peramivir, Rimantadine, Amantadine (2m).
Right channel: Vitamin B12, Folic acid, Tocopherol, Calcitriol, Vitamin B6, Elenolic acid, Tymazoline, Ascorbic acid, Pseudoephedrine, Acetylcysteine, Acetaminophen (2m).

* Influenza peptides. A mix of generic antiviral peptides and influenza virus' hemagglutinin, M2 coat protein, matrix protein and nucleoprotein peptides.

* Influenza, also known as flu, is related to hepatitis c virus and avian influenza, and has symptoms including coughing, fever and pruritus. An important gene associated with Influenza is IVNS1ABP (Influenza Virus NS1A Binding Protein), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Cytokine Signaling in Immune system. The drugs Tequin and Oseltamivir have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, lung and t cells, and related phenotypes are Decreased influenza A H1N1 (A/Hamburg /04/2009) virus numbers and Decreased influenza A H1N1 (A/WSN/33) virus numbers. A viral infectious disease that results_in infection, located in respiratory tract, has material basis in Influenzavirus A, B, or C, which are transmitted_by droplet spread of oronasal secretions during coughing, sneezing, or talking from an infected person. It is a highly contagious disease that affects birds and mammals and has symptoms chills, fever, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pains, severe headache, cough, and weakness.

* Injury recovery and range of motion molecular therapy. Each item plays for 3m.
Left channel: MMP8, Serrapeptase, Pancreatin, MMP1, SDHC, Decorin, Nattokinase, Papain, SMAD3, Rutin.
Right channel: Chymotrypsin C, MMP9, Chymotrypsin A, Iduronidase, PEPCK cytosolic, SLC22A4, Bromelain, Trypsin, Mannose-6-phosphate, Ergothioneine.

* Inner Ear Disease, also known as labyrinthine dysfunction, is related to autoimmune inner ear disease and superior semicircular canal dehiscence, and has symptoms including vertigo and earache. An important gene associated with Inner Ear Disease is TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and Gap junction trafficking. The drugs Histamine and Dimenhydrinate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, bone and brain, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and hearing/vestibular/ear. A disease located in the inner ear.

* Inosine has neuroprotective properties. It has been proposed for spinal cord injury because it improves axonal rewiring, and for administration after stroke, because observation has shown that axonal rewiring is encouraged. Inosine is commonly found in tRNAs and is essential for proper translation of the genetic code in wobble base pairs. It is used in the treatment of a variety of autoimmune diseases including granulomatosis with polyangiitis because the uptake of purine by actively dividing B cells can exceed 8 times that of normal body cells, and, therefore, this set of white cells (which cannot operate purine salvage pathways) is selectively targeted by the purine deficiency resulting from inherited metabolic diseases (IMD) inhibition. Inosine produces uric acid that is suggested to be a natural antioxidant and a peroxynitrite scavenger with potential benefits to patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Peroxynitrite has been correlated with axon degeneration. Despite lack of clinical evidence that it improves muscle development, inosine remains an ingredient in some fitness supplements. Inosine has also been found to be an important feed stimulant by itself or in combination with certain amino acids in some species of farmed fish.

* Inositol is a vitamin-like substance. It is found in many plants and animals. It can also be made in a laboratory. Inositol is used for diabetic nerve pain, panic disorder, high cholesterol, insomnia, cancer, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, promoting hair growth, a skin disorder called psoriasis, and treating side effects of medical treatment with lithium. Inositol is also used for treating conditions associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, including failure to ovulate; high blood pressure; high triglycerides; high uric acid levels; and high levels of testosterone.

* Inositol, methionine, and choline can support proper kidney function and treat a number of kidney problems. Inositol can help prevent the development of kidney stones and, because of the antioxidant properties inositol is believed to display, it is also thought to prevent tissue damage in the kidneys. Methionine can help repair the oxidative that the kidney experiences while it filters potentially harmful toxins out of the blood. Choline is required for the production of betaine, a compound used by the kidneys to regulate water levels in the body. Insufficient amounts of choline in the body are linked to impaired kidney function, including problems with filtering and concentrating urine, and possible kidney failure.

* Insect repellent frequencies mix consists of the molar masses of four chemicals, Thymol, Citral, Citronellal, and Citronellol known for their pest-repellent, antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, and vermifuge properties.

* Insulin glargine -right channel, is a long-acting basal insulin analogue, used once daily to help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes. It consists of microcrystals that slowly release insulin, giving a long duration of action of 18 to 26 hours, it resembles basal insulin secretion of non-diabetic pancreatic beta cells. Lixisenatide -left channel, is a once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist for diabetes. GLP-1 is is released within minutes of eating a meal. It is known to suppress glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells and stimulate insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells.

* Insulin Resistance-Diabetes Reversal. According to sources Adiponectin in combination with Leptin has shown to completely reverse insulin resistance in mice. Hence, the recording plays the sound frequency of Adiponectin and Leptin plus the receptors, Leptin receptor and AdipoRon -an agonist of both Adiponectin receptors. It also plays the sound frequency of Sodium Butyrate, a compund that helps with the problem of dietary fiber availability.

* Insulinoma, also known as islet cell adenoma, is related to insulinomatosis and diabetes mellitus and multiple endocrine neoplasia, type i. An important gene associated with Insulinoma is MEN1 (Menin 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Aldosterone synthesis and secretion and Glucose / Energy Metabolism. The drugs Pancrelipase and Sunitinib have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Pancreas, pancreas and liver, and related phenotypes are hyperhidrosis and seizures. An insulinoma is a tumor of the pancreas that is derived from beta cells and secretes insulin.

* Interferon alfacon-1 is a recombinant synthetic type I interferon used for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia, malignant melanoma and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

* Interferon beta 1a is a cytokine in the interferon family used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) produced by mammalian cells. Interferon beta balances the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents in the brain, and reduces the number of inflammatory cells that cross the blood brain barrier. Overall, therapy with interferon beta leads to a reduction of neuron inflammation. Moreover, it is also thought to increase the production of nerve growth factor and consequently improve neuronal survival. In vitro, interferon beta reduces production of Th17 cells which are a subset of T lymphocytes believed to have a role in the pathophysiology of MS.

* Interferon beta 1b is a cytokine in the interferon family used to treat the relapsing-remitting and secondary-progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is produced in modified E. coli. Interferon beta balances the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents in the brain, and reduces the number of inflammatory cells that cross the blood brain barrier. Overall, therapy with interferon beta leads to a reduction of neuron inflammation. Moreover, it is also thought to increase the production of nerve growth factor and consequently improve neuronal survival.

* Intermittent Claudication, also known as intermittent claudication nos, is related to peripheral artery disease and coronary artery disease, and has symptoms including asthenia, body temperature changes and cyanosis. An important gene associated with Intermittent Claudication is HTR2A (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2A), and among its related pathways are Complement and coagulation cascades and Formation of Fibrin Clot (Clotting Cascade). The drugs pentoxifylline and cilostazol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include endothelial, bone and testes, and related mouse phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and liver/biliary system. Intermittent claudication is a symptom that describes muscle pain (ache, cramp, numbness or sense of fatigue), classically in the calf muscle, which occurs during exercise, such as walking, and is relieved by a short period of rest. It is classically associated with early-stage peripheral artery disease, and can progress to critical limb ischemia unless treated or risk factors are modified.

* Intermittent Explosive Disorder, also known as explosive personality disorder, is related to personality disorder and disease of mental health. An important gene associated with Intermittent Explosive Disorder is SLC6A4 (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Peptide ligand-binding receptors and G alpha (s) signalling events. The drugs Guanfacine and Naratriptan have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include amygdala, brain and heart, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and nervous system. An impulse control disorder that involves the episodic inability to control violent impulses with a disproportionate degree of aggressiveness.

* Intermittent Hydrarthrosis, also known as intermittent joint effusion, is related to hydrarthrosis and synovitis. An important gene associated with Intermittent Hydrarthrosis is MEFV (MEFV, Pyrin Innate Immunity Regulator). Affiliated tissues include bone. a chronic condition of unknown cause characterized by recurring, temporary episodes of fluid accumulation in the knee. While the knee is mainly involved, occasionally other joints such as the elbow or ankle can additionally be affected.

* Intervertebral Disc Disease, also known as intervertebral disc degeneration, is related to degenerative disc disease and spondylosis, and has symptoms including sciatica An important gene associated with Intervertebral Disc Disease is COL9A3 (Collagen Type IX Alpha 3 Chain), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Collagen chain trimerization and Degradation of the extracellular matrix. The drugs Mepivacaine and Peripheral Nervous System Agents have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, spinal cord and bone marrow, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and integument. A common musculo-skeletal disorder caused by degeneration of intervertebral disks of the lumbar spine. It results in low-back pain and unilateral leg pain.

* Intestinal Disease, also known as intestinal diseases, is related to short bowel syndrome and cyclosporiasis, and has symptoms including anal or rectal pain, constipation and diarrhea. An important gene associated with Intestinal Disease is TP53 (Tumor Protein P53), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Akt Signaling and Toll-Like receptor Signaling Pathways. The drugs Infliximab and Benzocaine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include colon, liver and testes, and related phenotypes are Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor) and homeostasis/metabolism. A gastrointestinal system disease that is located in the intestine.

* Intracranial Aneurysm, also known as brain aneurysm, is related to cerebral aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations of the brain, and has symptoms including seizures, tremor and angina pectoris. An important gene associated with Intracranial Aneurysm is CDKN2B-AS1 (CDKN2B Antisense RNA 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Integrin Pathway and Phospholipase-C Pathway. The drugs tannic acid and Sevoflurane have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, eye and testes, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and homeostasis/metabolism. An abnormal bulge or "ballooning" in the wall of an artery in the brain.

* Ipilimumab is a drug used for the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer (SCLC), bladder cancer, metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer, and melanoma, a type of skin cancer. It is a monoclonal antibody that works to activate the immune system by targeting CTLA-4, a protein receptor that down-regulates the immune system.

* Ipratropium bromide is a drug that relieves bronchial spasms. It is an anticholinergic drug used for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute asthma. It blocks the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the smooth muscles of the bronchi in the lungs, opening the bronchi.

* Iprazochrome is an antimigraine agent. It is a serotonin antagonist.

* Iptakalim hydrochloride is a K(ir) 6.1/SUR2B activator potentially for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Hypertension is a multifactorial disorder, and effective blood pressure control is not achieved in most individuals. Overall, almost 75% of adults with cardiovascular diseases/comorbidities have hypertension, which is associated with a shorter overall life expectancy. Alarmingly, rates of prehypertension and hypertension are increasing among children and adolescents due, in part, to the obesity epidemic we currently face. There is also the problem of an aging population and the growing rates of diabetes and obesity in adults, all factors that are associated with high blood pressure. Because of this high selectivity, IPT does not exhibit the adverse side effects associated with the older nonspecific K+ channel openers, which limit their use to the treatment of severe or refractory hypertension. IPT produces arteriolar and small artery vasodilatation, with no significant effect on capacitance vessels or large arteries. Vasodilatation is induced by causing cellular hyperpolarization via the opening of K+ channels, which in turn decreases the opening probability of L-type Ca2+ channels. Of particular note IPT is very effective in lowering the blood pressure of hypertensive humans but not of those with normal blood pressure. It is also a novel compound that can selectively block alfa4 subtypes of nAChRs to prevent smoking-induced “reward”, to limit increasing nicotine- induced dopamine release, and/or to diminish nicotinic withdrawal symptoms. Iptakalim may function as a novel antopsychotic drug, an also confers an antidepressant effect in a chronic mild stress model of depression through regulating neuro-inflammation and neurogenesis.

* IRL-1620, an endothelin receptor type B agonist prevents beta amyloid induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in normal and diabetic rats. It improved both acquisition (learning) and retention (memory) on water maze task and reduced oxidative stress parameters. It can be speculated that ETB receptor stimulation prevents cognitive impairment and may be useful in neurodegenerative diseases. IRL-1620 significantly enhanced also the uptake and efficacy of anticancer agents in prostate cancer.

* Iron chelation - glucagon like peptide 1, a combination therapy of iron chelator 2-pyridylcarboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PCIH) plus GLP-1 to promote survival of pancreatic beta cells. 2-Pyridylcarboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PCIH) is an agent to remove mitochondrial iron deposits. It is also anti-mycobacterial, protects against hydrogen peroxide-mediated cytotoxicity, prevents beta cell destruction, and has neuroprotective properties. Glucagon like peptide 1 active forms' GLP1 7-36 amide and GLP1 7-37 is a potent stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin release. Plays important roles on gastric motility and the suppression of plasma glucagon levels. May be involved in the suppression of satiety and stimulation of glucose disposal in peripheral tissues, independent of the actions of insulin. It has growth-promoting activities on intestinal epithelium. May also regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) via effects on LH, TSH, CRH, oxytocin, and vasopressin secretion. Increases islet mass through stimulation of islet neogenesis and pancreatic beta cell proliferaton. Inhibits beta cell apoptosis.

* Iron chelator-PCIH, or iron chelation agent 2-pyridylcarboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PCIH) used to remove mitochondrial iron deposits. It is anti-mycobacterial. It also protects against hydrogen peroxide-mediated cytotoxicity and beta cell destruction. PCIH has neuroprotective effect.

* Iron Deficiency Anemia is related to atherosclerosis and neuropathy. An important gene associated with Iron Deficiency Anemia is TMPRSS6 (Transmembrane Protease, Serine 6), and among its related pathways are HIF-1-alpha transcription factor network and Ferroptosis. The drugs ferrous sulfate and ferrous sulfate,dried have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include kidney, heart and small intestine, and related mouse phenotypes are hematopoietic system and liver/biliary system. An anemia caused by a lack of iron.

* Irritable Male Syndrome (IMS) can be defined as a state of hypersensitivity, frustration, anxiety, and anger that occurs in males and is associated with biochemical changes, hormonal fluctuations, stress, and loss of male identity. Even though Irritable Male syndrome is in most cases affected by stress that is high and/or low testosterone; high levels of estrogen may also cause men to be irritable. The major source of this imbalance is a level of testosterone that is declining associated with andropause and aging. Other issues may add to the andropause-related swing of moods in male such as gaining of weight. This generates fat cells that create estrogen from testosterone. The greater the level of estrogen and the lower the levels of testosterone the larger is the probability of irritability in males. Additionally, high levels of the hormone for stress cortisol reduce testosterone levels, triggering the increased likelihood of swinging of moods in men. Certain drugs can also cause imbalances of hormones. The recording plays the sound frequency of testosterone.

* Irritant Dermatitis, also known as dermatitis, irritant, is related to skin conditions and erysipelas. An important gene associated with Irritant Dermatitis is IL1A (Interleukin 1 Alpha), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Allograft rejection and Keratinization. The drugs Glycerol and Tacrolimus have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, lung and liver. A form of contact dermatitis that can be divided into forms caused by chemical irritants and those caused by physical irritants.

* IRX-4204 is a retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist with potential antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. IRX4204 attenuates AD and prevents plaque deposits associated with cognitive deterioration. IRX4204 also prevents neuropathological features associated with abnormal tau processing, another form of abnormal protein also found in a form of Parkinson's disease associated with dementia. Because RXRs can form heterodimers with several nuclear receptors (NRs), IRX4204 activation of RXR may result in a broad range of gene expression depending on the effector DNA response elements activated. Rexinoid IRX4204 may inhibit the tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated release of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 6 (IL6) and may inhibit tumor cell proliferation. This agent appears to be less toxic than RAR-selective ligands.

* Isavuconazole is an investigational broad-spectrum antifungal for the potential treatment of invasive fungal infections. This kind of infections predominantly occurs in immunocompromised patients such as cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. It is also approved for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis (also known as zygomycosis)and candidiasis.

* Ischemia-reperfusion injury. After a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen, the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue is called reperfusion injury. Each item plays for three minutes,
in order
- Reteplase (recombinant tPA - clot breakdown)
- Peptide P (ameliorates or inhibits damage caused by ischemic events)
- Enoxaparin (low molecular weight heparin - anticoagulant)
- Endothelin A antagonist peptide FR139317 (inhibition of endothelin-1 -mediated arteriolar vasoconstriction)
- CEFH peptide (ischemia, reperfusion injury)
- TP9201 peptide (microvascular occlusion)
- ATP+O2 (blood oxygen levels)
- LSKL peptide, Inhibitor Of Thrombospondin (TSP-1) (two different anti-angiogenesis frequencies)
- Tenecteplase (recombinant tPA - clot breakdown)
- Caveolin-1 peptide (decreases phosphatidylglycerol levels and blocks calcium-induced keratinocyte differentiation)
- Alprostadil (vasodilator, erectile dysfunction, critical limb ischemia drug)
- Nifedipine (Hypertension, L-type calcium channel blocker drug)
- Desmoteplase (recombinant tPA - clot breakdown)
- Pentoxyfilline (Intermittent Claudication, Peripheral Neuropahy drug)
- Mesalazine (sulfamide, an anti-inflammatory drug)

* Isobutrin significantly reduces the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187 -induced inflammatory gene expression and production of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 in HMC-1 cells by inhibiting the activation of NF-kappaB. In addition, isobutrin was potent in suppressing the NF-kappaB p65 activation by inhibiting IkappaBalpha degradation. In vitro kinase activity assay revealed that isobutrin was a potent inhibitor of IkappaB kinase complex activity. Activation of mast cells in rheumatoid synovial tissue has often been associated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 production and disease pathogenesis by adjacent cell types. The novel pharmacological actions of this polyphenolic compound indicate potential therapeutic value for the treatment of inflammatory and other diseases in which activated mast cells play a role.

* Isobutrin and RPTPsigma factor. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (left channel), is highly expressed on the surface of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, specialized cells that line the inside of joints providing lubrication and repairing joint injuries. Normally, RPTPsigma sits quietly on the surface of synoviocytes. It is kept inactive through its interaction with specialized carbohydrate-protein assemblies called proteoglycans, which are studding the cells' surface at high density. When freed from the proteoglycans' grip, RPTPsigma snaps into action and weakens the ability of arthritic synoviocytes to aggressively invade the joint's cartilage. See below details for Isobutrin (right channel). Biologics that target synoviocytes in combination with treatments that suppress the immune system, such as methotrexate or anti-TNF, may address all three aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: swollen joints as a result of inflammation, cartilage damage and bone damage.

* ISP or intracellular sigma peptide helps restoring spinal cord function, stopping potentially fatal arrhythmias after heart attack, activation of paralyzed muscles and post-heart attack treatment.

* ITGA-7 factor or alpha-7 integrin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA7 gene. Alpha-7 integrin is critical for modulating cell-matrix interactions. Alpha-7 integrin is highly expressed in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells, and localizes to Z-disc and costamere structures. Mutations in ITGA7 have been associated with congenital myopathies and noncompaction cardiomyopathy, and altered expression levels of alpha-7 integrin have been identified in various forms of muscular dystrophy. Mutations in ITGA7 have been found in patients with unclassified congenital myopathy. Increased expression of ITGA7 significantly extended longevity and reduced its common features, including kyphosis in mice deficient for dystrophin and utrophin. Overexpression of alpha7 expression protected against loss of force following contraction-induced damage, and increased specific force in the diaphragm and EDL (extensor digitorum longus) muscles eight weeks after gene transfer.

* ITGB1 factor or beta1-integrin maintains a link between the stem cell and its environment and interacts biochemically with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to promote stem cell proliferation and restoration after muscle tissue injury. Aged stem cells do not respond to FGF. Beta1-integrin restores aged stem cells' ability to respond to FGF to grow and improve muscle regeneration. Fibronectin (FN) is a high-molecular weight ECM glycoprotein that binds to attachment proteins such as integrins. Just like integrins, fibronectin binds extracellular matrix components such as collagen, fibrin, and heparin sulfate proteoglycans. Aged stem cell niche in skeletal muscle contains substantially reduced levels of fibronectin (FN), leading to detrimental consequences. Reconstitution of FN levels in the aged niche remobilizes stem cells and restores youth-like muscle regeneration. Improvement in regeneration, strength, and function were also seen when this treatment was applied to animals with muscular dystrophy. Aged muscle stem cells with compromised beta1-integrin activity and aged muscles with insufficient amount of fibronectin are both root causes of muscle aging.

* Ivermectin is a medication used to treat many types of parasite infestations. This includes head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis, and lymphatic filariasis. Use is contraindicated in turtles. Common side effects include red eyes, dry skin, and burning skin. It is unclear if it is safe for use during pregnancy, but is probably acceptable for use during breastfeeding. It belongs to the avermectin family of medications. It works by causing the parasite's cell membrane to increase in permeability, resulting in paralysis and death. Ivermectin is also being studied as a potential antiviral agent against the chikungunya and yellow fever. In 2013, this antiparasitic drug was demonstrated as a novel ligand of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a therapeutic target for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Ivermectin is also of interest in the prevention of malaria, as it is toxic to both the malaria plasmodium itself, and the mosquitos that carry it. Ivermectin inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro (in monkey kidney cell cultre) making it a possible candidate for COVID-19 drug repurposing research. Moreover, cell culture experiments also showed promise for treating Dengue virus infection, but later failed in animal models. According to experts Ivermectin could help in the late stages of Covid-19 infection, while Hydroxyquinilonone is more indicated in the early and medium stages of the infection.