Modern Medicine in Digital format

* T22 Protein strongly inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-induced cytopathic effect and viral antigen expression.

* T-2328 is a non-peptide antagonist of the tachykinin NK1 family. T-2328 treats both acute and delayed emesis. It is proposed to exert its anti-emetic effect through acting on brain NK1 receptors. T-2328 is both very potent and highly selective for NK1 receptors. Neurokinin 1 (NK1) antagonists are a novel class of medications that possesses unique antidepressant, anxiolytic, hypnotic, and antiemetic properties. The discovery of neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists was a turning point in the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. The tachykinin receptor 1 also known as neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) or substance P receptor (SPR) is a G protein coupled receptor found in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The endogenous ligand for this receptor is Substance P, although it has some affinity for other tachykinins. The binding of SP to the NK1 receptor has been associated with the transmission of stress signals and pain, the contraction of smooth muscles and inflammation. Other diseases in which the NK1 receptor system is involved include asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and gastrointestinal disorders. This receptor is considered an attractive drug target, particularly with regards to potential analgesics and anti-depressants. It was identified as a candidate in the etiology of bipolar disorder by a 2008 study, and alcoholism.

* Tachyplesin I is an antimicrobial peptide.It has HIV inhibitory effect during the adsorption period of the virus to the cells. Suppresses the development of cytopathic effects (CPE) and inhibits multinucleated giant cell formation. It also has anticancer activity.

* TAK-733 is a drug wich intercedes in the MAPK signaling pathway, a cascade of cellular communication that controls cell growth and survival and is frequently altered in many cancers (especially including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancer). The drug does this by silencing an essential link in this signaling chain, namely the molecule MEK. Without activity of the MEK kinase, MAPK signaling cannot occur and instead of surviving and proliferating, cancer cells dependent on this pathway die.

* Talarozole was an investigational drug for the treatment of acne, psoriasis and other keratinization disorders. Development has been discontinued. Talarozole inhibits the metabolism of retinoic acid by blocking cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP26 isoenzymes (CYP26A1 and possibly also CYP26B1), retinoic acid hydroxylases. Because of this mechanism, it is called a retinoic acid metabolism blocking agent (RAMBA). It has 750-fold higher potency than the earlier drug liarozole as well as greater selectivity, with more than 300-fold selectivity for inhibition of CYP26A1 over other steroid-metabolizing enzymes like CYP17A1 (17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) and aromatase (CYP19A1).

* Tanezumab is an humanized monoclonal antibody against nerve growth factor. It was developed as a treatment for pain. It is undergoing trials for the treatment of various pain entities, including chronic low back pain, bone cancer pain, and interstitial cystitis.

* Taribavirin is an antiviral drug not yet approved for pharmaceutical use. It is a prodrug of ribavirin, active against a number of DNA and RNA viruses. Taribavirin has better liver-targeting than ribavirin, and has a shorter life in the body due to less penetration and storage in red blood cells. It is expected eventually to be the drug of choice for viral hepatitis syndromes in which ribavirin is active. These include hepatitis C and perhaps also hepatitis B, yellow fever, and influenza.

* Tat-beclin-1 peptide induces the autophagy process. Disruption of the autophagy process is implicated in a wide variety of conditions including aging, and diseases, including cancers, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson�s and Alzheimer�s, and infectious diseases such as those caused by West Nile and HIV viruses.

* TAT-CBD3A6K peptide significantly increases pain tolerance. Like CBD3 or its derivative CBD3A6K works with disruption of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) and N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV2.2) protein-protein interaction as anti-nociceptive for both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. A peptide therapeutic with great efficacy in an AIDS therapy-induced model of peripheral neuropathy. It also suppresses excitability and has no effect on depolarization-evoked calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) release.

* Taurine promotes cardiovascular health, insulin sensitivity, electrolyte balance, hearing function, and immune modulation. In animal research, taurine protected against heart failure, reducing mortality by nearly 80%. Its benefits are so broad and extensive that scientists have described taurine as �a wonder molecule. Taurine is found abundantly in healthy bodies. However, certain diets, particularly vegetarian or vegan diets, lack adequate amounts of taurine. Disease states�including liver, kidney, or heart failure, diabetes, and cancer�can all cause a deficiency in taurine. And aging bodies often cannot internally produce an optimal amount of taurine, making supplementation vital.

* TB-500 (Thymosin Beta 4) may promote endothelial (blood vessels) cell differentiation, angiogenesis (growth of new blood cells from pre-existing vessels) in dermal tissues, keratinocyte migration, collagen deposition, decreases inflammation of tissue in joints, increase muscle growth with huge increases in endurance and strength noted, relaxed muscle spasm and improved muscle tone, increase the exchange of substance between cells, encourage tissue repair, stretches connective tissue and helps maintain flexibility, prevents the formations of adhesions and fibrous bands in muscles, tendons and ligaments.

* Teduglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog that is used for the treatment of short bowel syndrome. It works by promoting mucosal growth and possibly restoring gastric emptying and secretion. It has trophic and anti-inflammatory effects on gastrointestinal mucosa. Up to a certain point, the gut can adapt to partial resections that result in short bowel syndrome. Still, parenteral substitution of water, minerals and vitamins (depending on which part of the gut has been removed) is often necessary. Teduglutide may reduce or shorten the necessity of such infusions by improving the intestinal mucosa and possibly by other mechanisms. Teduglutide differs from natural GLP-2 by a single amino acid: an alanine is replaced with a glycine. This blocks breaking down of the molecule by dipeptidyl peptidase and increases its half-life from seven minutes (GLP-2) to about two hours, while retaining its biological actions. These include maintenance of the intestinal mucosa, increasing intestinal blood flow, reducing gastrointestinal motility and secretion of gastric acid.

* Teixobactin is a small molecule antibiotic that is active against gram-positive bacteria. It appears to belong to a new class of antibiotics, and harms bacteria by binding to lipid II and lipid III, important precursor molecules for forming the cell wall. Teixobactin was reported to be potent in vitro against all gram-positive bacteria tested, including Staphylococcus aureus and difficult-to-treat enterococci, with Clostridium difficile and Bacillus anthracis being exceptionally vulnerable. It also killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was also found to be effective in vivo, when used to treat mice infected with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

* Telangiectasis, also known as telangiectasia, is related to pulmonary arteriovenous malformation and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. An important gene associated with Telangiectasis is ACVRL1 (Activin A Receptor Like Type 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are ERK Signaling and PAK Pathway. The drugs Clonidine and Estradiol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, eye and liver, and related phenotypes are Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2) and Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2). Telangiectasias, also known as spider veins, are small dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, measuring between 0.5 and 1 millimeter in diameter.

* Telogen Effluvium is related to alopecia and alopecia areata. An important gene associated with Telogen Effluvium is LIPH (Lipase H), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and Presenilin-Mediated Signaling. The drugs Adjuvants, Immunologic and Ammonium trichloro(dioxoethylene-O,O'-)tellurate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, thyroid and spinal cord. A scalp disorder characterized by the thinning or shedding of hair resulting from the early entry of hair in the telogen phase (the resting phase of the hair follicle).

* Tempol, also known as 4-hydroxy-TEMPO, is a stable, synthetic compound that mimics the superoxide dismutase enzyme. This enzyme helps to increase the rate of breakdown of the superoxide radical into oxygen or hydrogen peroxide. Tempol may protect against radiation and is used as a chemical antioxidant. Tempol restores the effects of the cytokine TNF-alpha, which is involved in immune function and acute inflammation. In rats, Tempol decreased blood pressure and the activity of the fight-or-flight (sympathetic) nervous system. It has the potential to improve diseases caused by oxidative stress, particularly diabetes and its complications such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, and kidney damage. Tempol acts in a similar way to the superoxide dismutase: it prevents the production of free radicals through oxidation of iron. Tempol produced regression of Crohn�s Disease, improved cutaneous thermal hyperemia, and may protect tissue around the base of the cornea.

* Temporal Arteritis, also known as polymyalgia rheumatica, is related to miliary tuberculosis and aortitis, and has symptoms including muscle weakness, angina pectoris and edema. An important gene associated with Temporal Arteritis is CRP (C-Reactive Protein), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Cytokine Signaling in Immune system. The drugs Prednisone and Anti-Inflammatory Agents have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, tongue and skin, and related phenotypes are joint stiffness and fever. A disorder that causes inflammation of your arteries, usually in the scalp, neck, and arms. It narrows the arteries, which keeps blood from flowing well.

* Tendinitis, also known as tendinopathy, is related to xanthomatosis and calcific tendinitis, and has symptoms including back pain, muscle cramp and sciatica. An important gene associated with Tendinitis is G6PC (Glucose-6-Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit), and among its related pathways are Osteoclast Signaling and ECM proteoglycans. Affiliated tissues include bone, testes and hypothalamus. A tendon injury that involves larger-scale acute injuries accompanied by inflammation.

* Tendinopathy is related to tendinitis and tendinosis, and has symptoms including muscle cramp, muscle rigidity and muscle spasticity. An important gene associated with Tendinopathy is ENPP1 (Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Integrin Pathway and Degradation of the extracellular matrix. The drugs Lidocaine and Polidocanol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include spinal cord, bone and whole blood, and related phenotype is homeostasis/metabolism. A disease of a tendon.

* Tendinosis is related to tendinitis and colobomatous microphthalmia. An important gene associated with Tendinosis is CHAT (Choline O-Acetyltransferase), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PAK Pathway and Degradation of the extracellular matrix. The drugs Menthol and Lidocaine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, whole blood and bone, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and behavior/neurological. A damage to a tendon at a cellular level (the suffix "osis" implies a pathology of chronic degeneration without inflammation).

* Tesamorelin peptide increases growth hormone release and improves several measures of cognitive function in cognitively normal and mildly impaired older individuals. It also promotes fat loss in people with lipodystrophy -excess fat most notably around the liver, stomach, and other abdominal organs (visceral body fat).

* Teslexivir is an antiviral agent for condyloma. Topical gel teslexivir is an antiviral agent that inhibits the interaction between viral proteins E1 and E2, an essential process for human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11, responsible for more than 90% of genital warts.

* Testosterone and Growth Hormone. During human puberty there is a substantial increase in growth hormone (GH) and sex steroidal hormone concentrations, as well as in GH production rates and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). The nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD), a measure of whole body protein synthesis, increased significantly after combined T/GH. The combination of T/GH also resulted in greater changes in body composition than T alone, with comparable decreases in %FM and corresponding increases in fat free mass (FFM). Measures of carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism, including glucose production and oxidation rates, were unaffected by either T or T/GH combination. Plasma IGF-I concentrations increased after T treatment and even more after T/GH combination. In conclusion GH and T are synergistic on whole body protein anabolism and body composition in males, even at a young age, but the positive effects of T on protein anabolism and body composition appear to need a basal amount of GH for those effects to be observed. GH and T both potentiate the development of the full body composition and metabolic changes of puberty.

* Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is related to diphtheria and poliomyelitis, and has symptoms including fever and pruritus. An important gene associated with Tetanus is VAMP7 (Vesicle Associated Membrane Protein 7), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and ERK Signaling. The drugs Iron and Natalizumab have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, t cells and brain, and related phenotypes are Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2) and Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2). A primary bacterial infectious disease that results in prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers, has material basis in Clostridium tetani, which produces tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin, which is carried to the brain and spinal cord, where it binds irreversibly to receptors inhibiting neurotransmission. Damaged upper motor neurons cannot control reflex responses to afferent sensory stimuli. (Only those pathways with a score of 12 or more)

* Tetrandrine a bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, is a calcium channel blocker. It has anti-inflammatory, immunologic and antiallergenic effects. It inhibits the degranulation of mast cells. It has a "Quinidine like" anti-arrhythmic effect. It has been isolated from Stephania tetrandra, and other Chinese and Japanese herbs. It has vasodilatory properties and can therefore reduce blood pressure. Tetrandrine may have potential use for the treatment of liver disease and liver cancer. Tetrandrine has potential therapeutic value to prevent excess scarring/fibrosis in conjunctiva following trabeculectomy or in patients with severe conjunctival inflammation. Tetrandrine has anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrogenic actions, which make tetrandrine and related compounds potentially useful in the treatment of lung silicosis, liver cirrhosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Tetrandrine has also been shown to inhibit entry of Ebola virus into host cells in vitro and showed therapeutic efficacy against Ebola in preliminary studies on mice.

* TFF peptides (trefoil factor family) are major secretory products of normal mucous epithelia such asgastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, the salivary glands, uterus, conjunctiva, larinx and they are also expressed in minute amounts in the brain. TFF peptides also play a role in wounding responses as well as in pathological processes -chronic inflammatory diseases, metaplasia, and various types of tumors. Their multiple molecular functions include formation of the mucus barrier, enhancement of mucosal repair (restitution) on different levels, modulation of mucosal differentiation processes, and modulation of the immune response.

* THC acetate is the acetate ester of THC. It acts as a metabolic prodrug for THC itself. It has been reported to be approximately two times to three times as potent as THC. THC-Acetate is not a naturally occurring cannabinoid, it is a cannabinoid produced by using specific chemicals to acetylate THC. The most unique property of this material is that there is a delay of about thirty minutes before its effects are felt. This means it needs to be deacetylated by enzymes in the bodiy before the THC becomes active enough to feel the effects. Besides helping with Parkinson's symptoms, it is a more potent cure for cancer than THC.

* The cyclic peptide YCWSQYLCY was designed to mimic the most critical tumor necrosis factor alfa recognition loop on TNF receptor I, and it prevents interactions of TNF alfa with its receptor.

* Theophylline is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The main actions of theophylline involve: relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, increasing heart muscle contractility and efficiency (positive inotrope), increasing heart rate (positive chronotropic), increasing blood pressure, increasing renal blood flow, anti-inflammatory effects, central nervous system stimulatory effect mainly on the medullary respiratory center. The main therapeutic uses of theophylline are aimed at: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, infant apnea, blocks the action of adenosine; an inhibitory neurotransmitter that induces sleep, contracts the smooth muscles and relaxes the cardiac muscle. A clinical study reported that theophylline was helpful in improving the sense of smell in study subjects with anosmia. Another small clinical study compared theophylline to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. The use of theophylline is complicated by its interaction with various drugs and by the fact that it has a narrow therapeutic window. Its use must be monitored by direct measurement of serum theophylline levels to avoid toxicity. It can also cause nausea, diarrhea, increase in heart rate, abnormal heart rhythms, and Central Nervous System excitation (headaches, insomnia, irritability, dizziness and lightheadedness). Seizures can also occur in severe cases of toxicity, and are considered to be a neurological emergency.

* Thermotolerance gene therapy. Heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) activate heat-shock response genes under conditions of heat or other stresses. Each item plays for 3m. In order, HSF4 iso B, HSF1 short, HSF4 iso A, HSF2 iso 1, HSF2 iso 2, HSF1 long.

* THI or 2-acetyl-4(5)-tetrahydroxybutlimidazole (THI), is a small molecule which has been previously shown to increase sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) expression, has a 4 fold increase in the number of cell expressing myf5, a protein that plays a key role in regulating myogenesis. More importantly, THI treated cells showed a 3.6 fold increase in the number of muscle cell fibers as revealed by an embryonic myosin heavy chain (eMyHC) stain. These observations indicate an increase in muscle proliferation and growth, suggesting muscle healing.

* Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, also known as tos, is related to neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome and venous thoracic outlet syndrome, and has symptoms including paresthesia, abnormality of the ribs and edema. An important gene associated with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is HHAT (Hedgehog Acyltransferase). Affiliated tissues include testes, lung and ovary, and related mouse phenotypes are Increased number of mitotic cells and Increased number of cells in monopolar arrest with EMD534085 (a Kinesin-5 inhibitor). Thoracic outlet syndrome refers to the many signs and symptoms caused from compression of the group of nerves and blood vessels in the area just above the first rib and behind the clavicle.

* Thrombophlebitis, also known as phlebitis and thrombophlebitis of superficial vessels of lower extremities, is related to lemierre's syndrome and mesenteric vascular occlusion. An important gene associated with Thrombophlebitis is SERPINC1 (Serpin Family C Member 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ and Collagen chain trimerization. The drugs Dalteparin and Heparin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include lung, bone and heart, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and mortality/aging. A phlebitis (inflammation of a vein) related to a thrombus (blood clot).

* Thrombosis, also known as thrombosis of blood vessel, is related to lateral sinus thrombosis and sagittal sinus thrombosis. An important gene associated with Thrombosis is F2 (Coagulation Factor II, Thrombin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ and Collagen chain trimerization. The drugs Dalteparin and Heparin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, heart and testes, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and cardiovascular system. A vascular disease caused by the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

* Thymoquinone an extract of nigella sativa seed oil, has antioxidant effects and has been shown to protect against heart, liver and kidney damage in animal studies as well as having possible anti-cancer effects. It also has analgesic and anticonvulsant effects in animal models. It is an angiogenesis inhibitor. In 2008 in-vitro tests showed it was an HDAC inhibitor, affecting genes such p53, Bax, bcl-2 and p21. Thymoquinone has been studied for its potential effects on colon cancer cells. It reduces mouse colon tumor cell invasion and inhibits tumor growth in animal models of colon cancer and, it also blocks pancreatic cancer cell growth and kills the cells by enhancing the process of programmed cell death. Traditionally, it has been used in different forms to treat many diseases including asthma, hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, cough, bronchitis, headache, eczema, fever, dizziness and influenza. Experimentally, it has evidently proved its activity as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-cancer chemical, with specific mechanisms of action.

* Thymosin Alfa-1 peptide enhances cell-mediated immunity in experimental animals and research subjects. It is being researched for the treatment of Hepatitis B and C, and it is also approved for inclusion with vaccines to boost the immune response in the treatment of other diseases.

* Thymosin beta-4 in trials with patients having pressure ulcers, venous pressure ulcers, and epidermolysis bullosa, TMSB4 accelerated the rate of repair. It was also found to be safe and well tolerated. In other trials, TMSB4 has been to improve the conditions of dry eye and neurotrophic keratopathy with effects lasting long after the end of treatment. TMSB4 is the endogenous form of synthetic peptide TB500.

* Thymulin (also known as Thymic Factor) is a nonapeptide produced by two distinct epithelial populations in the thymus. It requires zinc for biological activity. The hormone is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation and enhancement of T and NK cell actions. Besides this rather paracrine or auto-organic effects on the thymus dependent immune system, Thymulin seems to have neuroendocrine effects as well. There exist bidirectional interactions between thymic epithelium and the hypothalamus-pituitary axis (for example, thymulin follows a circadian rhythm and physiologically elevated ACTH levels correlate positively with thymulin plasma levels and vice versa. A recent focus has been on the role of thymulin as an effector on proinflammatory mediators/cytokines. Researchers hope to develop drugs thwarting inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative diseases and even rheumatism with the help of thymulin analogs. One such study concludes that Thymulin enhances airway repair and improves lung function in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Moreover, thymulin has been associated with anorexia nervosa.

* Thyroid Gland Disease, also known as thyroid diseases, is related to autoimmune thyroid disease 3 and igg4-related thyroid disease. An important gene associated with Thyroid Gland Disease is TG (Thyroglobulin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Peptide ligand-binding receptors and Allograft rejection. The drugs Bimatoprost and Latanoprost have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include thyroid, eye and heart, and related phenotypes are endocrine/exocrine gland and growth/size/body region. An endocrine system disease that is located in the thyroid.

* Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) peptide has age-reversing effects. Helps lower glycemia and triglycerides in blood. TRH is a master hormone responsible not just for helping to adjust thyroid hormones (its principal recognised role), but in helping to recorrect many imbalances throughout the body. TRH supplements have encouraged old animals to: Re-establish spermatogenesis, (reversing the age-related dysfunction of their testes). Correct kidney dysfunction (renal issues). Correct pancreatic dysfunction, (diabetic issues). Act as an anti-cancer and protective agent. Lose significant fat deposits and hence weight.

* Tibial Neuropathy, also known as posterior tibial neuropathy, is related to infertility and lactic acidosis. An important gene associated with Tibial Neuropathy is CRYGB (Crystallin Gamma B). Affiliated tissues include endothelial and skin, and related mouse phenotype hearing/vestibular/ear.

* Ticagrelor is a platelet aggregation inhibitor drug. Ticagrelor is indicated for the prevention of thrombotic events (for example stroke or heart attack) in people with acute coronary syndrome or myocardial infarction with ST elevation. There is no high quality evidence for the use of ticagrelor in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome. The normal course of ST segment reflects a certain sequence of muscular layers undergoing repolarization and certain timing of this activity. When the cardiac muscle is damaged or undergoes a pathological process (e.g. inflammation), its contractile and electrical properties change. Usually, this leads to early repolarization, or premature ending of the systole.

* Tick Infestation, also known as tick infestations, is related to tick paralysis and spotted fever. An important gene associated with Tick Infestation is ITGA11 (Integrin Subunit Alpha 11), and among its related pathways is Folate biosynthesis. Affiliated tissues include testes, salivary gland and skin, and related mouse phenotype Decreased focal adhesion (FA) area, decreased FA length, decreased FA mean intensity, increased number of small and round FAs, increased FA abundance. A parasitic ectoparasitic infectious disease that involves parasitic infestation of blood feeding ticks of the families Ixodidae and Argasidae on animals and humans. Ticks are vectors of a number diseases, including Lyme disease, Q fever, Colorado tick fever, tularemia, tick-borne relapsing fever, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis and tick-borne meningoencephalitis, as well as anaplasmosis in cattle and canine jaundice.

* Tick Paralysis is related to poliomyelitis and gonococcal endophthalmia. An important gene associated with Tick Paralysis is TNNI3 (Troponin I3, Cardiac Type). Affiliated tissues include salivary gland, testes and lung. A tick infestation that is characterized by an acute, ascending, flaccid motor paralysis, which is caused by the introduction of a neurotoxin into humans during attachment and feeding by the females of several tick species such as Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes holocyclus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Otobius megnini. The symptoms include local inflammation, edema and hemorrhage.

* Tideglusib is a potent, selective and irreversible small molecule non-ATP-competitive GSK-3 inhibitor. Tideglusib is under investigation for multiple applications: Alzheimer's disease and Progressive supranuclear palsy. Tooth repair mechanisms that promotes dentine reinforcement of a sponge structure until the sponge biodegrades, leaving a solid dentine structure. In 2016 it was successfully trialled for permanently filling 0.14mm holes in mouse teeth. Autism spectrum disorders in adolescents.

* Tiger17 peptide greatly diminished wound closure time in a full-thickness skin wound mouse model, and the peptide was involved in three stages of wound-healing:
(i) the inflammatory stage, by recruiting macrophages to the wound site;
(ii) re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, by promoting proliferation and migration of both keratinocytes and fibroblasts; and
(iii) the tissue remodeling phase, by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways and by stimulating the release of interleukin 6 and transforming growth factor beta1 in murine macrophages. Altogether, these results clearly indicate Tiger17 as a promising wound-healing lead.

* TIK-301 is an agonist for the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 that is under development for the treatment of insomnia and other sleep disorders. Its agonist action on MT1 and MT2 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain enables its action as a chronobiotic. Studies show that it is more potent and more effective than melatonin.TIK-301's action on MT1 and MT2 receptors contributes to its sleep-promoting effects because melatonin's effects at these same receptors is linked with maintenance of normal-sleep wake cycle. Compared to melatonin, it has nine times greater bioavailability and six times greater area under the curve (AUC), which means the body retains more of an administered dose.TIK-301 is intended to be a take-as-need drug for primary insomnia, circadian rhythm disorders, depression, as well as sleep disorders in blind individuals and can be used to alleviate neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia patients. In addition to a sleep aid, TIK-301 has been found useful in treating other disorders. Because of its affinity for serotonin receptors, it has potential to serve as a possible antidepressant drug, similar to agomelatine. TIK-301 has also been considered for use in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) because of sleep disorder prevalence.

* Tissue Regeneration. Inducing stem cell differentiation is a promising means to aid in muscle regeneration. Three small molecules induced myoblast dedifferentiation, BIO (glycogen synthase-3 kinase inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 MAP kinase inhibitor), and lysophosphatidic acid. Additionally, these compounds did not affect the potential of the dedifferentiated cells to redifferentiate into myoblasts at a later date.

* TLR3 factor which in other contexts plays a fundamental role in recognizing some disease-causing organisms and activating the immune system, during wounding also activates the genes IL6 and STAT3 to promote hair follicle regeneration. TLR3 also activates other molecules involved in hair development, including the Wnt and Shh signaling pathways and a gene called EDAR, which makes the protein ectodysplasin and plays an important role in skin development.

* TMC-1 factor is a common cause of human genetic deafness, accounting for 4 to 8 percent of cases, the disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene. It is a probable ion channel required for the normal function of cochlear hair cells.

* Tobacco Addiction, also known as nicotine dependence, is related to smoking as a quantitative trait locus 3 and mood disorder. An important gene associated with Tobacco Addiction is GABBR2 (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type B Receptor Subunit 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Peptide ligand-binding receptors and Nanog in Mammalian ESC Pluripotency. The drugs Nicotine and Varenicline have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and homeostasis/metabolism.

* Tofacitinb is a Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug (DMARD), it is an inhibitor of the enzyme janus kinase 3 (JAK3) used for rheumatoid arthritis and alopecia.

* Tomatidine is a steroidal alkaloid found in skins and leaves of tomatoes. It has been shown to suppress NF-kappaB signaling in LPS-stimulated macrophages, blocking induced expression of iNOS and COX-2. It is a reported functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase. Tomatidine also has antibacterial properties, blocking the replication of S. aureus variants that are pathogenic in cystic fibrosis more potently than normal strains. It prevents skeletal muscle atrophy associated with fasting or spinal cord injury in mice. By reducing ATF4 activity, tomatidine allow skeletal muscle to recover from effects of aging.

* Tooth Erosion, also known as generalized erosions, is related to congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis and diaphragmatic eventration. An important gene associated with Tooth Erosion is GPI (Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase), and among its related pathways/superpathways are BRCA1 Pathway and Transcription Ligand-dependent activation of the ESR1/SP pathway. The drugs sodium fluoride and Anti-Infective Agents have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, bone and heart. Acid erosion, also known as dental erosion, is a type of tooth wear. It is defined as the irreversible loss of tooth structure due to chemical dissolution by acids not of bacterial origin.

* Tooth Resorption is related to internal hordeolum and cortical blindness, and has symptoms including toothache An important gene associated with Tooth Resorption is DSPP (Dentin Sialophosphoprotein), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Degradation of the extracellular matrix and RANK Signaling in Osteoclasts. The drugs sodium fluoride and Denosumab have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone and myeloid, and related phenotypes are craniofacial and hematopoietic system. A process by which all or part of a tooth structure is lost due to activation of the body's innate capacity to remove mineralized tissue, as mediated via cells such as osteoclasts.

* Tooth Size is related to cleft lip and cleft lip/palate. An important gene associated with Tooth Size is PAX9 (Paired Box 9), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Pathways in cancer and Mesodermal Commitment Pathway. The drugs Benzocaine and Metformin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, testes and kidney, and related phenotypes are abnormality of the dentition and Synthetic lethal with vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. There are dental growth-promoting factors on both the X and the Y chromosomes. ...the promoting effect of the Y chromosome on tooth growth seems more effective than that of the X chromosome. Short roots, irrespective of root resorption, have been documented as a 'familial trait'.

* Tositumomab + Iodine 131 was a drug approved for the treatment of relapsed or chemotherapy/rituxan-refractory Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The recording plays 8m Tositumomab and 8m of Tositumomab right channel and Iodine 131 left channel.

* Toxic Encephalopathy, also known as neurotoxicity syndromes, is related to neuroblastoma and alzheimer disease. An important gene associated with Toxic Encephalopathy is HMOX1 (Heme Oxygenase 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. and Circadian entrainment. The drugs Oxaliplatin and Aripiprazole have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, skin and testes, and related phenotypes are Decreased caspase 3/7 activity and behavior/neurological. A nervous system disease that results from exposure to neurotoxicants and is characterized by an altered mental status, memory loss, and visual problems.

* TP-508 is a specific 23 amino acid peptide representing a receptor-binding domain of thrombin reverses damaging effects of radiation by increasing stem cell proliferation and the 'stemness potential' of intestinal crypts. TP508 could be an effective nuclear countermeasure to delay mortality and increase the number of survivors following a nuclear incident. The TP508 region of thrombin activates cells following injury to initiate tissue repair and protect cells from damage caused by hypoxia or radiation. Recent animal studies and human clinical trials with TP508 show significant improvement in healing and revascularization of dermal wounds and bone fractures. The peptide drug TP508 was developed for use in stimulating repair of skin, bone and muscle tissues. It has previously been shown to begin tissue repair by stimulating proper blood flow, reducing inflammation and reducing cell death. In human clinical trials, the drug has been reported to increase healing of diabetic foot ulcers and wrist fractures with no drug-related adverse events.

* TPPU, short for 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea function of interest is inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), an enzyme that plays a key role in activating inflammatory processes and can lead to chronic inflammation. Tested in mice with genetically induced arthritis, it suppressed the inflammatory process, reducing both inflammation and joint tissue wear and tear. Arthritic mice treated with the substance displayed less pain and swelling and had lower clinical scores measuring the extent of the inflammation than untreated arthritic rats. The treatment also reduced the degree of pain associated with inflammation. This was because control of the inflammatory process led to a decrease in the migration of white blood cells to the affected region, not just attenuating the disease but reducing cartilage erosion. In addition, the treated group showed an increase in the number of regulatory T-cells, lymphocytes that produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, and a decrease in the number of Th17 defense cells, which are highly inflammatory. TPPU was designed to be well tolerated and easily absorbed when administered orally. It boosts the body's natural defenses and increases the number of metabolites our organism produces.

* TR-044888 is a small molecule that in contrast to conventional antifungals, does not target cell viability; rather, it represents a true antivirulence compound, whose mechanism of action is inhibition of filamentation and biofilm formation, essentially disarming Candida albicans of its two most important virulence factors during infection. Besides, repeated exposure to TR-044888 does not lead to the development of resistance.

* Tranexamic acid is a synthetic analog of the amino acid lysine. It is used to treat or prevent excessive blood loss during surgery and in various medical conditions or disorders (helping hemostasis). Tranexamic acid has been found to decrease the risk of death in people who have significant bleeding due to trauma. However, its benefit only appears to be within the first three hours. Used also as firstline nonhormonal treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and heavy bleeding associated with uterine fibroids. In obstetrics, tranexamic acid is used after delivery to reduce bleeding, often with syntocinon/oxytocin and fundal massage. In hemophilia, tranexamic acid is also useful in the treatment of bleeding as a second line treatment after factor VIII in patients (e.g. tooth extraction). Tranexamic acid has shown to provide rapid and sustained lightening in melasma by decreasing melanogenesis in epidermal melanocytes. TXA has been shown to be effective in reducing risk of secondary hemorrhage outcomes in patients with traumatic hyphema -blood in the front (anterior) chamber of the eye.

* Trans-Chalcone blocks the action of a key enzyme that allows the bacteria to thrive in oral cavities. The bacteria Streptococcus mutans metabolise sugars from food and drink, which produces a mild acid and leads to the formation of plaque. Without good dental hygiene, the combination of plaque and mouth acid can lead to tooth decay. Blocking the activity of the enzyme prevents bacteria forming a protective biological layer -known as a biofilm around themselves. Plaque is formed when bacteria attach themselves to teeth and construct biofilms. Preventing the assembly of these protective layers would help stop bacteria forming plaque.

* Trans-resveratrol is a potent phenolic antioxidant found in grapes and red wine that also has antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity. trans-Resveratrol is also a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). It inhibits COX and peroxidase activities of COX-1; with essentially no inhibition of the COX activity of COX-2. Resveratrol also activates sirtuins and, in C. elegans, extends lifespan.

* Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that interferes with the HER2/neu receptor. Its main use is to treat certain breast cancers. It is also being studied for the treatment of other cancers. It has been used with some success in women with uterine papillary serous carcinomas that over-express HER2/neu.

* Tremor is related to essential tremor and parkinson disease 6, early onset. An important gene associated with Tremor is DRD3 (Dopamine Receptor D3), and among its related pathways are Alpha-synuclein signaling and Parkinsons Disease Pathway. Affiliated tissues include brain, eye and tongue, and related mouse phenotypes are integument and cardiovascular system. An unintentional, rhythmic, muscle movement involving to-and-fro movements of one or more parts of the body. Most tremors occur in the hands, although they can also affect the arms, head, face, voice, trunk, and legs.

* Triazavirin (TZV, Riamilovir) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug developed in Russia through a joint effort of Ural Federal University, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Center for Biopharma Technologies and Medsintez Pharmaceutical. It has a novel triazolotriazine core, which represents a new structural class of non-nucleoside antiviral drugs. It was originally developed as a potential treatment for pandemic influenza strains such as H5N1, and most of the testing that has been done has focused on its anti-influenza activity. However triazavirin has also been found to have antiviral activity against a number of other viruses including Tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Forest-Spring Encephalitis virus, and is also being investigated for potential application against Lassa fever and Ebola virus disease. In February 2020, testing of triazavirin was started against SARS-CoV-2. As of 11th of September 2020, provisional results in China suggest that Triazavirin reduces the duration of the disease and alleviates many of the symptoms of COVID-19.

* Trichostatin A (TSA) is an organic compound that serves as an antifungal antibiotic and selectively inhibits the class I and II mammalian histone deacetylase (HDAC) families of enzymes, but not class III HDACs (i.e., sirtuins). However, there are recent reports of the interactions of this molecule with Sirt 6 protein. TSA inhibits the eukaryotic cell cycle during the beginning of the growth stage. TSA promotes the macrophage M2 phenotype by enhancing autophagy to reduce systemic inflammation and ultimately improves the survival of mice with polymicrobial sepsis. TSA inhibited uterine histomorphologic alterations induced by cigarette smoke exposure. The TSA effect might be associated with resumption of macro-autophagy via HDAC1/2 inhibition. Trichostatin A (TSA) was applied at an advanced stage of retinal degeneration, where essentially only a limited number of structurally collapsed cones were left. A single intravitreal injection afforded a long-term preservation of cone photoreceptors. TSA has a protective effect on the progression of eosinophilic meningitis -TSA treatment alleviated the loss of body weight, relieved the meningitis, and ameliorated cognitive impairments. TSA also has been used in the treatment of neurodegenerative or autoimmune diseases. TSA can be used to alter gene expression by interfering with the removal of acetyl groups from histones (histone deacetylases, HDAC) and therefore altering the ability of DNA transcription factors to access the DNA molecules inside chromatin. It is a member of a larger class of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs or HDACIs) that have a broad spectrum of epigenetic activities. Thus, TSA has some potential as an anti-cancer drug.

* Trigeminal Neuralgia, also known as tic douloureux, is related to burning mouth syndrome and postpartum depression, and has symptoms including back pain, facial pain and headache. An important gene associated with Trigeminal Neuralgia is SCN9A (Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 9), and among its related pathways/superpathways are L1CAM interactions and Phase 0 - rapid depolarisation. The drugs Bupivacaine and Dexamethasone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and skin, and related phenotypes are abnormality of the nervous system and trigeminal neuralgia. A chronic pain condition that causes extreme, sporadic, sudden burning or shock-like face pain.

* Triglycol is used in air sanitizer products, when aerosolized it acts as a disinfectant. Triglycol is known for its hygroscopic quality and its ability to dehumidify fluids, hence can help reduce bacteria and pathogens that thrive in wet surfaces. Triethylene glycol is well established as a relatively mild disinfectant toward a variety of bacteria, influenza A viruses and spores of Penicillium notatum fungi. Its exceptionally low toxicity, broad materials compatibility, and low odor combined with its antimicrobial properties indicates that it approaches the ideal for air disinfection purposes in occupied spaces.

* Triptolide is a diterpenoid triepoxide found in the Thunder God Vine, Tripterygium wilfordii. It has in vitro and in vivo activities against mouse models of polycystic kidney disease and pancreatic cancer. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of fever, chills, edema and carbuncle. Triptolide has multiple pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, immune modulation, antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity. It is also under investigation for its apparent antifertility effects, which it is speculated, may provide a basis for a male oral contraceptive. The mechanism by which they affect fertility is not yet understood. What is known is that daily doses of these compounds reduce sperm counts and also severely affect the formation and maturation of sperm, causing them to be immotile, while stopping treatment reverses the process.

* Triptorelin (GnRH) peptide raises testosterone levels by causing constant stimulation of the pituitary, it decreases pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Like other GnRH agonists, triptorelin may be used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers such as prostate cancer or breast cancer, precocious puberty, estrogen-dependent conditions (such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids), and in assisted reproduction.

* TS-022 is a prostanoid DP1 receptor agonist, on pruritus, cutaneous barrier disruptions and atopic dermatitis. Prostanoids have been implicated in the pathophysiology of pruritus. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) has been shown to play a role in inhibiting pruritus produced by atopic-like dermatitis.In addition, TS-022, has been shown to suppress scratching and improve the skin inflammation of atopic dermatitis.

* TS-022-Serlopitant

* TUDCA (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is a water-soluble bile salt, which is in contrast to regular bile salts possessing both water soluble and fat soluble ends and conferring a detergent effect. This is good for the bile salt's biological purpose (emulsifying fats in the intestines to help with absorption) but when bile acids back up in the liver, a clinical state called cholestasis which occurs when the liver is unhealthy, these bile salts can be damaging to cells by destroying the membranes and signalling for cell death. TUDCA and other water soluble bile salts like UDCA compete with this toxicity and thus indirectly protect cells from death. Additionally, it seems that TUDCA is able to reduce stress to any cell's Endoplasmic Reticulum; an organelle in cells that serves as a highway from the nucleus out into the cytoplasm, and aids in folding proteins. Through reducing ER stress, TUDCA has been implicated in a wide range of beneficial metabolic effects such as reducing insulin resistance and diabetes, and being a neurological protection agent. However, usages of TUDCA beyond the liver are preliminary whereas usage of TUDCA for helping an already harmed liver is quite reliable as TUDCA is used in clinical settings (hospitals) for treating cholestasis. Ongoing research is finding TUDCA has diminishing apoptotic effects, with potential application in heart disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. Recently, TUDCA has been found to have protective effects in the eye, especially concerning retinal degenerative disorders.

* Tylotoin peptide was found to exert the ability to promote wound healing with epidermal growth factor (EGF). In a murine model of a full thickness dermal wound, Tylotoin directly enhances the motility and proliferation of keratinocytes, vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts, resulting in accelerated re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation in the wound site. Tylotoin also promotes the release of transforming growth factor beta1 and interleukin 6, which are essential in the wound healing response.

* Tympanic Membrane Disease, also known as disorder of tympanic membrane, is related to myringitis bullosa hemorrhagica and tympanosclerosis, and has symptoms including tinnitus, earache and paracousis. An important gene associated with Tympanic Membrane Disease is BCAT2 (Branched Chain Amino Acid Transaminase 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and ECM-receptor interaction. Related phenotypes are mortality/aging and embryo. A disease located in the tympanic membrane.

* Tympanosclerosis is related to deafness, progressive, with stapes fixation and otitis media. An important gene associated with Tympanosclerosis is COL2A1 (Collagen Type II Alpha 1 Chain), and among its related pathways/superpathways are ERK Signaling and Integrin Pathway. Affiliated tissues include bone, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and cellular. A condition caused by hyalinization and subsequent calcification of subepithelial connective tissue of TM and middle ear, sometimes resulting in a detrimental effect to hearing.