Modern Medicine in Digital format

* SADBE or squaric acid dibutyl ester or dibutyl squarate derives from a squaric acid. is used for the treatment of warts. Squaric acid dibutyl ester is also used for treating alopecia areata or alopecia totalis (autoimmune hair loss) through topical immunotherapy involving the production of an allergic rash. Squaric acid dibutylester is currently undergoing trials for use in treating herpes labialis (cold sores).

* Saikosaponin-D ameliorates heat stress-induced oxidative damage by modulating the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes and HSP72 in LLC-PK1 cells. Heat stress stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative damage in the kidney.

* Salbutamol is a short-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Salbutamol is typically used to treat bronchospasm (due to any cause, allergen asthma or exercise-induced), as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. As a beta2-agonist, salbutamol also finds use in obstetrics. Salbutamol can be used as a tocolytic to relax the uterine smooth muscle to delay premature labor. Salbutamol has been used to treat acute hyperkalemia, as it stimulates potassium flow into cells thus lowering the level in the blood. Salbutamol appears to show modest benefits at treatment of spinal muscular atrophy, where it. The drug is speculated to modulate the alternative splicing of the SMN2 gene, increasing the amount of the SMN protein whose deficiency is regarded as the root cause of the disease. Other potential uses include in cystic fibrosis, and subtypes of congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with mutations in Dok-7. Salbutamol has been shown to improve muscle weight in rats and anecdotal reports hypothesis that it might be an alternative to clenbuterol for purposes of fat burning and muscle gain, with multiple studies supporting this claim.

* Salivary Gland Disease, also known as salivary gland diseases, is related to igg4-related disease and jaw cancer, and has symptoms including halitosis, oral manifestations and snoring. An important gene associated with Salivary Gland Disease is CDSN (Corneodesmosin), and among its related pathways are Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell and Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Affiliated tissues include salivary gland and lymph node, and related mouse phenotypes are hematopoietic system and immune system. A disorder affecting the salivary glands.

* Samcyprone or diphenylcyclopropenone (diphencyprone) is a topically administered experimental drug intended for treating alopecia areata and alopecia totalis. Topical immunotherapy using diphenylcyclopropenone may also be an effective treatment option for recalcitrant warts. Diphenylcyclopropenone triggers an immune response that is thought to oppose the action of the autoreactive cells that otherwise cause hair loss. One hypothesis is that in response to DPCP treatment, the body will attempt to downregulate inflammation through a variety of pathways, resulting in a downregulation of the autoimmune response at the hair follicle. This autoinflammatory reaction would otherwise destroy body's hair follicles.

* Saracitinib is a potent Src tyrosine kinase family members inhibitor. An experimental cancer drug, Saracitinib reverses symptoms in Alzheimer's mouse model. With this treatment, cells under bombardment by beta smyloid plaques show restored synaptic connections and reduced inflammation, and the animal's memory, which was lost during the course of the disease, comes back.

* SB-216763 is a small molecule that generated mesenchymal stem cell-derived functional endothelial cells (MDFECs) and facilitated rapid transmural coverage of injured blood vessels. Small molecules with 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione as a core structure have great potential to improve the efficacy of MSC-based cell therapy for vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. SB216763 also promotes axonal regeneration and remyelination, thereby providing a promising therapeutic approach for peripheral nerve injury. Furthermore, may be of use therapeutically in disease states associated with elevated GSK-3 activity such as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative disease.

* SB-366791 is a potent, selective and competitive vanilloid TRPV1 receptor antagonist; antagonizes hTRPV1 receptors activated by agonists, noxious heat, but not protons. Displays selectivity over a wide range of receptors and systems including CB1 and CB2 receptors, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and the hyperpolarization-activated current. In humans, drugs acting at TRPV1 receptors could be used to treat neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis, chemotherapy, or amputation, as well as pain associated with the inflammatory response of damaged tissue, such as in osteoarthritis. Other use could be as a pepper spray antidote. SB-366791 attenuates thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia (pain from stimuli not normally painful) without affecting mechanical hyperalgesia following surgical incision. TRPV1 blockade increases body temperature in multiple species, including rodents and humans, suggesting that TRPV1 is involved in body temperature maintenance. SB366791, does not block the precise mechanism involved in temperature adaptation.

* SB-431542 decreases tumor cell proliferation, extracellular matrix production, and migration. Thus, SB-431542 has the potential to target at least two different phenotypes required for tumor development and progression. Through its effects on ALK/Smad signaling, SB-431542 suppresses renewal in embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells and promotes their differentiation.

* SB705498 is a TRPV1 antagonist for hTRPV1, antagonizes capsaicin, acid, and heat activation of TRPV1. TRPV1 antagonists, widely viewed as new-generation painkillers, may decrease the resistance of older patients to infection and sepsis.

* Scapuloperoneal Myopathy is related to scapuloperoneal myopathy, myh7-related and scapuloperoneal myopathy, x-linked dominant. An important gene associated with Scapuloperoneal Myopathy is FHL1 (Four And A Half LIM Domains 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cardiac muscle contraction and Tight junction. Related phenotype is muscle. A muscular dystrophy which begins at the lower legs and affects the shoulder region earlier and more severely than distal arm.

* SCH-23390 is a synthetic compound that acts as a D1 receptor antagonist and has either minimal or negligible effects on the D2 receptor. In rats SCH 23390 offered significant protection from death in dextroamphetamine overdosage, without providing protection from death by methamphetamine overdose. This suggested that d-amphetamine and methamphetamine at high (lethal) doses have different mechanisms of toxicity in rats. The compound provides significant protection from cocaine overdose in rats only at the lowest dose tested in the measurement series. D1 dopamine receptor also regulates alcohol-motivated behaviors. The compound has tranquilizing effects, inhibits conditioned avoidance response, impairs memory acquisition, produces dose-dependent catalepsy, blocks central serotonin receptors, reduces the lethal effects of cocaine, and helps alcohol withdrawal.

* Sciatic Nerve Lesion, also known as lesion of sciatic nerve, nos, is related to pseudoainhum and neonatal respiratory failure. An important gene associated with Lesion of Sciatic Nerve is NGF (Nerve Growth Factor), and among its related pathways are Guidance Cues and Growth Cone Motility and BDNF signaling pathway. Affiliated tissues include testes, and related mouse phenotypes are muscle and cardiovascular system.

* Sciatic Neuropathy is related to neuropathy and goiter, and has symptoms including sciatica An important gene associated with Sciatic Neuropathy is PMP22 (Peripheral Myelin Protein 22), and among its related pathways are Trk receptor signaling mediated by PI3K and PLC-gamma and Inflammatory Response Pathway. Affiliated tissues include spinal cord, thalamus and b cells, and related mouse phenotypes are muscle and no phenotypic analysis. Compression of or damage to the sciatic nerve.

* Scoliosis is related to osteogenesis imperfecta, type iv and gaze palsy, horizontal, with progressive scoliosis. An important gene associated with Scoliosis is ROBO3 (Roundabout Guidance Receptor 3), and among its related pathways are VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelium and Cell adhesion_ECM remodeling. Affiliated tissues include bone, testes and skin, and related mouse phenotypes are respiratory system and craniofacial. A bone structure disease characterized by an appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine.

* Scoliosis Idiopathic, is related to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and scoliosis, isolated 3. An important gene associated with Idiopathic Scoliosis is MTNR1B (Melatonin Receptor 1B), and among its related pathways are Apoptosis and survival_Anti-apoptotic action of nuclear ESR1 and ESR2 and Plasma membrane estrogen receptor signaling. Affiliated tissues include bone, brain and testes, and related mouse phenotypes are adipose tissue and limbs/digits/tail. A scoliosis with no known cause, idiopathic scoliosis is the most common spinal deformity in the world. Like other forms of scoliosis, idiopathic scoliosis affects the curvature of the spine.

* Scorpion Envenomation is related to cardiogenic shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome. An important gene associated with Scorpion Envenomation is IL6 (Interleukin 6), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cytokine Signaling in Immune system and PAK Pathway. The drugs Prazosin and Midazolam have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, brain and bone. A wide range of clinical manifestations that are mostly attributed to the activation of the autonomic nervous system by scorpion venom toxins.

* Scytovirin (SVN) recombinant protein has strong anti-HIV activity against T-tropic strains of HIV-1 and weaker activity against M-tropic strains of HIV-1. Inhibits HIV-1 fusion and infection of CD4 LTR beta-gal cells in vitro. Inhibits fusion of HIV infected CEM-SS cells with uninfected CEM-SS cells, and fusion of HIV-1 Env expressing HL2/3 cells with CD4 LTR beta-gal cells. Binds to HIV gp120, HIV gp160 and to a lesser extent HIV gp41.

* SDF-1alfa or stromal cell–derived factor 1-alfa is a potent chondrogenic progenitor cell (CPC) chemoattractant, it may improve the quality of cartilage regeneration, increased recruitment of CPCs by hSDF-1alfa may promote the formation of cartilage matrix upon chondrogenic induction.

* Sebaceous Gland Disease, also known as sebaceous gland diseases, is related to acne and scleroperikeratitis, and has symptoms including exanthema, pruritus and skin manifestations. An important gene associated with Sebaceous Gland Disease is SHBG (Sex Hormone Binding Globulin), and among its related pathways are A-beta Pathways: Plaque Formation and APP Metabolism and Bacterial infections in CF airways. Affiliated tissues include the sebaceous gl, skin and testes. A skin disease that is located in the sebaceous gland.

* Seborrheic Dermatitis, also known as seborrheic infantile dermatitis, is related to seborrhea-like dermatitis with psoriasiform elements and garret tripp syndrome, and has symptoms including pruritus, greasy hair and other and unspecified skin changes. An important gene associated with Seborrheic Dermatitis is BTD (Biotinidase), and among its related pathways is Innate Lymphoid Cell Differentiation Pathways. The drugs betamethasone benzoate and sulfacetamide have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, ovary and bone. A dermatitis that is an inflammatory skin condition resulting in flaky, white to yellowish scales on oily areas such as the scalp or inside the ear, which is caused due to a combination of an over production of skin oil and irritation from a yeast Malassezia furfur. The symptoms include itching, skin lesions and scales, redness, plaques and hair loss.

* Seborrheic keratoses gene therapy. Seborrheic keratosis (also known as "seborrheic verruca," and "senile wart" is a noncancerous benign skin growth that originates in keratinocytes. Like liver spots, seborrheic keratoses are seen more often as people age. A mutation of a gene coding for growth factor receptor FGFR3, has been associated with seborrheic keratosis. Gene factors included promote proliferation of keratocytes to prevent differentiation as a regulatory means to fight lesions. The recording includes frequencies for cholera toxin, methotrexate and vitamin A. In playing order, TGF alpha (3m), FGFR3 iso 2 (2m), FGFR3 iso 1 (2m), FGFR3 iso 4 (2m), TP63 (3m), FGFR3 iso 3 (2m), Methotrexate (3m), Colera toxin (3m), Vitamin A (2m).

* Secondary lymphedema gene therapy, presents gene factors triggered during a 2013 study by Miaskowski et al. where genetic regression analysis found four genes (lymphocyte cytosolic protein2- LCP2, neuropilin2-NRP2, protein tyrosine kinase-SYK, and vascular adhesion molecule1-VCAM1) and 3 haplotypes (forkhead box protein C2- FOXC2, neuropilin2-NRP2, and vascular endothelial growth factor C-VEGFC) associated with secondary lymphedema. Each item plays for 5m, in order, FOXC2, VEGFC, NRP2, VCAM1, SYK, LCP2.

* Secretin peptide stimulates the pancreas to emit digestive fluids that are rich in bicarbonate which neutralizes the acidity of the intestines, the stomach to produce pepsin (an enzyme that aids digestion of protein), and the liver to produce bile.

* Selamectin is a parasiticide and antihelminthic for dogs and cats. It treats and prevents infections of heartworms, fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange (scabies), and certain types of ticks in dogs, it also prevents heartworms, fleas, ear mites, hookworms, and roundworms in cats. Selamectin disables parasites by activating glutamate-gated chloride channels at muscle synapses. Selamectin activates the chloride channel without desensitization, allowing chloride ions to enter the nerve cells and causing neuromuscular paralysis, impaired muscular contraction, and eventual death. Late studies suggest a potential for malaria control in humans.

* Selank peptide stabilizes and improves overall mood. It leads to feelings of contentment and well-being. This effect is not sedating, but rather calming. Improves mental clarity and overall enhanced cognitive function. Anhedonia is a condition where someone is not able to experience pleasure. Selank has been shown to help restore the proper functioning of this are of the brain. Helps reducing anxiety of different forms such as generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and even Panic Disorder. It also improves the ability to focus and concentrate, increase mental sharpness, reduce mental fatigue, increase memory and learning capacity, and even improve cognitive functioning when in a sleep deficit.

* Selexipag is the first medicine of a new class of treatments called prostanoids receptor agonists. It makes its beneficial effects by working in a similar way to other prostanoids. However, it has been designed to reduce the amount and severity of systemic (whole body) side effects caused by medicines such as iloprost or epoprostenol. Selexipag is a selective prostacyclin IP receptor agonist. Prostacyclin is produced in the endothelial cells and induces vasodilation; also inhibits platelet aggregation. Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension appear to have a dysregulation in the prostacyclin metabolic pathways.

* Selinexor is small molecule inhibitor of nuclear export through covalent binding to Exportin 1 (XPO1/CRM1) leading to forced nuclear retention of major tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs) such as p53, FOXO, pRB and IkappaB, resulting in selective death of cancer cells. Selinexor is well tolerated, even with prolonged use. Recent research suggests that deleting a gene in yeast called LOS1 Exportin-T (human XPO1) equivalent produced particularly impressive results, extending life by 60 per cent. LOS1 is linked to a genetic master switch which has long been associated with calorie restriction through fasting and increased lifespan.

* Semax peptide. Used as nootropic, neuroprotective, neurogenic and neurorestorative. It can help in the treatment of stroke, transient ischemic attack, memory and cognitive disorders, peptic ulcers, optic nerve disease, and to boost the immune system.

* Sensory Peripheral Neuropathy, also known as sensory neuropathy, is related to hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy via and hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy v, and has symptoms including hyperesthesia, sciatica and dysesthesia. An important gene associated with Sensory Peripheral Neuropathy is PMP22 (Peripheral Myelin Protein 22), and among its related pathways are Neural Crest Differentiation and Guidance Cues and Growth Cone Motility. Affiliated tissues include spinal cord, testes and brain, and related mouse phenotypes are Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2) and reproductive system. A neuropathy that involves damage to nerves of the peripheral nervous system.

* SERCA2A or ATP2A2 sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 is a magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the translocation of calcium from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen. Normal function of the heart involves proper coordination between the contraction and relaxation of cardiomyocytes. Proper contraction and relaxation depends on the coordinated rise and fall of Ca2+ in the cytosol of the cardiomyocytes. The SERCA2a transporter is found in the membrane of the SR and plays an important role in this cycle by removing cytosolic Ca2+ from the cardiomyocyte and pumping it back into the SR during relaxation of the heart (diastole). SERCA2a restores SR Ca2+ for the next contraction of ardiomyocytes. SERCA2a activity declines in patients experiencing late-stage heart failure. This leads to an above normal amount of cytosolic Ca2+ in the cardiomyocytes during diastole. It also results in less Ca2+ remaining in the SR for the next contraction of the heart. The altered cycling of Ca2+ in cardiomyocytes ultimately leads to improper functioning of the heart.

* Serelaxin is a medication marketed for the treatment of acute heart failure (AHF), targeting the relaxin receptor. Serelaxin is a recombinant form of human relaxin-2, a hormone that (among other functions) is produced during pregnancy and mediates the haemodynamic changes that occur during this time,such as increased blood output of the heart and blood flow in the kidney. Human-relaxin-2 mediates vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) by increasing the production of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator. Relaxin causes vasodilation by an indirect mechanism, where it inhibits the potent vasoconstrictors angiotensin II and endothelin. In addition to vasodilation, the effects of relaxin are also seen in the kidneys, by significantly increasing creatinine clearance, which is a measure of kidney function, as well as increased renal blood flow. Relaxin also functions as a cardiac stimulant. Studies have demonstrated that relaxin increases calcium sensitivity of cardiac myofilaments as well as increasing phosphorylation of the myofilaments by protein kinase C (PKC). These modifications both function to increase the force generated by the myofilaments without increasing the energy consumption of the cardiac myocytes. Thus relaxin and serelaxin can increase stroke volume, the amount of blood pumped per heart beat, without increasing the energy demand on the already strained heart of acute heart failure patients.

* Serlopitant is a small molecule, highly selective NK1-R antagonist. Two critical mediators of the urge to scratch are Substance P, or SP, and its receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor, or NK1-R. SP is a naturally occurring peptide in the tachykinin neuropeptide family. Tachykinins have a broad range of functions in the nervous and immune systems. SP binding of NK1-R has been shown to be a key mediator of sensory nerve signaling, including the itch-scratch reflex and the vomiting reflex.

* SERPINF1 Factor is a multifunctional protein exhibiting a wide range of antiangiogenic, antitumorigenic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, neurotrophic, and neuroprotective properties. Most recently, SERPINF1 was shown to be the most potent endogenous inhibitor of vasopermeability. It may also protect against noise-induced hearing loss with accompanying tinnitus and sound hypersensitivity.SERPINF1 has a restorative effect on blood tissue barrier architecture after noise damage.

* SERPING1 factor or C1-inhibitor (C1-inh, C1 esterase inhibitor) is a protease inhibitor belonging to the serpin superfamily. Its main function is the inhibition of the complement system to prevent spontaneous activation. Deficiency of this protein is associated with hereditary angioedema ("hereditary angioneurotic edema"), or swelling due to leakage of fluid from blood vessels into connective tissue. Deficiency of C1-inhibitor permits plasma kallikrein activation, which leads to the production of the vasoactive peptide bradykinin. Also, C4 and C2 cleavage goes unchecked, resulting in auto-activation of the complement system. In its most common form, it presents as marked swelling of the face, mouth and/or airway that occurs spontaneously or to minimal triggers (such as mild trauma), but such swelling can occur in any part of the body. In 85% of the cases, the levels of C1-inhibitor are low, while in 15% the protein circulates in normal amounts but it is dysfunctional. In addition to the episodes of facial swelling and/or abdominal pain, it also predisposes to autoimmune diseases, most markedly lupus erythematosus, due to its consumptive effect on complement factors 3 and 4. Mutations in the gene that codes for C1-inhibitor, SERPING1, may also play a role in the development of age related macular degeneration. (Among the top most expensive meds - Cinryze)

* Serrapeptase proteolytic enzyme digests inflammations, scars (non-living tissue), blood clots, cysts, and arterial plaque and inflammation in all forms. Serrapeptase helps treat arterial blockage, protects against stroke and is reportedly more effective and quicker than EDTA Chelation treatments in removing arterial plaque.

* Sertraline is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Sertraline is used for a number of conditions, including major depressive disorder (MDD), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder (SAD). It has also been used for premature ejaculation and vascular headaches but evidence of the effectiveness in treating those conditions is not robust. Sertraline is not approved for use in children except for those with OCD.

* Setipiprant is a prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) antagonist.It was initially researched as a treatment for allergies and inflammatory disorders, particularly asthma, but despite being well tolerated in clinical trials and showing reasonable efficacy against allergen-induced airway responses in asthmatic patients it failed to show sufficient advantages over existing drugs and was discontinued from further development in this application. However, following the discovery in 2012 that the prostaglandin D2 receptor (DP/PGD2) is expressed at high levels in the scalp of men affected by male pattern baldness, the rights to setipiprant were acquired as a novel treatment for baldness, with a previously unexploited mechanism of action. The response to allergen exposure in a previously sensitized host results in a cascade effect involving numerous cell types and release of a number of cytokines, chemokines, and multiple mediators. Among these critical initiators are the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-5, which play critical roles in Th2 cell differentiation, immunoglobulin (Ig)E synthesis, mast cell growth and differentiation, upregulation of CD23 expression, and the differentiation, recruitment, and activation of eosinophils. The stimulated release of the array of mediators, causes end-organ damage, including constriction and hyperresponsiveness, vascular permeability, edema, mucous secretion, and further inflammation.

* SF-1670 is a selective PTEN inhibitor. As PTEN-mTOR pathway is critical for controlling the regenerative capacity of corticospinal neurons, PTEN deletion or its inhibitor enhances the regenerative ability of adult corticospinal neurons. Pretreatment with SF1670 augments the efficacy of granulocyte transfusion in a clinically relevant mouse model. PTEN helps to prevent excessive cell growth under normal conditions and peripheral nerves from regenerating. Peripheral nerve damage can lead to pain, tingling, numbness or difficulty coordinating hands, feet, arms or legs. This can happen with diseases like diabetes, an injury due to a crushed or cut nerve, or other conditions known as neuropathy. PTEN inhibition facilitates intrinsic regenerative outgrowth of adult peripheral axons. SF1670 is also effective when the number of neutrophils in the blood is too low (neutropenia). One common cause of severe neutropenia is chemotherapy, which is extensively used to treat various hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Neutropenia-associated infection is the most important dose-limiting toxicity of this therapeutic treatment, impacting on the quality of life and clinical outcomes, with the potential to cause death.

* SH-11037, a synthetic derivative of the antiangiogenic homoisoflavonoid cremastranone, in models of ocular neovascularisation. SH-11037 dose-dependently suppressed angiogenesis in the choroidal sprouting assay ex vivo and inhibited ocular developmental angiogenesis in zebrafish larvae. Additionally, intravitreal SH-11037 significantly reduced choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) lesion volume in the laser-induced CNV mouse model, comparable to an anti-VEGF antibody. Moreover, SH-11037 synergised with anti-VEGF treatments in vitro and in vivo. SH-11037 was not associated with signs of ocular toxicity and did not interfere with retinal function or pre-existing retinal vasculature. SH-11037 is thus a safe and effective treatment for murine ocular neovascularisation, worthy of further mechanistic and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Ocular neovascularisation underlies blinding eye diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and wet age-related macular degeneration. These diseases cause irreversible vision loss.

* Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, also known as impingement syndrome of shoulder region, related to necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and neurilemmoma of the fifth cranial nerve, and has symptoms including arthralgia and metatarsalgia. An important gene associated with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome is SKIL (SKI Like Proto-Oncogene), and among its related pathways are Osteoclast Signaling and G-protein signaling_H-RAS regulation pathway. Affiliated tissues include testes, bone and spinal cord, and related mouse phenotypes are Decreased viability and liver/biliary system.

* Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, also known as impingement syndrome of shoulder region, related to hemophilic arthropathy and pseudopapilledema, and has symptoms including arthralgia and metatarsalgia. An important gene associated with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome is SKIL (SKI Like Proto-Oncogene), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and Pathways in cancer. The drugs Lidocaine and Triamcinolone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, spinal cord and bone, and related phenotypes are Decreased viability and Decreased viability. A syndrome which occurs when the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles become irritated and inflamed as they pass through the subacromial space, the passage beneath the acromion. This can result in pain, weakness and loss of movement at the shoulder.

* Sigma-1 receptor SIGMAR1 function is poorly understood though an endogenous ligand, dimethyltryptamine, was found to interact with it. Activation of sigma–receptors by an agonist ligand may induce hallucinogenic effects and also may be responsible for the paradoxical convulsions sometimes seen in opiate overdose. This receptor is involved in learning processes, memory and mood alteration. Sig-1R agonists facilitate the reinforcing effects of ethanol and induce binge-like drinking, while Sig-1R antagonists block excessive drinking in both genetic and environmental models of alcoholism.

* Silibinin is the major active constituent of silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds. Silymarin is the first ingredient in several products sold as herbal telomerase activators, though the research demonstrating silymarin's effectiveness in this regard is proprietary and unpublished. Both in vitro and animal research suggest that silibinin has hepatoprotective (antihepatotoxic) properties that protect liver cells against toxins. Silibinin has also demonstrated in vitro anti-cancer effects against human prostate adenocarcinoma cells, estrogen-dependent and -independent human breast carcinoma cells, human ectocervical carcinoma cells, human colon cancer cells, and both small and nonsmall human lung carcinoma cells. Silibinin has been reported to exert a neuroprotective effect in mice. There is also clinical evidence for the use of silibinin as a supportive element in alcoholic and child grade 'A' liver cirrhosis.

* Silicon nitride changes the metabolism of Porphyromonas gingivalis -- the bacteria species primarily responsible for periodontitis. Gum disease is caused by bacteria that infect the tissue around teeth, resulting in gum inflammation. If the condition progresses, the bacteria can damage the bone that supports the teeth. In addition to tooth loss, periodontitis can increase a person's risk of heart attack or stroke. The chemical reactions at the surface cause the bacteria's nucleic acids to degrade and drastically reduce the amounts of certain proteins and fats.

* Silmitasertib or CX-4945 is an inhibitor of CK2 (casein kinase 2) which appears to be responsible for preventing white fat from burning energy for heat in cold conditions. In a recent study, when researchers inhibited the activity of this molecule genetically or pharmacologically, white fat cells lit up their cellular furnaces, becoming calorie burners like their brown and beige brethren. Silmitasertib (CX-4945), which is already in clinical trials as a cancer therapeutic, succeeded in turning significant amounts of white fat brown and significantly increasing the amount of energy mice burned when researchers turned down the temperature in their living quarters. The drug also significantly reduced the negative effects of a high-fat diet in mice, including reducing weight gain and, to the researchers' surprise, significantly lowering blood glucose levels and improving responsiveness to insulin.

* Simeprevir is a drug for treating chronic hepatic C (CHC) infection as a part of a triple antiviral treatment regimen consisting of two other drugs: peginterferon-alfa (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). It is primarily efficacious in treating Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infected subjects with compensated liver disease, including cirrhosis. There are currently no studies that show Simeprevir’s effectiveness as a single therapy for HCV. Simeprevir is generally used for HCV genotype 1 infected subjects, but off-label medical use has been indicated for type 4 genotype as well.

* Sinusitis is related to common cold and cystic fibrosis, and has symptoms including equilibration disorder, vertigo/dizziness and sore throat. An important gene associated with Sinusitis is IL4R (Interleukin 4 Receptor), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PEDF Induced Signaling and Akt Signaling. The drugs Augmentin and Avelox I.V. have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, testes and skin, and related phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and immune system. An inflammation of the sinuses resulting in symptoms. Common symptoms include thick nasal mucus, a plugged nose, and pain in the face. Other signs and symptoms may include fever, headaches, poor sense of smell, sore throat, and cough.

* Sirolimus (also known as rapamycin) is a chemical that is a product of bacteria discovered on Easter Island (the island is also known as Rapa Nui). Sirolimus was originally developed as an antifungal agent. However, this use was abandoned when it was discovered to have potent immunosuppressive and antiproliferative properties. It has since been shown to prolong the life of mice and might also be useful in the treatment of certain cancers. Unlike the similarly named tacrolimus, sirolimus is not a calcineurin inhibitor, but it has a similar suppressive effect on the immune system. Sirolimus inhibits IL-2 and other cytokines receptor-dependent signal transduction mechanisms, via action on mTOR, and thereby blocks activation of T and B cells. The chief advantage sirolimus has over calcineurin inhibitors is its low toxicity toward kidneys. Transplant patients maintained on calcineurin inhibitors long-term tend to develop impaired kidney function or even chronic renal failure; this can be avoided by using sirolimus instead. The antiproliferative effect of sirolimus has also been used in conjunction with coronary stents to prevent restenosis in coronary arteries following balloon angioplasty. Because rapamycin at high doses can suppress the immune system, people taking rapamycin for transplant or cancer therapy are more susceptible to dangerous infections. Yet paradoxically, rapamycin was shown to enhance the ability of aging mice to mount an immune response to a vaccine against tuberculosis. A similar immunological "rejuvenating" effect was later documented in elderly humans administered a rapamycin analog prior to influenza vaccination), further fueling optimism for the potential of mTOR as a target for anti-aging drugs for humans. Agents such as rapamycin work by improving signalling between the cells. An example of these pathways is the regulation of the Growth Hormone/insulin/IGF-1 pathway, inactivation of which has been shown to increase lifespan in the laboratory.

* Skin Atrophy, also known as atrophic condition of skin, is related to atrophoderma vermiculata and atrophoderma of pierini and pasini, and has symptoms including stellate pseudoscar and paroxysmal hematoma of the finger. An important gene associated with Skin Atrophy is FERMT1 (Fermitin Family Member 1), and among its related pathways are Bladder cancer and Cell adhesion_Cell-matrix glycoconjugates. Affiliated tissues include skin, testes and bone, and related mouse phenotypes are muscle and digestive/alimentary.

* Skin Cell To Neuron Conversion. VCRFSGY (valproic acid, CHIR99021, E616452, Forskolin, SP600125, GO6983, and Y-27632) is a specific recipe of molecules that essentially switched off skin cell genes in human cells and turned them on neuron genes. A chemical treatment to transform skin cells into neurons.

* Skin cellulite gene therapy. Cellulite can be located anywhere on the body containing subcutaneous fat. Cellulite's appearance is due to herniations of subcutaneous fat into the reticular and papillary dermis. (Source: Nu Skin)
In playing order, HP (150s), AGTR1 (150s), HIF1A iso 3 (120s), HIF1A iso 1 (120s), HIF1A iso 2 (120s), VEGFA (150s), ADRA1D (150s).

* Skin Conditions, also known as dermatologic disorders, is related to epstein-barr virus hepatitis and crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans, and has symptoms including mucous membrane eruption, exanthema and pruritus. An important gene associated with Skin Conditions is TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor), and among its related pathways are Transcription_NF-kB signaling pathway and Cytokines and Inflammatory Response. The drugs gotu kola extract and menthol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, breast and testes. Many conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.

* Skin Disease, also known as skin diseases, genetic, is related to dyskeratosis congenita and neurotic excoriation, and has symptoms including mucous membrane eruption, exanthema and pruritus. An important gene associated with Skin Disease is COL17A1 (Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1 Chain), and among its related pathways are Alpha6-Beta4 Integrin Signaling Pathway and Cytoskeleton remodeling Neurofilaments. The drugs gotu kola extract and menthol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, skin and breast, and related mouse phenotypes are craniofacial and integument. An integumentary system disease that is located in skin.

* Skin Enhance is a recording which features TT2 peptide, Hyaluronic acid and Peptamide 6.
-T2 showed positive and significant effects on signs of aging in two in vivo studies, including reducing the appearance of skin sagging and slacking, and improving firmness, elasticity and visco-elasticity in volunteers treated with the peptide formulation.
-Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring polysaccharide (carbohydrate) in the human body. It is present in large amounts in the spaces between skin cells, where it provides moisture, plumpness, firmness and suppleness to the skin.
-Peptamide 6 is a firming peptide that increases collagen synthesis and upregulates growth factors, transmembrane, matrix and heat shock proteins.

* Skin firming gene therapy. The loss of skin structure or elasticity is usually one of the first and most noticeable signs of skin aging. Firm skin is physically taut, having few visible wrinkles and high elasticity.
AR - Androgen Receptor - Collagen breakdown
FOS - FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog - Promotes MMP’s
IL1alpha - Interleukin 1 Alpha - Induced collagenase
JUN - JUN proto-oncogene - Promotes MMP’s
MMP9 - Metalloproteinase 9 - Degrades collagen gene
NFKbeta - Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta - Diverse effects
PDGFA - Platelet-derived growth factor subunit A - UV induced collagenase
TP53 - Tumor protein p53 - Suppressor of collagen gene.
In playing order, NFKB2 iso 3 (80s), TP53 (3m), FOS (3m), NFKB1 iso 2 (80s), NFKB1 iso 1 (80s), AR (3m), JUN (3m), NFKB iso 1 (80s), NFKB iso 4 (80s), NFKB1 iso 3 (80s), IL1 Alpha (3m), MMP9 (3m), PDGFA long (2m), PDGFA short (2m).

* Skin Homeostasis plays the sound frequencies of Y27632 and Apocynin. The protein Collagen Type-17A1 has been noted by scientists as beneficial to keep skin “intact and unimpaired” through the process of cell competition. COL17A1 encourages cell competition by driving out weak cells and revitalizing stronger cells toward replication, and in the process, maintaining tissue fitness. The two compounds with the ability to “kick-start” the antiaging process, Y27632 and apocynin, produced positive results on skin cells via skin regeneration and reducing skin aging. They "significantly promoted" repair and regeneration even to deep-tissue skin wounds, and it was done two ways, according to the study, published in the journal Nature. Stem cells with higher potential or quality are thus selected for homeostasis, but their eventual loss of COL17A1 limits their competition, thereby causing ageing. The resultant hemidesmosome fragility and stem cell delamination deplete adjacent melanocytes and fibroblasts to promote skin ageing. Conversely, the forced maintenance of COL17A1 rescues skin organ ageing, thereby indicating potential angles for anti-ageing therapeutic intervention.

* Skin inflammation gene therapy. Skin infammation is regulated by multiple pathways and infammatory mediators. The activation and/or deactivation of certain mediators can infuence how the skin responds to certain irritants. When inflammation occurs pro-inflammatory factors are up-regulated while anti-inflammation gene factors may be downregulated. To maintain proper homeostasis of the skin, pro-inflammatory targets should be downregulated and anti-inflammatory targets up-regulated. (+) IL1RN, (-) ERBB2 inhibitor AG-825, (+) MT2A, (+) MT1H, (-) PTAFR inhibitor PCA-4248, (-) LTB4R inhibitor Acebilustat, (+) ICAM2, (-) HRH1 inhibitor UCB-35440.

* Skin Moisture. The recording plays the sound frequency of Sodium lactate, Allantoin, Palmitoleic acid, Lactic acid, Glycerin and, Urea.
-Sodium lactate is a food additive and an effective humectant and moisturizer.
-Allantoin has a moisturizing and keratolytic effect, increasing the water content of the extracellular matrix and enhancing the desquamation of upper layers of dead skin cells, increasing the smoothness of the skin; promoting cell proliferation and wound healing; and a soothing, anti-irritant, and skin protectant effect by forming complexes with irritant and sensitizing agents.
-Palmitoleic acid or Omega-7 is a common constituent of the glycerides of human adipose tissue. It promotes healthy and moisturized skin, hair, and nails at a cellular level, supports also a healthy gastrointestinal and digestive system from start to finish.
-Lactic acid is used in topical preparations and cosmetics to adjust acidity and for its disinfectant and keratolytic properties.
-Glycerin is used in medical, pharmaceutical and personal care preparations, often as a means of improving smoothness, providing lubrication, and as a humectant. Ichthyosis and xerosis have been relieved by the topical use glycerin.
-Urea is used as a cream for ichthyosis and other hyperkeratotic skin disorders.

* Skin moisturizing gene therapy. Some genes important for the skin barrier omeostasis, transepidermal water loss, and the formation of barrier lipids, i.e., cholesterol, free fatty acids and ceramides. Each item plays for three minutes. In playing order, ACACB, ALOXE3, ALOXE12B, SMPD1, SPTLC2, GBA, PPARG, HMGCS1.

* Skin peptides. Each item plays for 4m 30s unless stated otherwise. In order,
- Acetyl hexapeptide-3 works to relax the deep wrinkles and lines around the forehead and eyes.
- Palmitoyl pentapeptide-3 increases overall collagen production, the production of collagen IV and hyaluronic acid synthesis in the skin. Palmitoyl pentapeptide-3 also helps the skin to heal wounds faster.
- Palmitoyd oligopeptide stimulates the synthesis of collagen and hyaluronic acid in the deep layers of the skin. In addition, palmitoyl oligopeptide has a mild UV protection effect.
- Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 lightens skin and improves its elasticity, reduces problems with skin roughness, fine lines, thin skin and wrinkles, and the appearance of uneven skin tones. It also induces natural collagen production for skin healing and rejuvenation. Palmitoyl tetrapeptide 7 relieves some of the chemical pressure on the skin, leading to cell deterioration from inflammation, and allows it to heal faster.
- L-gulonolactone oxidase (vitamin C gene) provides the vitamin C used by fibroblasts to make collagen and elastin. Vitamin C is also an antioxidant which has a photoprotective effect by reducing damage to cells and DNA which are caused by oxidation from UV light exposure (3m 18s).

* Skin structure protection and maintenance gene therapy. Gene expression changes accompany skin aging and contribute to the formation of noticeable signs of aging such as the formation of fine lines, wrinkles, and sagging skin. In the aging dermis, there are increases in expression of genes responsible for degrading key components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), while there are decreases in gene expression responsible for key components that build and/or contribute to ECM formation. Thus, more breakdown of ECM occurs than formation. Each product plays for three minutes unless stated otherwise. In playing order, COL4A3 iso 3 (1m), COL4A3 iso 4 (1m), ERBB2, SIRT1, COL4A3 iso 5 (1m), LOX, TGM1, SOD2, TIMP1, COL4A3 iso 1 (1m), COL4A3 iso 2 (1m), HRH1. (Updated to add Hydroxytyrosol -Vitamin C)

* Skin Tag, also known as fibroepithelial polyp of skin, is related to fibroepithelial polyp of the anus and fibroepithelial polyp of urethra, and has symptoms including macule and leser-trélat sign. An important gene associated with Skin Tag is PTCH1 (Patched 1). Affiliated tissues include skin, testes and t cells, and related mouse phenotypes are embryo and skeleton. A small benign tumor that forms primarily in areas where the skin forms creases, such as the neck, armpit, and groin. They may also occur on the face, usually on the eyelids.

* Skin Tropical Protection is a combination of zinc oxide, acting as astringent. Kaolin for skin protection and anti-itch, menthol for analgesia and glycerin for skin protection.

* Skin-Itch Anti-fungal. Tolnaftate is a synthetic thiocarbamate used as an anti-fungal agent. Tolnaftate is used to treat fungal conditions such as jock itch, athlete's foot and ringworm. Although the exact mechanism of action is not entirely known, it is believed to inhibit squalene epoxidase, an important enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol (a key component of the fungal cell membrane) in a similar way to terbinafine. Miconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat ring worm, pityriasis versicolor, and yeast infections of the skin or vagina. It is used for ring worm of the body, groin (jock itch), and feet (athlete's foot). In addition to its antifungal actions, miconazole, similarly to ketoconazole, is known to act as an antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor. Miconazole inhibits the fungal enzyme 14alpha-sterol demethylase, resulting in a reduced production of ergosterol. Interactions are possible with anticoagulants, phenytoin, terbinafine, some newer atypical antipsychotics, cyclosporin, and some statins used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Econazole is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class. Econazole is used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, tinea, pityriasis versicolor, ringworm, and jock itch.

* SkQ1 is a form of CoQ that is electrophoretically targeted to mitochondria for healing and life extension. Production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria may contribute to senescence. Reactive oxygen species damage mitochondrial DNA and other important cell component, leading to gradual impairment of cellular function. Antioxidants may slow this damage. Several studies indicate that SkQ can efficiently protect the cell from oxidative damageStudies show that low concentrations of SkQ1 are promising in treating retinopathies, cataract, uveitis, glaucoma, and some other ocular diseases. Besides, SkQ1 prolonged lifespan, being especially effective at early and middle stages of aging. In mammals, the effect of SkQs on aging was accompanied by inhibition of development of such age-related diseases and traits as cataract, retinopathy, glaucoma, balding, canities, osteoporosis, involution of the thymus, hypothermia, torpor, peroxidation of lipids and proteins, etc. SkQ1 manifested a strong therapeutic action on some already pronounced retinopathies, in particular, congenital retinal dysplasia.

* SLC12A5 - SLC12A9 Factors. SLC12A5 is a potassium (K+)/chloride (Cl−) symporter that maintains chloride homeostasis in neurons. Loss of SLC12A5 following neuronal damage (i.e. ischemia, spinal cord damage, physical trauma to the central nervous system) results in the loss of inhibitory regulation and the subsequent development of neuronal hyperexcitability, motor spasticity, and seizure-like activity as GABAA receptors and glycine receptors revert from hyperpolarizing to depolarizing postsynaptic effects. SLC12A9 or Cation-chloride cotransporter-interacting protein 1 is a potent activator of SLC12A5. Deficits in the activity of SLC12A5 lead to epilepsy and are also implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, neuropathic pain, and schizophrenia.

* SLC9A3R1 factor defects are the cause of hypophosphatemic nephrolithiasis/osteoporosis type 2 (NPHLOP2). Hypophosphatemia results from idiopathic renal phosphate loss. It contributes to the pathogenesis of hypophosphatemic urolithiasis (formation of urinary calculi) as well to that of hypophosphatemic osteoporosis (bone demineralization).

* Sleep Disorder, also known as non-organic sleep disorder, is related to advanced sleep phase syndrome and sleep apnea, and has symptoms including back pain, cachexia and cyanosis. An important gene associated with Sleep Disorder is HCRT (Hypocretin Neuropeptide Precursor), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Circadian rythm related genes and Circadian rhythm. The drugs Lansoprazole and Lidocaine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, brain and testes, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and muscle. A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal.

* Sleeping Aid is Melatonin, Glycine and Theanine. Melatonin is a metabolic hormone made in the pineal gland, retina, and intestines. Melatonin is released into the blood stream by the pineal gland (which resides in the brain) to set the body’s biological clock and initiate sleep. Darkness stimulates the pineal gland and causes it to produce more melatonin. Day light stops the body’s production of melatonin. Melatonin helps to promote healthy sleep patterns. Melatonin also protects cells from free radical damage, and directs the release of growth and sex hormones. Glycine stimulates the production of the serotonin, the "feel good" hormone that helps elevate mood, improve sleep quality, and enhance cognition and memory. Theanine is believed to be the primary component of green tea that provides a relaxing effect. Theanine is an amino acid derivative of glutamine. Theanine promotes alpha brain wave production, alpha waves are associated with a calm mental state, thus, theanine helps to induce a state of calm relaxation.

* Smad3 Inhibitor, SIS3 489.99 is a potent and selective inhibitor of Smad3 function. SIS3 selectively inhibits TGF-beta1/ALK5-induced Smad3 phosphorylation. Also inhibits the TGF-beta1 effect on type I procollagen expression at the transcriptional levels via the Smad3-binding site. It could be used as a therapeutic intervention for scleroderma by turning back scleroderma fibroblasts abnormally overexpressing alfa-SMA via the inhibition of Smad3, and may be beneficial in other fibrotic disorders.

* SNAP-8 peptide is a mimic of the N-terminal end of SNAP-25 which competes with SNAP-25 for a position in the SNARE complex, thereby modulating its formation. If the SNARE complex is slightly destabilized, the vesicle can not release neurotransmitters efficiently and therefore muscle contraction is attenuated, preventing the formation of lines and wrinkles.

* Social Phobia, also known as phobic anxiety disorder, is related to phobic disorder and agoraphobia. An important gene associated with Social Phobia is MAOA (Monoamine Oxidase A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Susceptibility Pathways and Serotonergic synapse. The drugs Norepinephrine and Citalopram have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, amygdala and testes, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and endocrine/exocrine gland. A phobic disorder that involves social anxiety occurring only in specific public or social situations, interactions with others or being evaluated or scrutinized by other people.

* Sodium Butyrate is essential for maintaining a healthy environment in the gut. Butyrate nourishes the colon wall, maintains a healthy lining and barrier function of the colon, and prevents intestinal inflammation. Butyrate suppresses the activity of cells and proteins that drive inflammation. HDAC inhibitors improve the tumor-targeting abilities of immune cells like T cells and natural killer cells; they are currently under investigation as potential cancer drugs. This class of compounds also reduces many inflammatory signals and increases Tregs, a type of white blood cell that prevents allergies and autoimmunity. Butyrate may improve learning and long-term memory. Butyrate may impact social life. Along with other fatty acids produced by gut bacteria, butyrate is a “social odor.” According to one study, it may even influence whether people will find you attractive.

* Sodium hyaluronate is used to treat knee pain in patients with joint inflammation (osteoarthritis). It is usually used in patients who have not responded to other treatments such as acetaminophen, exercise, or physical therapy. Hyaluronic acid may also be used in plastic surgery to reduce wrinkles on the face or as a filler in other parts of the body. May be used in ophthalmology to assist in the extraction of cataracts, the implantation of intraocular lenses, corneal transplants, glaucoma filtration, retinal attachment and in the treatment of dry eyes. Finally, hyaluronic acid is also used to coat the bladder lining in treating interstitial cystitis.

* Sodium oxybate is a medication for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) associated with narcolepsy, and cataplexy associated with narcolepsy. Sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) used for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and dependence.

* Sodium Phenylbutyrate is used to treat urea cycle disorders in people who lack certain liver enzymes needed to properly eliminate waste substances from the body. This medicine helps prevent a build-up of ammonia in the blood. Sodium Phenylbutyrate is the sodium salt of phenylbutyrate, a derivative of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, with potential antineoplastic activity. Phenylbutyrate reversibly inhibits class I and II histone deacetylases (HDACs), which may result in a global increase in gene expression, decreased cellular proliferation, increased cell differentiation, and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations. In cystic fibrosis, a point mutation in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator protein, causes it to be unstable and misfold, hence trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum and unable to reach the cell membrane. This lack of CFTR in the cell membrane leads to disrupted chloride transport and the symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Sodium phenylbutyrate can act as a chemical chaperone, stabilising the mutant CFTR in the endoplasmic reticulum and allowing it to reach the cell surface. Deriving from its activity as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium phenylbutyrate is under investigation for use as a potential differentiation-inducing agent in malignant glioma and acute myeloid leukaemia, and also for the treatment of some sickle-cell disorders. Sodium phenylbutyrate is also being studied as a therapeutic option for the treatment of Huntington's disease. Phenylbutyrate has been associated with longer lifespans in Drosophila. Phenylbutyrate stops the progression of Parkinson's disease in mice by turning on a gene called DJ-1 that can protect dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain from dying, hence it may help in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in humans.

* Sodium Thiosulfate has a role as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, a nephroprotective agent an antifungal drug and hangover remedy. Sodium thiosulfate absorbs alcohol, preventing intoxication. The substance is used to cure alcoholism – long-term use of it makes a person develop an aversion to alcohol.

* Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide analog used in combination with other drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Sofosbuvir inhibits the RNA polymerase that the hepatitis C virus uses to replicate its RNA.

* Sound Frequency Expression Of The DNA

Human DNA is not only responsible for the construction of our body but also serves as data storage and in communication. Chromosomes function just like solitonic/holographic computers.

Gene regulatory networks approximate a hierarchical scale free network topology. Regulation of gene expression is a mechanism used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).

Living DNA substance (in living tissue, not in vitro) does react to sound (wavelength and frequency) if the proper frequencies are being used.

In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype. The genetic code stored in DNA is interpreted by gene expression, and the properties of the expression give rise to the organism's phenotype.

Listening the equivalent frequency of the molecular mass to a protein's reference sequence may help modulate, modify and restore associated products.

* Sox4 and Sox11 factors play a role in shaping the identity cells assume by regulating the expression of other genes. Loud noise, trauma, infections, plain old aging--many things can destroy hair cells, the delicate sensors of balance and sound within the inner ear. And once these sensors are gone, that's it; the delicate hair cells don't grow back in humans, leading to hearing loss and problems with balance. In a recent study, when both genes were shut down, the entire inner ear, not just the utricle, developed abnormally. In other experiments, turning on the genes in older mice whose hair cells were fully matured, the activation of these genes induced the production of new hair cells within a fully developed utricle. These genes, or others in the same pathway, could be promising targets for efforts to treat hearing loss or balance problems by regenerating hair cells, researchers suggest.

* Specific Bursitis Often of Occupational Origin, also known as specific bursitides often of occupational origin, is related to cervical adenitis and byssinosis. An important gene associated with Specific Bursitis Often of Occupational Origin is SERPINI2 (Serpin Family I Member 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers and Dendritic Cells Developmental Lineage Pathway. Affiliated tissues include bone.

* Sperm activating peptide (SAP) regulates flagellar motility, and induces increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration that play an actual role in regulation of the flagellar movement. Speract is a sperm-activating peptide (SAP) from sea urchin eggs.

* SP-H5 is a bioactive peptide that coats tooth surfaces, helping prevent new cavities and heal existing ones in lab experiments.

* Spinal Disease, also known as spinal disorder, is related to sacral agenesis with vertebral anomalies and cutaneous leishmaniasis, and has symptoms including back pain, sciatica and other back symptoms. An important gene associated with Spinal Disease is SMN1 (Survival Of Motor Neuron 1, Telomeric), and among its related pathways are Transcription_Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis and IL6-mediated signaling events. Affiliated tissues include spinal cord, bone and brain. Spinal disease (also known as a dorsopathy) refers to a condition impairing the backbone. These include various diseases of the back or spine, such as kyphosis. Dorsalgia refers to those conditions causing back pain. An example is scoliosis. Some other spinal diseases include Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Lumbar Spinal Stenosis, Spina Bifida, Spinal tumors, Osteoporosis and Cauda Equina Syndrome.

* Spinal Stenosis, also known as spinal stenosis of lumbar region, is related to back pain and spondylolisthesis, and has symptoms including neck pain, torticollis and back pain. An important gene associated with Spinal Stenosis is CALCA (Calcitonin Related Polypeptide Alpha), and among its related pathways/superpathways are ERK Signaling and Integrin Pathway. The drugs Betamethasone and Dexamethasone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include spinal cord, bone and spinal cord, and related phenotypes are Increased gamma-H2AX phosphorylation and hearing/vestibular/ear. A bone deterioration disease that has material basis in bony spurs, disc degeneration, or thickened ligaments which results in narrowing located in spinal cord.

* Spondyloarthropathy 1, also known as ankylosing spondylitis, is related to osteochondrosis and uveitis, and has symptoms including kyphosis, back pain and arrhythmia. An important gene associated with Spondyloarthropathy 1 is HLA-B (Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, B), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Cytokine Signaling in Immune system. The drugs Etanercept and Methotrexate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Placenta and Umbilical Cord, and related phenotypes are Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor) and hematopoietic system. Ankylosing spondylitis is a form of ongoing joint inflammation (chronic inflammatory arthritis) that primarily affects the spine. This condition is characterized by back pain and stiffness that typically appear in adolescence or early adulthood. Over time, back movement gradually becomes limited as the bones of the spine (vertebrae) fuse together.

* Spondyloarthropathy, also known as spondylarthropathies, is related to spondyloarthropathy 1 and ulcerative colitis, and has symptoms including sciatica An important gene associated with Spondyloarthropathy is HLA-B (Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, B), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. The drugs Adalimumab and Pamidronate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, testes and t cells, and related phenotypes are Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2) and homeostasis/metabolism. Any joint disease of the vertebral column.

* Spondylolisthesis is related to spondylolysis and spinal stenosis, and has symptoms including back pain An important gene associated with Spondylolisthesis is BMP7 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7), and among its related pathways/superpathways are GPCR Pathway and p70S6K Signaling. The drugs Menthol and Ketamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include set of vertebrae, bone and bone marrow, and related phenotypes are spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis at l5-s1. A bone structure disease that has material basis in displacement located in set of vertebrae.

* Spondylosis, also known as spondylogenic compression of thoracic spinal cord, is related to head injury and osteoporosis. An important gene associated with Spondylosis is HTRA1 (HtrA Serine Peptidase 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and action and Development_Hedgehog and PTH signaling pathways in bone and cartilage development. The drugs Dexamethasone and Pregabalin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include vertebral column, spinal cord and bone, and related phenotypes are growth/size/body region and cardiovascular system. A bone structure disease that involves degeneration between vertebra located in vertebral column.

* SR1-UM729. SR1 StemRegenin is an Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) antagonist. It promotes ex vivo expansion of CD34+ human hematopoietic stem cells and the generation of CD34+ cells. UM729 367.443 enhances the self-renewal of human hematopoietic stem cells in vitro. UM729 does not inhibit the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway, but has been shown to collaborate with AHR antagonists in preventing differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in culture. UM279·enhances human hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal in vitro. According to cancer research, UM729 collaborates with StemRegenin 1 (SR1) in preventing differentiation of AML cells in culture.

* SR-2211 works directly and specifically on at least two immune cell types directly involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. The experimental compound targets the nuclear receptor RORgamma, a key regulator of TH17 cells, one of a family of white blood cells that play a role in the immune system. Identified only a decade ago, TH17 cells have been implicated in numerous autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and lupus. SR2211, blocked development of virtually all symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in mice within the first eight to ten days of treatment. The mice also showed significantly reduced bone and cartilage erosion compared to animals that did not receive treatment.

* SRHHAFCFR or human aggrecan peptide number 67 can be used for the generation of HLA-B27 tetramer complexes. Mice immunized with this peptide do not develop tenosynovitis. Cartilage proteins such as human aggrecan are known to play an important role in the inflammatory process, because they seem to be a major target in spondyloarthropathies and autoimmunity to aggrecan and to other proteoglycans can lead to the development of arthritis. The human aggrecan sequence SRHHAFCFR seems to evoke CD8+ T cell responses. The pathology of ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, and other spondyloarthropathies (SpA) is closely associated with the human leukocyte class I Ag HLA-B27. A characteristic finding in SpA is inflammation of cartilage structures of the joint, in particular at the site of ligament/tendon and bone junction.

* Stampidine is an experimental nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with anti-HIV activity. Stampidine displays remarkable in vitro and in vivo anti-HIV activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant HIV strains. Stampidine is non-cytotoxic and nonirritating to mucosal epithelial cells. Several preclinical studies conducted thus far, suggest that stampidine has clinical potential as a dual-function topical agent for the prevention and/or effective treatment of oculo-genital ADV/HIV infections. Adenoviruses (ADVs) are causative agents of severe and extremely contagious ocular and genital infections associated with conjunctivitis, genital ulcers and urethritis.

* Staph aureus SSL7 or superantigen-like 7 is a secreted protein in staphylococcus aureus that specifically binds to human C5 and thereby prevents C5 activation into C5b and C5a in vitro. Bacterial molecules like SSL7 are key to counteract the detrimental effects of complement activation in inflammatory disease states. (Among the top most expensive meds - Soliris)

* Stasis dermatitis gene therapy. Frequencies related to the condition according to Novus Biologicals search. Each item play for 3m. In order, PDGFRB, AP3B1, BLOC1S2, MAS1, FGF2, CRP c-reactive protein, TIMP1, PLAT, FLT4.

* STAT5 inhibitor controls the biological activity of STAT5. STAT5 programs TH-GM immune cells and triggers the immune response to an autoantigen in responding to a signal from interleukin-7, causing neuroinflammation, pathogenesis and damage in the central nervous system. Blocking either STAT5 or IL-7 provides a substantial therapeutic benefit for multiple sclerosis and autoimmune diseases.

* Stem Cells Blood Substitute. SR1 and UM171 enhance proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and suppress differentiation. Hematopoietic stem cells offer a possible means of producing transfusable blood. When used in conjunction with SR1, a known transcription factor, UM171 allowed for suppression of differentiation and led to increased CFU-GEMM growth. The myeloid precursor (CFU-GEMM) cell is capable of differentiating into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, all of which are normally found in circulating blood. Experiment results suggest that UM171+SR1 together enhance proliferation of progenitor cells and suppress differentiation. CFU-GEMM is a colony forming unit that generates myeloid cells. CFU-GEMM cells are the oligopotential progenitor cells for myeloid cells; they are thus also called common myeloid progenitor cells or myeloid stem cells. "GEMM" stands for granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, megakaryocyte. The common myeloid progenitor (CMP) and the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) are the first branch of cell differentiation in hematopoiesis after the hemocytoblast (hematopoietic stem cell). HSCs are an essential support mechanism of blood cells and the immune system. As humans and other species age, HSCs become more numerous but less effective at regenerating blood cells and immune cells. This makes older people more susceptible to infections and disease, including leukemia.The hematopoietic process may help in Covid-19.

* Stigmasterol is used as a precursor in the manufacture of semisynthetic progesterone, a valuable human hormone that plays an important physiological role in the regulatory and tissue rebuilding mechanisms related to estrogen effects, as well as acting as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of androgens, estrogens, and corticoids. It is also used as the precursor of vitamin D3. Research has indicated that stigmasterol may be useful in prevention of certain cancers, including ovarian, prostate, breast, and colon cancers. Studies have also indicated that a diet high in phytoesterols may inhibit the absorption of cholesterol and lower serum cholesterol levels by competing for intestinal absorption. Studies with laboratory animals fed stigmasterol found that both cholesterol and sitosterol absorption decreased 23% and 30%, respectively, over a 6-week period. It also possesses potent antioxidant, hypoglycemic and thyroid inhibiting properties. Being a steroid, stigmasterol is precursor of anabolic steroid boldenone.

* STK11 Peptide defects' are a cause of predisposition to benign and maligant tumors including gastrointestinal and testicular cancers (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).

* Stomach Disease, also known as stomach diseases, is related to non-hypoproteinemic hypertrophic gastropathy and functional gastric disease, and has symptoms including abdominal pain, constipation and diarrhea. An important gene associated with Stomach Disease is DDX21 (DExD-Box Helicase 21), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Peptide ligand-binding receptors and Salivary secretion. The drugs Epinephrine and Racepinephrine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, testes and lung, and related phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and homeostasis/metabolism. A gastrointestinal system disease that is located in the stomach.

* Streptococcal Toxic-Shock Syndrome, also known as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, is related to fasciitis and peritonitis. An important gene associated with Streptococcal Toxic-Shock Syndrome is IL6 (Interleukin 6), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and PEDF Induced Signaling. Affiliated tissues include heart, eye and monocytes. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome begins with flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, and muscle aches). Pain is common, usually in an extremity, sometimes in the abdomen or chest. The condition progresses to confusion and coma. Blood pressure drops, kidneys malfunction, and soft tissues may be infected.

* Streptococcus equisimilis (STRQ) streptokinase C (skc) is an enzyme secreted by several species of streptococci that can bind and activate human plasminogen. SK is used as an effective and inexpensive thrombolysis medication in some cases of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and pulmonary embolism. Streptokinase belongs to a group of medications known as fibrinolytics, and complexes of streptokinase with human plasminogen can hydrolytically activate other unbound plasminogen by activating through bond cleavage to produce plasmin. It is usually given only for a person's first heart attack. Further thrombotic events could be treated with Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). If percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not available within 90 minutes of first contact, streptokinase is recommended intravenously as soon as possible after the onset of a ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). As Streptokinase is a bacterial product, the body has the ability to build up an immunity to it. Plasmin is produced in the blood to break down fibrin, the major constituent of blood thrombi, thereby dissolving clots once they have fulfilled their purpose of stopping bleeding. Extra production of plasmin caused by streptokinase breaks down unwanted blood clots, for example, in the lungs (pulmonary embolism). As a potential virulence factor, it is thought to prevent the formation of effective fibrin barriers around the site of infection, thereby contributing to the invasiveness of the cells.

* Streptomyces L74-Cyclamin (saponin) is an algicide compound from Triterpenoid saponin is a type of saponin found in many plants. These compounds exhibit antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiyeast, and cytotoxic activities. In contrast to the structures of known triterpenoid saponins, this triterpenoid saponin may be a new type of saponin from actinobacteria. Streptomyces L74 shows two patterns of algicidal activities against M. aeruginosa, A. flos-aquae, O. animalis, and Aph. flos-aquae. Streptomyces L74 indirectly attacks M. aeruginosa, O. animalis, and Aph. flos-aquae by using the active substances. Streptomyces L74 directly attacks A. flos-aquae by cell-to-cell contact. This species also exhibits high algicidal activities against other harmful types of cyanobacteria. Eutrophic fresh water cyanobacteria produce neurotoxins and peptide hepatotoxins, such as microcystin and cyanopeptolin. The growth of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) has become a global concern as they threaten the environment, economy, and human health and require treatment to control pollution.

* Stroke, Ischemic, also known as cerebral infarction, is related to neonatal stroke and sneddon syndrome, and has symptoms including angina pectoris, back pain and chest pain. An important gene associated with Stroke, Ischemic is F2 (Coagulation Factor II, Thrombin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ and Folate Metabolism. The drugs Angiotensin II and Valsartan have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Bone and Umbilical Cord, and related phenotypes are stroke and homeostasis/metabolism. A stroke is a medical emergency. Strokes happen when blood flow to your brain stops. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. There are two kinds of stroke. The more common kind, called ischemic stroke, is caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain. The other kind, called hemorrhagic stroke, is caused by a blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brain.

* Strontium ranelate, a strontium (II) salt of ranelic acid, is an antiosteoporotic agent which both increases bone formation and inhibits bone resorption. Treating human chondrocytes with strontium ranelate strongly increased cartilage matrix formation by ionic stimulation of chondrocyte anabolism without affecting cartilage resorption, providing a preclinical basis for in vivo testing of strontium ranelate in OA.

* Subacute Delirium, also known as delirium, is related to reye syndrome and insomnia, fatal familial, and has symptoms including ataxia, back pain and headache. An important gene associated with Subacute Delirium is APOH (Apolipoprotein H). The drug Hypnotics and Sedatives has been mentioned in the context of this disorder.

* Substance Abuse, also known as substance-related disorders, is related to eating disorder and cocaine abuse, and has symptoms including symptoms An important gene associated with Substance Abuse is MIAT (Myocardial Infarction Associated Transcript), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Peptide ligand-binding receptors and Circadian entrainment. The drugs Amphetamine and Buprenorphine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, brain and cortex, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and homeostasis/metabolism. A substance-related disorder that involves a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment in functioning.

* Substance Dependence is related to drug dependence and depression. An important gene associated with Substance Dependence is OPRM1 (Opioid Receptor Mu 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Signaling by GPCR and Transmission across Chemical Synapses. The drugs Dopamine and Ethanol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and cortex, and related phenotypes are Decreased viability and Decreased viability. A substance-related disorder that involves the continued use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance.

* Substance P peptide. In the central nervous system, SP is associated with the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, stress, reinforcement, neurogenesis, neurotoxicity and pain. In the digestive tract, SP, along with some other tachykinins, are neurotransmitters that regulate motor activity, secretion of ions and fluid, as well as vascular functions.

* Sulfadiazine is a sulfonamide antibiotic for opportunistic infections and coinfections. An opportunistic infection is an infection that occurs more frequently or is more severe in people with weakened immune systems. It eliminates bacteria that cause infections such as urinary tract infections, ear infections, meningitis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, and others. It is also used to prevent infections in people who are at risk. It will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections. It works by stopping the production of folate inside the bacterial cell. In combination, sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine, can be used to treat toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii.

* Sulfasalazine a sulfa drug, is used for the treatment of mild to severe ulcerative colitis, and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It has also been used for Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis. Sulfasalazine is a medicine formed from salicylic acid (the active ingredient in aspirin) and an antibiotic, sulfapyridine. Sulfasalazine is also known as a disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) because it not only decreases the pain and swelling of arthritis, but also may prevent damage to joints. In addition, it may reduce the risk of long term loss of function. Sulfasalazine is used to treat bowel inflammation, diarrhea (stool frequency), rectal bleeding, and abdominal pain in patients with ulcerative colitis, a condition in which the bowel is inflamed. Sulfasalazine has also been used successfully to treat cases of idiopathic urticaria that do not respond to antihistamines. Sulfasalazine is in a class of medications called anti-inflammatory drugs. It works by reducing inflammation (swelling) inside the body.

* Sweat Gland Disease, also known as sweat gland diseases, is related to gall bladder carcinoma in situ and lung occult small cell carcinoma, and has symptoms including exanthema, pruritus and increased sweating. An important gene associated with Sweat Gland Disease is NTRK1 (Neurotrophic Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 1), and among its related pathways are Activation of TRKA receptors and 14-3-3 and Regulation of BAD Activity. Affiliated tissues include skin, and related mouse phenotypes are integument and vision/eye.

* Syncope is related to jervell and lange-nielsen syndrome and atrial fibrillation, familial, 3. An important gene associated with Syncope is SLC6A2 (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 2), and among its related pathways are Antiarrhythmic Pathway, Pharmacodynamics and SIDS Susceptibility Pathways. Affiliated tissues include testes, brain and heart, and related mouse phenotype muscle. A temporary loss of consciousness due to the sudden decline of blood flow to the brain. Syncope is commonly called fainting or passing out.

* Synovial Chondromatosis, also known as synovial osteochondromatosis, is related to osteochondroma and osteoporosis, and has symptoms including arthralgia and metatarsalgia. An important gene associated with Synovial Chondromatosis is NOG (Noggin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are ERK Signaling and GPCR Pathway. Affiliated tissues include bone and endothelial, and related phenotypes are cellular and cardiovascular system. Synovial chondromatosis is a type of non-cancerous tumor that arises in the lining of a joint. The knee is most commonly affected, however it can affect any joint. The tumors begin as small nodules of cartilage.

* Synovitis is related to pigmented villonodular synovitis and villonodular synovitis, and has symptoms including arthralgia and metatarsalgia. An important gene associated with Synovitis is TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor). Affiliated tissues include synovial membrane, bone and t cells. A connective tissue disease that results in inflammation located in synovial membrane that lines a synovial joint which causes pain and swelling.

* SynuClean-D molecule interrupts the formation of the alpha-synuclein amyloid fibres responsible for the onset of Parkinson's disease, and reverts the neurodegeneration caused by the disease. SynuClean-D inhibits aggregation of alpha-synuclein by binding to the inner cavity of alpha-synuclein fibrils. Alpha-synuclein is a major component of amyloid deposition in dopaminergic neurons of Parkinson’s patients. SynuCleanD has therapeutic potential in Parkinson’s disease as it can prevent the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.