Modern Medicine in Digital format

* UK5099 blocks pyruvate from entering the mitochondria, which forces the production of lactate in the hair follicle stem cells and accelerates hair growth in mice.

* Ulcerative Stomatitis, also known as minor oral aphthous ulceration, is related to nail disorder, nonsyndromic congenital, 1 and chronic interstitial cystitis, and has symptoms including halitosis and snoring. An important gene associated with Ulcerative Stomatitis is TP63 (Tumor Protein P63), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Direct p53 effectors and Activation of BH3-only proteins. The drugs Infliximab and Gastrointestinal Agents have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, liver and skin, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and immune system. An infectious disease of the mouth characterized by swollen spongy gums, ulcers, and loose teeth.

* Ulnar Neuropathy, also known as ulnar neuropathies, is related to neuropathy and chronic salpingitis. An important gene associated with Ulnar Neuropathy is ARHGEF10 (Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 10), and among its related pathways are Pyruvate metabolism and Citric Acid (TCA) cycle and Signaling by Retinoic Acid. Affiliated tissues include testes, kidney and spinal cord.

* Upper Respiratory Tract Disease is related to tuberculosis and adenoiditis. An important gene associated with Upper Respiratory Tract Disease is RNASE3 (Ribonuclease A Family Member 3), and among its related pathways are IL-9 Signaling Pathways and their Primary Biological Effects in Different Immune Cell Types and Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network. Affiliated tissues include testes and brain, and related mouse phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and hematopoietic system. A respiratory system disease which involves the upper respiratory tract.

* Urate oxidase stimulation, UO is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin in most mammals, but not in humans. Rasburicase and another recombinant human version of the enzyme are included. (See notes below for pseudogene rationale)

* Uroguanylin is secreted by enterochromaffin cells in the duodenum and proximal small intestine. Guanylin acts as an agonist of the guanylyl cyclase receptor GC-C and regulates electrolyte and water transport in intestinal and renal epithelia. In the intestine, uroguanylin markedly increases the transepithelial secretion of chloride and bicarbonate anions and elicits natriuresis, kaliuresis, and diuresis in the kidney. It is a candidate for treatment of gastrointestinal functional disorders and diseases including chronic constipation, irritable bowel syndrome and for normalizing bowel movements with less likelyhood of causing severe diarrhea.

* Urokinase is used clinically as a thrombolytic agent in the treatment of severe or massive deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and occluded intravenous or dialysis cannulas. It is also administered intrapleurally to improve the drainage of complicated pleural effusions and empyemas. It is the most effective drug in myocardial infarction. In contrast to TPA tissue plasminogen activator, it immediately removes the clot.

* Urolithin B helps severe muscle damage through intense workouts. Additionally, it can also protect our muscles against severe stress cause by high-fat diets. Urolithin B enhanced myotubes growth and differentiation by increasing protein synthesis. Additionally, introduction of Urolithin B into the system induces hypertrophy and reduces the effects of muscle atrophy. When compared to testosterone, Urolithin B when taken at 15 micromolar units (uM) increased androgen receptor activity by 90% while testosterone was only able to accomplish increased receptor activity of 50% at 100uM. Furthermore, only 15uM of Urolithin B increased muscle protein synthesis by 96% when compared to 100uM of insulin, which increased muscle protein synthesis by only 61%. The conclusion is that it takes far less Urolithin B to increase muscle protein synthesis with much higher level of effectiveness. This means that it takes a lot less Urolitin B to increase androgen activity more effectively then the higher amount of testosterone which increases androgen activity less effectively. Urolithin B is designed to help increase muscle synthesis while reducing the muscle damage that comes alongside intense workouts. Urolithin B use is not suited outside of a gym workout context.

* Urolithin-A is generated by gut microflora as a natural metabolite of ellagitannins, a class of compounds found in the pomegranate and other fruits and nuts. Urolithin A, improves mitochondrial and muscle function, resulting in enhanced muscle strength and endurance during aging. Declining skeletal muscle mass and the resulting loss of strength are hallmarks of aging. These changes can become debilitating and lead to a condition termed sarcopenia. Mitophagy declines in cells as we age, and the reduction in mitochondrial function in the muscles of the elderly is thought to be one of the main causes of age-related muscle impairment.

* Ursodiol or ursodeoxycholic acid, from the root-word for bear urso, as bear bile contains the substance, is one of the secondary bile acids, which are metabolic byproducts of intestinal bacteria. Primary bile acids are produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. When secreted into the intestine, primary bile acids can be metabolized into secondary bile acids by intestinal bacteria. Primary and secondary bile acids help the body digest fats. Ursodeoxycholic acid helps regulate cholesterol by reducing the rate at which the intestine absorbs cholesterol molecules while breaking up micelles containing cholesterol. Because of this property, ursodeoxycholic acid is used to treat (cholesterol) gallstones non-surgically. It is also used to relieve itching in pregnancy for some women who suffer obstetric cholestasis. While some bile acids are known to be colon tumor promoters (e.g. deoxycholic acid), others such as ursodeoxycholic acid are thought to be chemopreventive, perhaps by inducing cellular differentiation and/or cellular senescence in colon epithelial cells. It is believed to inhibit apoptosis. Ursodeoxycholic acid has also been shown experimentally to suppress immune response such as immune cell phagocytosis. Prolonged exposure and/or increased quantities of systemic (throughout the body, not just in the digestive system) ursodeoxycholic acid can be toxic. A Cochrane review looking at primary biliary cirrhosis found that although ursodeoxycholic acid showed a reduction in liver biochemistry, jaundice, and ascites, it did not decrease mortality or liver transplantation. Ursodiol may be used for biliary stasis in pregnant women to relieve the symptoms of itching and decrease bile absorption. It is unclear as of 2014 if ursodeoxycholic acid is useful for those with cystic fibrosis-related liver disease.

* Ursolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid identified in the epicuticular waxes of apples as early as 1920 and widely found in the peels of fruits, as well as in herbs and spices like rosemary and thyme. In vitro, ursolic acid inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cell types by inhibiting the STAT3 activation pathway, and may also decrease proliferation of cancer cells and induce apoptosis. Ursolic acid has also been shown to inhibit JNK expression and IL-2 activation of JURKAT leukemic T Cells leading to the reduction in proliferation and T cell activation. Ursolic acid is a weak aromatase inhibitor and has been shown to increase the amount of muscle and brown fat and decrease white fat obesity and associated conditions when added to diets fed to mice. Under physiological concentrations, ursolic acid also induces eryptosis (the apoptosis-like suicidal cell death in defective red blood cells). It has been found to reduce muscle atrophy and to stimulate muscular growth in mice. Ursolic acid reduces ATF4 activity, thus allowing skeletal muscle to recover from effects of aging. It also shows potential for cardioprotection.* Ursolic acid-Tomatidine appear to have a lot of potential as tools for dealing with muscle weakness and atrophy during aging. By reducing ATF4 activity, ursolic acid and tomatidine allow skeletal muscle to recover from effects of aging. The protein, ATF4, is a transcription factor that alters gene expression in skeletal muscle, causing reduction of muscle protein synthesis, strength, and mass. Elderly mice with age-related muscle weakness and atrophy were fed diets lacking or containing either 0.27 percent ursolic acid, or 0.05 percent tomatidine for two months. The scientists found that both compounds increased muscle mass by 10 percent, and more importantly, increased muscle quality, or strength, by 30 percent. The sizes of these effects suggest that the compounds largely restored muscle mass and strength to young adult levels.