Modern Medicine in Digital format

* FAAH factor degrades bioactive fatty acid amides like oleamide, the endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide and myristic amide to their corresponding acids, thereby serving to terminate the signaling functions of these molecules. Due to the ability of FAAH to regulate nociception, it is currently viewed as an attractive drug target for the treatment of pain. A mutation in FAAH has been linked to drug abuse and dependence. Individuals with the mutation have higher levels of anandamide, the so-called "bliss" molecule, because of lower levels of FAAH, which may reduce anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.

* Facial Paralysis, also known as facial palsy, is related to bell's palsy and camurati-engelmann disease, and has symptoms including seizures, muscle weakness and tremor. An important gene associated with Facial Paralysis is TUBB3 (Tubulin Beta 3 Class III), and among its related pathways/superpathways is N-cadherin signaling events. The drugs Prednisolone phosphate and Prednisolone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, testes and eye, and related phenotypes are cellular and nervous system. A common problem that involves the paralysis of any structures innervated by the facial nerve.

* Fainting is related to myocardial infarction and syncope. An important gene associated with Fainting is KCNH2 (Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily H Member 2), and among its related pathways are Formation of Fibrin Clot (Clotting Cascade) and Complement and coagulation cascades. Affiliated tissues include brain, skin and heart, and related mouse phenotype homeostasis/metabolism. A temporary loss of consciousness.

* FANCD2 (left channel) and DNA2 (right channel) factors play roles in fixing broken or damaged strands of DNA within a cell, called DNA repair. A defective version of the FANCD2 gene can result in the genetic disease Fanconi anemia (FA), which is characterized by failure of the bone marrow (an inability to replenish the body's supply of blood cells) and a predisposition to certain developmental disorders and cancers. Although DNA2 has not been associated with an FA family as yet, genetic studies implicate DNA2 in the FA DNA repair pathway. Tobacco smoke suppresses the expression of FANCD2, which codes for a DNA damage "caretaker" or repair mechanism.

* Fasciitis is related to ischemic fasciitis and pseudosarcomatous fibromatosis. An important gene associated with Fasciitis is USP6 (Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 6), and among its related pathways/superpathways are ERK Signaling and Cytokine Signaling in Immune system. The drugs Lidocaine and Menthol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, breast and bone, and related phenotype is cardiovascular system. An inflammation of the fascia, which is the connective tissue surrounding muscles, blood vessels and nerves.

* Fasiglifam is a drug that works by boosting the release of insulin from pancreatic B cells, but only when diabetics need it most –such as when glucose and fatty acids rise in the blood after a meal. Fasigliam, a new treatment for type 2 diabetes, improves blood sugar control and is equally effective as glimepiride, but has a significantly lower risk of creating a dangerous drop in blood sugar -hypoglycemia. Fasigliam is designed to enhance insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, which means that it has no effect on insulin secretion when glucose levels are normal, and as such has the potential to improve the control of blood sugar levels without the risk of hypoglycemia.

* Fatty Liver Disease, also known as fatty liver, is related to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis. An important gene associated with Fatty Liver Disease is MALAT1, and among its related pathways/superpathways are Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. and Regulation of lipid metabolism by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). The drugs Zinc and Pioglitazone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, testes and heart, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and adipose tissue. Alcoholic fatty liver disease is the earliest stage of alcohol-related liver disease. The next stages are alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Fatty liver disease is a condition in which fat builds up in the liver.

* Favipiravir is an experimental antiviral drug with activity against many RNA viruses. It is a pyrazinecarboxamide derivative active against influenza viruses, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus as well as other flaviviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses and alphaviruses. Activity against enteroviruses Lassa fever and Rift Valley fever virus has also been demonstrated. During the 2014 Ebola outbreak tests Favipiravir was proven effective in patients with low-to-moderate levels of Ebola virus in the blood. The mechanism of its actions is thought to be related to the selective inhibition of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Favipiravir does not inhibit RNA or DNA synthesis in mammalian cells and is not toxic to them.

* FBN1 factor encodes the protein Fibrilin-1. This gene encodes a member of the fibrillin family. The encoded protein is a large, extracellular matrix glycoprotein that serves as a structural component of 10-12 nm calcium-binding microfibrils. These microfibrils provide force bearing structural support in elastic and nonelastic connective tissue throughout the body. Mutations in this gene are associated with Marfan syndrome, isolated ectopia lentis, autosomal dominant Weill-Marchesani syndrome, MASS syndrome, and Shprintzen-Goldberg craniosynostosis syndrome.

* FEG tripeptide (not the D-isomeric form "feG") is a carboxyl terminal peptide of the prohormone SMR1 identified in the rat submandibular salivary gland. It has activity against diseases characterized by over exuberant inflammatory responses such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome and other acute inflammatory diseases. Arthritis, sepsis, acute pancreatitis, asthma, acute respiratory inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease. Inhibits cardiac, pulmonary, and intestinal anaphylactic activity, and decreases pulmonary and pancreatic inflammation. It belongs to the class of "Immune Selective Anti-Inflammatory Derivatives" (ImSAIDs).

* Female sexual arousal disorder peptides presents a safe combination to use in women that will only work when combined with sexual stimulation. VIP peptide plus UK-414,495 -a NEP selective inhibitor. Two passes playing four minutes each product -VIP and UK-414,495.

* Femoral Neuropathy, also known as femoral nerve dysfunction, is related to neuropathy and glandular tularemia, and has symptoms including femoral neuralgia An important gene associated with Femoral Neuropathy is VLDLR (Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor), and among its related pathways is Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor Pathway, Pharmacodynamics. Affiliated tissues include skin, bone and brain. A mononeuropathy that is characterized by a loss of movement or sensation in parts of the legs due to damage to the femoral nerve.

* Ferric Derisomaltose Hydroxytyrosol. Ferric derisomaltose is a medication for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in adults who have intolerance to oral iron or have had unsatisfactory response to oral iron or who have non-hemodialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD). Hydroxytyrosol is included as a Vitamin C source since ascorbic acid enhances iron absorption.

* Fevipiprant is an asthma drug which improves lung function significantly, eases symptoms and repairs the lining of damaged airways. Most existing drugs only ease the symptoms of asthma – with certain drugs widening the airways and others using steroids to calm inflammation. Fevipiprant, however, is the first to use a ‘twin attack’ – it blocks inflammatory cells floating in the airway while also treating the airway lining, stopping it from becoming inflamed and repairing any damage.

* FG-4592 peptide works through the body’s natural oxygen-sensing and response system to help produce red blood cells. This can be compared to the body’s natural response to conditions at high altitude, where oxygen levels are low, which is to produce more red blood cells. Diabetes, high blood pressure, and other conditions can cause significant damage to the kidneys. If left untreated, those can result in chronic kidney disease and progress to kidney failure. Such deterioration can lead to patients needing a kidney transplant or being placed on dialysis to remove excess fluid and toxins that build up in the body. The progression of CKD also increases the prevalence of anaemia, a condition associated with having fewer of the red blood cells that carry oxygen through the body, and/or lower levels of haemoglobin, the protein that enables red blood cells to carry oxygen. As haemoglobin falls, the lower oxygen-carrying capacity of an anaemic patients’ blood results in various symptoms including fatigue, loss of energy, breathlessness, and angina.

* FGF-20 recombinant preserves dopamine neuron integrity and some aspects of motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD). FGF-20 has significant radioprotective attributes and is candidate for the treatment of human inflammatory bowel disease.

* FGF-9 factor. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FGF-9 is expressed in specialized T-cells that are used by the immune system to repair damage when the skin is injured. Humans have very low amounts of T-cells that are expressed naturally which can cause areas of skin that have been damaged to heal without hair follicles. FGF-9 has been found to double the number of hair follicles present in areas of skin on mice when it is expressed in the cells. It is believed that these effects could be mimicked on human skin to help to eliminate baldness.

* Fibromyalgia molecular therapy, plays antiemetic drugs and serotonin 5-HT 3 receptor antagonists, a melatonin receptor agonist, a tricyclic muscle relaxant, a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (antidepressant and pain treatment), a prodrug to the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline), an anticonvulsant, kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) and delta-opioid receptor (DOR). Unless stated otherwise each item plays for 3 minutes. Sequence: KOR (2m), DOR (2m), Azasetron, Tropisetron hydrochloride, Piromelatine, Tropisetron, Cyclobenzaprine, Milnacipran, Droxidropa, Pregabalin, KOR (2m), DOR (2m).

* Fibromyalgia, also known as fibromyalgia-fibromyositis syndrome, is related to depression and sexual disorder, and has symptoms including muscle weakness, fatigue and myoclonus. An important gene associated with Fibromyalgia is GRIN2D (Glutamate Ionotropic Receptor NMDA Type Subunit 2D), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Peptide ligand-binding receptors and Circadian rythm related genes. The drugs Etoricoxib and Ethanol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, skin and testes, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and endocrine/exocrine gland. A common condition characterized by long-lasting (chronic) pain affecting many areas of the body. The pain is associated with tenderness that occurs with touch or pressure on the muscles, joints, or skin. Some affected individuals also report numbness, tingling, or a burning sensation (paresthesia) in the arms and legs.

* Fibrous Histiocytoma, also known as histiocytoma, benign fibrous, is related to myxofibrosarcoma and malignant fibroxanthoma. An important gene associated with Fibrous Histiocytoma is ATF1 (Activating Transcription Factor 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Transcriptional misregulation in cancer and Striated Muscle Contraction. The drugs Doxorubicin and Mechlorethamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, skin and lung. Benign fibrous histiocytomas, also called dermatofibromas, are benign skin growths. Hard solitary slow-growing papules (rounded bumps) that may appear in a variety of colours, usually brownish to tan; they are often elevated or pedunculated.

* Fingolimod is an immunomodulating drug, approved for treating multiple sclerosis. It has reduced the rate of relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by approximately one-half over a two-year period. Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, which sequesters lymphocytes in lymph nodes, preventing them from contributing to an autoimmune reaction.

* Fisetin is a naturally occurring plant polyphenol, with unique longevity and anti-aging properties. It is a type of polyphenol that is a flavonoid. Flavonoids possess antioxidant properties which help keep the body from accumulating harmful waste. Like another popular flavonol compound, resveratrol, Fisetin activates sirtuin, a type of protein responsible for regulating cellular health and aging. Fisetin, as an antioxidant, scavenges harmful free radicals, while increasing the master antioxidant glutathione, as well as the important antioxidants catalase and superoxide dismutase. Fisetin protects the liver because of its antioxidant capabilities in diabetic rats. isetin blocks NF-κB (NF-kB), a protein complex which is involved in the inflammation process. Although some inflammation pathways are beneficial and necessary, in diseases with excessive inflammation or cancers, blocking NF-kB is beneficial. Fisetin can be beneficial for diabetics because it increases insulin levels (thereby reducing reliance on exogenous insulin), activates more storage of glucose in the liver in the form of glycogen, and makes the production of energy from glucose more effective. Fisetin reduces enzymes which cancers rely on to proliferate to other tissues by reducing MMP enzymes. Fisetin beneficially modulates pathways that influence cancer growth and progression by inhibiting Akt/mTOR signaling. Fisetin activates the process of clearing damaged cells from the body through the process of autophagy, which is activated by blocking the mTOR signaling. Fisetin increased the lifespan of mice by 10%, the lifespan of yeast by 50% and, the lifespan of fruit flies by >20%.

* FL118 is a novel camptothecin analogue that overcomes irinotecan and topotecan resistance in human tumor xenograft models. Camptothecin, a cytotoxic quinoline alkaloid, was first isolated from the bark of a tree used in traditional Chinese medicine and identified as a powerful anticancer agent. Currently the known mechanism of action for camptothecin compounds is the ability to inhibit DNA topoisomerase 1 (Top1) activity, which thereby induces DNA damage and cancer cell death due to the inability of cells to complete DNA replication. However, two camptothecin analog compounds, irinotecan and topotecan are associated with significant shortcomings. FL118 is capable of eliminating colon and head-and-neck tumor xenografts at its maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and even at sub-MTD levels a high percentage of human xenograft tumors can be eliminated. FL118 selectively inhibits the expression of multiple antiapoptotic proteins (survivin, Mcl-1, XIAP and cIAP2) from the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) and Bcl-2 families, and effectively inhibits cancer cell growth regardless of p53 status (wild type, mutant or null). Intriguingly, cancer cells with null or mutated p53 are more sensitive to FL118 treatment than cancer cells with wild type p53, implying that FL118 may be more effective in treatment of advanced cancers that lose wild type p53. FL118 appears to bypass multiple efflux pump protein-induced resistance, which may contribute to FL118 overcoming irinotecan and topotecan resistance in vivo. Mechanistically, FL118 not only inhibits the expression of survivin, Mcl-1, XIAP, cIAP2 and HdmX/Hdm4, but also at least bypasses ABCG2 and P-pg/MDR1 resistance and possible other efflux pump protein-induced drug resistance, which explains the favorable toxicity and PK profile of FL118. The compound rapidly cleared in blood circulation while accumulated in xenograft tumors.

* Flumazenil is a GABA-A receptor antagonist. Flumazenil is of benefit in patients who become excessively drowsy after benzodiazepines are used for either diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. It has been used as an antidote in the treatment of benzodiazepine overdoses. It reverses the effects of benzodiazepines by competitive inhibition at the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA-A receptor. It is also sometimes used to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines after surgery in a manner similar to naloxone's application to reverse the effect of opiates and opioids following surgery. Flumazenil has been effectively used to treat overdoses of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, such as zolpidem, zaleplon and zopiclone. It may also be effective in reducing excessive daytime sleepiness while improving vigilance in primary hypersomnias, such as idiopathic hypersomnia. It has also been used in hepatic encephalopathy, though results have been mixed. Flumazenil does not antagonize all of the central nervous system effects of drugs affecting GABA-ergic neurons by means other than the benzodiazepine receptor (including ethanol, barbiturates, or general anesthetics) and does not reverse the effects of opioids. Flumazenil has been shown to antagonize sedation, impairment of recall, psychomotor impairment and ventilatory depression produced by benzodiazepines in healthy human volunteers.

* Fluoxetine, a commonly prescribed anti-depressive drug, induces a juvenile-like state in the mouse prefrontal cortex. Brain development and maturation has been thought to be a one-way process until now, in which plasticity diminishes with age.

* Flupirtine is an aminopyridine that functions as a centrally acting non-opioid analgesic. It is a non-opioid, non-NSAID, non-steroidal centrally acting analgesic. Works as a selective neuronal potassium channel opener that lso has NMDA receptor antagonist and GABAA receptor modulatory properties. Flupirtine is used as an analgesic for acute and chronic pain, in moderate-to-severe cases. Its muscle relaxant properties make it popular for back pain and other orthopedic uses, but it is also used for migraines, in oncology, postoperative care, gynecology, and in the treatment of ophthalmic indications, particularly retinitis pigmentosa. Flupirtine has been noted for its neuroprotective properties, and it is being investigated for possible use in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. It has also been proposed as a possible treatment for Batten disease, multiple sclerosis and fibromyalgia.

* Folinic acid is a vitamer for folic acid, and has the full vitamin activity of this vitamin. Folinic acid is sometimes used to reduce the side effects of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis, and chemotherapy patients. It is used in combination with the chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil in treating colon cancer. In this case, folinic acid enhances the effect of 5-fluorouracil by inhibiting thymidylate synthase. Folinic acid is also sometimes used to prevent toxic effects of high doses of antimicrobial dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors such as trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. It may be prescribed in the treatment of toxoplasmosis retinitis, in combination with the folic acid antagonists pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. Research has suggested a role for folinic acid in the treatment of anxiety and depression in people with a variant of the MTHFR gene.

* Folliculitis is related to eosinophilic pustular folliculitis and dermatitis, and has symptoms including exanthema An important gene associated with Folliculitis is CCL11 (C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 11), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and TGF-Beta Pathway. The drugs Lidocaine and Ketoconazole have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, bone and neutrophil, and related phenotypes are digestive/alimentary and immune system. Folliculitis is the infection and inflammation of one or more hair follicles.

* Follistatin 344 (FST-344) is an effective Myostatin inhibitor. This peptide results in material muscle growth; it works to help encourage muscle repair and it also helps to improve motor function.

* Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) protein seems to have a cardioprotective role. FSTL1 attenuated hypertrophy following pressure overload and prevented myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in a mouse or pig model of ischemia/reperfusion. Muscle-derived Fstl1 modulates vascular remodelling in response to injury.

* Foot Drop is related to charcot-marie-tooth disease, type 1e and diffuse large b-cell lymphoma. An important gene associated with Foot Drop is ACTA1 (Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle), and among its related pathways are Striated Muscle Contraction and Neural Crest Differentiation. Affiliated tissues include brain, bone and spinal cord, and related mouse phenotypes are behavior/neurological and muscle. Foot drop describes the inability to raise the front part of the foot due to weakness or paralysis of the muscles that lift the foot. Causes include: neurodegenerative disorders of the brain that cause muscular problems, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, and cerebral palsy; motor neuron disorders such as polio, some forms of spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (commonly known as Lou Gehrig disease); injury to the nerve roots, such as in spinal stenosis; peripheral nerve disorders such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or acquired peripheral neuropathy; local compression or damage to the peroneal nerve as it passes across the fibular bone below the knee; and muscle disorders, such as muscular dystrophy or myositis.

* Forskolin, a labdane diterpene produced by the Indian Coleus plant offers a number of health benefits in weight loss, intraocular pressure, UV protection, tanning, urinary tract infections, nerve repair and more.

* Frontotemporal Dementia, also known as pallidopontonigral degeneration, is related to inclusion body myopathy with paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia and frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1, and has symptoms including personality changes, irritability and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. An important gene associated with Frontotemporal Dementia is PSEN1 (Presenilin 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are MAPK signaling pathway and Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. The drugs Citalopram and Dopamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, temporal lobe and bone, and related phenotypes are Increased SMN2 exon 7 inclusion and cellular. A basal ganglia disease characterized by progressive neuronal loss predominantly involving the frontal and/or temporal lobes of the brain resulting in a gradual and progressive decline in behavior or language.

* Frozen Shoulder, also known as bursitis, is related to olecranon bursitis and bursitis, and has symptoms including bursal tenderness, bursal pain and myalgia. An important gene associated with Frozen Shoulder is ASIC3 (Acid Sensing Ion Channel Subunit 3), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Ion channel transport and Development Endothelin-1/EDNRA signaling. The drugs Prednisolone and Lidocaine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, bone and endothelial, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and nervous system. A painful and disabling disorder of unclear cause in which the shoulder capsule, the connective tissue surrounding the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder, becomes inflamed and stiff, greatly restricting motion and causing chronic pain.